Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1960, masisitimu ekutanga ekugovera komputa akange anyanya kudzokorodza nhoroondo yekutanga yekutanga nharembozha. Vanamuzvinabhizinesi vakagadzira masiwichi aya kuti vabvumire vanyoreri kushandisa masevhisi etekisi, chiremba, kana fire brigade. Nekudaro, vanyoreri vakakurumidza kuona kuti ma switch emuno aive akakodzera kutaurirana uye kushamwaridzana. Saizvozvo, masisitimu ekugovanisa nguva, akatanga akagadzirirwa kubvumira vashandisi "kudaidza" simba rekombuta ivo pachavo, munguva pfupi yakashanduka kuita shanduko yekushandisa ine yakavakirwa-mukati meseji. Mumakore gumi anotevera, makomputa achapfuura neimwe nhanho munhoroondo yefoni - kubuda kwekubatana kwekuchinja, kugadzira nharaunda uye kure-kure network.
Protonet
Kuedza kwekutanga kubatanidza makomputa akati wandei kuita yuniti hombe yaive Interactive Computer Network purojekiti. , American air defense system. Sezvo imwe neimwe yeSAGE's makumi maviri nenhatu yekudzora nzvimbo yaifukidza yakatarwa nharaunda, nzira yaidiwa kufambisa njanji kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe mumamiriro ezvinhu apo ndege dzekunze dzaiyambuka muganho pakati penzvimbo idzi. Vagadziri veSAGE vakatumidza dambudziko iri zita rekuti "kuchinjika-kutaura," uye vakarigadzirisa nekugadzira mitsara yedata yakavakirwa pamutsetse wenhare weAT&T wakatambanudzwa pakati penzvimbo dzese dzakavakidzana dzekudzora. Ronald Enticknap, anga ari chikamu chidiki cheRoyal Forces nhume dzakatumirwa kuSAGE, akatungamira kusimudzira uye kuita kweiyo subsystem. Nehurombo, handina kuwana tsananguro yakadzama ye "inter-talk" system, asi sezviri pachena komputa mune imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzekutonga yakasarudza nguva iyo radar track yakaenda kune imwe chikamu, uye yakatumira zvinyorwa zvayo parunhare ku komputa yechikamu kwainogona kugamuchirwa opareta ichitarisisa terminal ipapo.
Iyo SAGE sisitimu yaida kushandura data redhijitari kuita chiratidzo cheanalogi pamutsara wenhare (uyezve kudzoka pachiteshi chekugamuchira), izvo zvakapa AT&T mukana wekugadzira "Bell 101" modem (kana dhatabheti, sezvayakatanga kunzi) inokwanisa yekutumira ine mwero 110 bits pasekondi. Mudziyo uyu wakazonzi , nekuda kwekugona kwayo kugadzirisa analogi yefoni siginecha ichishandisa seti yeinobuda data yedhijitari, uye kuderedza mabhiti kubva kune inouya wave.
Bell 101 dataset
Mukuita izvi, SAGE yakaisa hwaro hwakakosha hwehunyanzvi hwekupedzisira komputa network. Nekudaro, yekutanga komputa network iyo nhaka yaive yakareba uye ine simba yaive network ine zita richiri kuzivikanwa nhasi: ARPANET. Kusiyana neSAGE, yakaunza pamwe muunganidzwa wemotley wemakomputa, ese ari maviri-kugovera nguva uye batch kugadzirisa, imwe neimwe iine yayo yakasarudzika seti yemapurogiramu. Iyo network yakatorwa seyepasirese muhukuru uye kushanda, uye yaifanirwa kugutsa chero zvidikanwi zvemushandisi. Chirongwa ichi chakapihwa mari neInformation Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), inotungamirwa naDirector , iro raive dhipatimendi rekutsvagisa komputa kuARPA. Asi iyo pfungwa chaiyo yemambure akadaro yakagadzirwa nemutungamiriri wekutanga wedhipatimendi iri, Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider.
Idea
Takaziva sei Licklider, kana kuti "Lick" kune vaaishanda navo, aive nyanzvi yepfungwa kuburikidza nekudzidziswa. Zvisinei, paaishanda nemasisitimu eradar paLincoln Laboratory mukupera kwema1950, akafadzwa nemakomputa anodyidzana. Kuda uku kwakamuita kuti ape mari zvimwe zvekuyedza mumakomputa akagovaniswa nguva paakave director weIPTO ichangobva kuumbwa muna 1962.
Panguva iyoyo, akange ave kutorota nezve mukana wekubatanidza makomputa ari ega anopindirana mune yakakura superstructure. Mubasa rake ra1960 pa "man-computer symbiosis" akanyora:
Zvinoita sezvine musoro kufungidzira "nzvimbo yekufunga" inogona kubatanidza mabasa emaraibhurari emazuva ano uye mabhindauko akarongwa mukuchengetedza ruzivo uye kudzoreredza, pamwe chete nemabasa esymbiotic atsanangurwa pakutanga mubasa iri. Mufananidzo uyu unokwanisa kukwenenzverwa kuita network yenzvimbo dzakadai, dzakabatanidzwa nemitsara yekurukurirano yebroadband, uye inowanikwa kune vashandisi vega kuburikidza netambo dzenhare dzakabhadharwa.
Sezvo TX-2 yakabatidza chishuwo chaLeake chekudyidzana komputa, SAGE inogona kunge yakamukurudzira kuti afunge kuti nzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzemakomputa dzinogona kubatanidzwa pamwe chete uye kupa chimwe chinhu senge network yenhare kune masevhisi ane hungwaru. Kwese kwakabva pfungwa iyi, Leake akatanga kuiparadzira munharaunda yese yevaongorori vaakange agadzira paIPTO, uye yakakurumbira pamashoko aya yaive memo yaKubvumbi 23, 1963, yakanyorerwa "Nhengo nemadhipatimendi eintergalactic komputa network," ndiko kuti, vatsvakurudzi vakasiyana-siyana , iyo yakagamuchira mari kubva kuIPTO yekugovera nguva yekombiyuta kuwana uye mamwe mapurogiramu ekombiyuta.
Tsamba yacho inoita seisina kurongeka uye ine bongozozo, yakanyorwa zvakajeka panhunzi uye haina kugadziridzwa. Naizvozvo, kuti tinzwisise kuti chii chaizvo Lik aida kutaura nezvemakombuta network, isu tinofanirwa kufunga zvishoma. Zvisinei, dzimwe pfungwa dzinobva dzabuda pachena. Kutanga, Leake akaburitsa kuti "mapurojekiti akasiyana" anopihwa mari neIPTO ari "munzvimbo imwe chete." Anobva akurukura kukosha kwekuendesa mari nemapurojekiti kuti awedzere mabhenefiti ebhizinesi rakapihwa, sezvo pakati pe network yevaongorori, "kuti afambire mberi, muongorori wese anoshanda anoda base software uye michina yakaoma uye yakazara kupfuura iye anogona kugadzira mukati. nguva yakanaka. " Leake anopedzisa kuti kuwana uku kushanda kwepasirese kunoda kumwe kutenderwa uye kuzvipira.
Anobva atanga kukurukura nezvemacomputer (kwete social) network. Anonyora nezve kudiwa kweimwe mhando yemutauro wemanetiweki manejimendi (iyo yaizodaidzwa kunzi protocol) uye chishuwo chake chekuona rimwe zuva IPTO komputa network ine "angangoita mana makomputa makuru, pamwe matanhatu kusvika masere madiki makomputa, uye yakakura. akasiyana dhisiki uye magineti ekuchengetedza tepi michina - tisingatauri kure kure uye teletype zviteshi." Pakupedzisira, anotsanangura pamapeji akati wandei muenzaniso wekongiri wekuti kudyidzana netiweki yemakombuta yakadai kunogona kukura sei mune ramangwana. Leake anofungidzira mamiriro ezvinhu maari kuongorora imwe data yekuedza. "Chinetso," anonyora kudaro, "ndechokuti handina chirongwa chechati chakanaka. Pane chirongwa chakakodzera pane imwe nzvimbo muhurongwa here? Ndichishandisa dzidziso yekutonga kwetiweki, ndinotanga ndavhota komputa yemuno uyezve dzimwe nzvimbo. Ngatitii ndinoshanda kuSDC, uye kuti ndinowana chirongwa chinoita sechakakodzera padhisiki muBerkeley. " Anokumbira network kuti imhanye chirongwa ichi, achifungidzira kuti "netineti yakaoma manejimendi system, ini handifanire kusarudza kana kuendesa data rezvirongwa kuti rigadzirise kune imwe nzvimbo, kana kurodha zvirongwa zvangu ndozvimhanyisa kuti zvishande pane yangu. data."
Zvakatorwa pamwechete, izvi zvimedu zvemazano zvinoburitsa chirongwa chakakura chakaonekwa naLicklider: kutanga, kupatsanura humwe hunyanzvi uye nzvimbo dzehunyanzvi pakati pevaongorori vanowana mari yeIPTO, uyezve kuvaka network yemakomputa eIPTO kutenderedza nharaunda ino yemagariro. Uku kuratidzwa kwemuviri kweIPTO's "chakajairika chikonzero" kunobvumira vaongorori kugovana ruzivo uye kubatsirwa kubva kune yakasarudzika hardware uye software panzvimbo yega yega yebasa. Nenzira iyi, IPTO inogona kudzivirira kutambisa kudzokorodza uku ichikwirisa dhora rega rega remari nekupa muongorori wega wega mumapurojekiti ese eIPTO kuwana huwandu hwakazara hwemakomputa.
Iyi pfungwa yekugovana zviwanikwa pakati penhengo dzenharaunda yekutsvagisa kuburikidza netiweki yekutaurirana yakadyara mbeu paIPTO iyo yaizotumbuka makore mashoma gare gare mukugadzirwa kweARPANET.
Zvisinei nekwayakabva muchiuto, ARPANET yakabuda muPentagon yakanga isina zvikonzero zvehondo. Dzimwe nguva zvinonzi network iyi yakagadzirwa senharembozha yekutaurirana nemauto iyo inogona kupona pakurwisa kwenyukireya. Sezvatichaona gare gare, pane hukama husina kunanga pakati peARPANET uye chirongwa chekare chine chinangwa chakadaro, uye vatungamiriri veARPA vaigara vachitaura nezve "akaomeswa masisitimu" kururamisa kuvepo kwetiweki yavo kuCongress kana Secretary of Defense. Asi kutaura zvazviri, IPTO yakagadzira ARPANET nokuda kwezvido zvayo zvemukati chete, kutsigira nharaunda yevatsvakurudzi - vazhinji vavo vaisagona kupembedza basa ravo nekushandira zvinangwa zvekudzivirira.
Zvichakadaro, panguva yekuburitswa kwememo yake yakakurumbira, Licklider akange atotanga kuronga embryo ye intergalactic network, yaaizove director. kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Console yeSAGE modhi OA-1008, izere nepfuti yakareruka (pakupera kwewaya, pasi pechivharo chepurasitiki chakajeka), yakareruka uye madota.
Shure
Kleinrock aive mwanakomana wevanoshanda-kirasi Eastern Europe vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, uye akakurira muManhattan mumumvuri. [inobatanidza chikamu chekuchamhembe kweManhattan Island muNew York City uye Fort Lee muBergen County muNew Jersey / approx.]. Achiri kuchikoro, akatora mamwe makirasi einjiniya yemagetsi paCity College yeNew York manheru. Paakanzwa nezvemukana wekudzidza kuMIT uchiteverwa nemesita yebasa renguva yakazara paLincoln Laboratory, akasvetukira pairi.
Rabhoritari yakavambwa kuti ishumire zvinodiwa neSAGE, asi kubvira ipapo yakawedzera mune mamwe akawanda mapurojekiti ekutsvagisa, kazhinji ane chekuita nekudzivirira kwemhepo, kana aine chekuita nekudzivirira. Pakati pavo paive neBarnstable Study, iyo Air Force pfungwa yekugadzira orbital bhandi resimbi mitsetse (se ), iyo inogona kushandiswa senzira yekukurukurirana yepasi rose. Kleinrock akakundwa nechiremera kubva kuMIT, saka akafunga kutarisisa pane yekutaurirana network theory. Tsvagiridzo yaBarnstable yakapa Kleinrock mukana wake wekutanga kushandisa dzidziso yeruzivo uye dzidziso yekumisikidza kune network yedata, uye akawedzera ongororo iyi kuita dissertation yese pamameseji ekutumira mameseji, achibatanidza ongororo yemasvomhu nedhata rekuyedza rakaunganidzwa kubva mumienzaniso inomhanya pamakomputa eTX-2 mumalabhu. Lincoln. Pakati pevaaishanda navo padhuze naKleinrock murabhoritari, vakagovana naye makomputa ekugovana nguva naye, vaive ΠΈ , izvo zvatichazoziva gare gare.
Pakazosvika 1963, Kleinrock akabvuma basa kuUCLA, uye Licklider akaona mukana. Apa paive nenyanzvi yedata network yaishanda padyo nenzvimbo nhatu dzekombiyuta: nzvimbo huru yekombuta, nzvimbo yekuchengetedza hutano, uye Western Data Center (mushandirapamwe wemasangano makumi matatu akagovana mukana kune IBM komputa). Zvakare, masangano matanhatu kubva kuWestern Data Center aive nerekure yekubatanidza kune komputa kuburikidza nemodemu, uye iyo IPTO-sponsored System Development Corporation (SDC) komputa yaiwanikwa makiromita mashoma kubva kuSanta Monica. IPTO yakaraira UCLA kubatanidza nzvimbo ina idzi sekuyedza kwayo kwekutanga kugadzira network yekombuta. Gare gare, maererano nehurongwa, kutaurirana naBerkeley kwaigona kudzidza matambudziko arimo mukufambisa data pamusoro pemadaro marefu.
Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu anovimbisa, chirongwa chacho chakakundikana uye network haina kumbovakwa. Vatungamiri venzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeUCLA vaisavimbana, uye vaisatenda muchirongwa ichi, ndosaka vakaramba kuregedza kutonga kwekushandisa komputa kune vashandisi vemumwe nemumwe. IPTO yakanga isina kana simba pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, sezvo pasina imwe yemakomputa yakagamuchira mari kubva kuARPA. Iyi nyaya yezvematongerwo enyika inonongedza kune imwe yenyaya huru munhoroondo yeInternet. Kana zvakaoma kwazvo kugonesa vatori vechikamu vakasiyana kuti kuronga kutaurirana pakati pavo uye kubatana kunotamba mumaoko emapato ese, Indaneti yakatomboonekwa sei? Munyaya dzinotevera tichadzokera kunyaya idzi kanopfuura kamwe.
Yechipiri yeIPTO yekuedza kuvaka network yakabudirira zvakanyanya, pamwe nekuti yaive diki - yaive nyore yekuyedza bvunzo. Uye muna 1965, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa uye mudzidzi weLicklider anonzi Tom Marill akabva kuLincoln Laboratory kuti aedze kutora mari pamusoro peiyo hype yekudyidzana komputa nekutanga bhizinesi rake rekugovana-kuwana. Nekudaro, nekusave nevatengi vanobhadhara vakaringana, akatanga kutsvaga mamwe mabviro emari, uye pakupedzisira akakurudzira kuti IPTO imuhaye kuti aite tsvakurudzo yemakombiyuta. Mutungamiriri mutsva weIPTO, Ivan Sutherland, akafunga kubatana nefemu hombe ine mukurumbira seballast, uye akapa Marilla basa iri pasi kuburikidza neLincoln Laboratory. Kudivi rerabhoritari, mumwe wevaaishanda naKleinrock, Lawrence (Larry) Roberts, akapiwa basa rokutungamirira basa racho.
Roberts, achiri mudzidzi weMIT, akave nehunyanzvi pakushanda nekombuta yeTX-0 yakavakwa neLincoln Laboratory. Akagara akashamisika kwemaawa pamberi peinopenya console skrini, uye akazonyora chirongwa icho (chakashata) chakaziva mavara akanyorwa nemaoko achishandisa neural network. SaKleinrock, akazoshandira lab semudzidzi akapedza kudzidza, achigadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita nekombuta mifananidzo uye kuona komputa, sekucherechedzwa kwemupendero uye 2D mufananidzo chizvarwa, pane yakakura uye ine simba TX-XNUMX.
Kweakawanda a1964, Roberts akanyanya kuisa pfungwa pabasa rake nemifananidzo. Uye akabva asangana naLik. Muna Mbudzi, akapinda musangano weramangwana remakomputa, wakatsigirwa neAir Force, wakaitirwa panzvimbo inopisa zvitubu muHomestead, West Virginia. Ikoko akataura kusvika pakati pehusiku nevamwe vatori vechikamu, uye kekutanga akanzwa Lick achipa pfungwa yake yeintergalactic network. Chimwe chinhu chakamutswa mumusoro waRoberts - aive akanaka pakugadzirisa mapikicha emakombuta, asi, chokwadi, aive akaganhurirwa kune imwe yakasarudzika TX-2 komputa. Kunyangwe dai aigona kugovera software yake, hapana mumwe munhu aigona kuishandisa nekuti hapana aive nehardware yakaenzana yekuimhanyisa. Nzira bedzi yokuti awedzere pesvedzero yebasa rake yakanga iri yokutaura pamusoro paro mumapepa esayenzi, achikarira kuti mumwe munhu aigona kuribudisazve kumwewo. Akafunga kuti Leake aive chokwadi - network yaive nhanho inotevera yaida kutorwa kuti ikurumidze kutsvagisa mukombuta.
Uye Roberts akazopedzisira ashanda naMarill, achiedza kubatanidza TX-2 kubva kuLincoln Laboratory pamusoro pemutsara wenhare wepasirese kune komputa yeSDC muSanta Monica, California. Muchiyedzo dhizaini inonzi yakakopwa kubva kuLeake's "intergalactic network" memo, vakaronga kuita kuti TX-2 imbomira pakati pemakomputa, shandisa otomatiki dialer kudaidza SDC Q-32, mhanyisa chirongwa chekuwedzera matrix pakombuta iyoyo, uye ipapo. enderera mberi nekuverenga kwekutanga uchishandisa mhinduro yake.
Pamusoro pechikonzero chekushandisa tekinoroji inodhura uye yemhando yepamusoro kufambisa mhedzisiro yekushanda kwemasvomhu kwakapfava mukondinendi yose, zvakakoshawo kucherechedzwa kunonoka kunotyisa kwechiitiko ichi nekuda kwekushandiswa kwenharembozha. Kuita runhare, zvaive zvakafanira kumisikidza kubatana kwakatsaurirwa pakati peanofona neanofona, iyo yaiwanzopfuura nepakati dzakasiyana siyana dzenhare. Muna 1965, dzinenge dzese dzaive dzemagetsi (makanga muri gore rino apo AT&T yakatanga yekutanga-yemagetsi chirimwa muSakasuna, New Jersey). Magnets aifambisa simbi kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe kuti ave nechokwadi chekusangana panzvimbo yega yega. Maitiro ese aitora masekondi mashoma, panguva iyo TX-2 yaingofanira kugara nekumirira. Pamusoro pezvo, mitsara, yakanyatsokodzera nhaurirano, yaive neruzha rwekutamisa mabhiti ega ega, uye yaipa zvishoma zvishoma (mazana mashoma mabhiti pasekondi). Inonyatsoshanda intergalactic interactive network yaida nzira yakasiyana.
Kuedza kwaMarill-Roberts hakuna kuratidza kushanda kana kubatsira kweiyo kureba network, kungoratidza mashandiro ayo edzidziso. Asi izvi zvakava zvakakwana.
chisarudzo
Pakati pa1966, Robert Taylor akave mutungamiriri mutsva wechitatu weIPTO, achitevera Ivan Sutherland. Aive mudzidzi weLicklider, zvakare chiremba wepfungwa, uye akauya kuIPTO kuburikidza nehutungamiriri hwake hwekare hwekutsvagisa sainzi yekombuta kuNASA. Sezviri pachena, achangosvika, Taylor akafunga kuti yaive nguva yekuziva kurota kweiyo intergalactic network; Ndiye akatanga chirongwa chakazvara ARPANET.
Mari yeARPA yakanga ichiri kupinda, saka Taylor haana dambudziko rekuwedzera mari kubva kuna mukuru wake, Charles Herzfeld. Nekudaro, iyi mhinduro yaive nenjodzi huru yekukundikana. Kunze kwenyaya yekuti muna 1965 pakanga paine mitsetse yakati wandei yaibatanidza mativi akatarisana enyika, hapana akamboedza kuita chero chinhu chakafanana neARPANET. Mumwe anogona kurangarira kumwe kuedza kwekutanga mukugadzira macomputer network. Semuenzaniso, Princeton naCarnegie Mallon vakapayona network yemakomputa akagovaniswa mukupera kwema1960 neIBM. Musiyano mukuru pakati peprojekiti iyi yaive homogeneity yayo - yaishandisa makomputa aive akafanana zvachose muhardware uye software.
Kune rimwe divi, ARPANET yaizofanira kubata nekusiyana. Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1960, IPTO yaibatsira nemari masangano anodarika gumi, rimwe nerimwe riine komputa, ese achimhanyisa hardware nemasoftware akasiyana. Iko kugona kugovera software kwaisawanzo kuitika kunyangwe pakati pemhando dzakasiyana kubva kumugadziri mumwe chete - vakasarudza kuita izvi chete neiyo yazvino IBM System/360 mutsara.
Kusiyana kwemasisitimu yaive njodzi, ichiwedzera ese akakosha ehunyanzvi kuomarara mukusimudzira network uye mukana weLicklider-maitiro ekugovana zviwanikwa. Semuenzaniso, paYunivhesiti yeI Illinois panguva iyoyo, hombe komputa huru yaive ichivakwa nemari yeARPA . Zvaiita sezvisingaite kuna Taylor kuti vashandisi venzvimbo yeUrbana-Campain vagone kushandisa zvizere zviwanikwa zvemuchina uyu muhombe. Kunyangwe masisitimu madiki - Lincoln Lab's TX-2 uye UCLA's Sigma-7-kazhinji aisakwanisa kugovera software nekuda kwekukosha kusawirirana. Kugona kukunda zvipimo izvi nekuwana zvakananga imwe node software kubva kune imwe kwaiyevedza.
Mubepa rinotsanangura kuedza kwetiweki iyi, Marill naRoberts vakakurudzira kuti kuchinjana kwakadaro kwezvinhu kwaizotungamirira kune chimwe chinhu chakaita saRicardian. ye compute nodes:
Kurongeka kwetiweki kunogona kutungamira kune imwe nyanzvi yekubatana node. Kana imwe node X, semuenzaniso, nekuda kweiyo yakakosha software kana Hardware, yakanyanya kunaka pakuchinja kwematrix, unogona kutarisira kuti vashandisi vemamwe ma node pane network vanotora mukana wekugona uku nekutenderedza matrices avo pane node X, pane kuti. vachizviita voga.makombiyuta epamba.
Taylor aive neimwe yekurudziro yekushandisa network yekugovanisa zviwanikwa. Kutengera imwe neimwe itsva IPTO node komputa nyowani yaive nehunyanzvi hwese hwaigona kudiwa nevatsvagidzi pane iyo node kwaidhura, uye sezvo mamwe manode akawedzerwa kuIPTO portfolio, bhajeti rakatambanudzwa zvine njodzi. Nekubatanidza ese IPTO-inotsigirwa masisitimu mune imwe network, zvinogoneka kupa vatsva vanopihwa makomputa ane mwero, kana kusatombotenga zvachose. Vaigona kushandisa simba rekombuta ravaida panzvimbo dziri kure dzine zviwanikwa zvakawandisa, uye network yese yaizoita sedura reruzhinji resoftware nehardware.
Mushure mekutanga chirongwa ichi nekuwana mari yaro, basa raTaylor rekupedzisira rakakosha kuARPANET raive kusarudza munhu aizogadzira hurongwa nekuona kuti yaitwa. Roberts yaive sarudzo iri pachena. Hunyanzvi hwake hweinjiniya hwaive husingapokane, akange atove nhengo inoremekedzwa yeIPTO research community, uye aive mumwe wevanhu vashoma vaive neruzivo chairwo rwekugadzira nekuvaka network dzemakombuta dzinoshanda nzendo refu. Saka mukupera kwa1966, Taylor akafonera Roberts ndokumukumbira kuti abve kuMassachusetts kuzoshanda paARPA muWashington.
Asi zvakazonetsa kumunyengerera. Vazhinji vevatungamiriri vesainzi veIPTO vaive vasina chokwadi nehutungamiriri hwaRobert Taylor, vachimutora seakareruka. Hongu, Licklider aivewo chiremba wepfungwa, akange asina dzidzo yeinjiniya, asi anga aine doctorate, uye zvimwe zvakanaka semumwe wevakavamba makomputa anodyidzana. Taylor aive murume asingazivikanwe aive nedhigirii re masters. Achagadzirisa sei basa rakaoma rehunyanzvi munharaunda yeIPTO? Roberts aivewo pakati pevasina chokwadi nazvo.
Asi kusanganiswa kwekaroti netsvimbo yakaita basa rayo (zvizhinji zvinyorwa zvinoratidza hukuru hwezvimiti nekusavapo kwekaroti). Kune rimwe divi, Taylor akaisa dzvinyiriro kune mukuru waRoberts kuLincoln Laboratory, achimuyeuchidza kuti mari zhinji yerabhoritari ikozvino yakabva kuARPA, uye kuti saka aifanira kugonesa Roberts nezvekukodzera kwechikumbiro ichi. Kune rimwe divi, Taylor akapa Roberts zita richangobva kugadzirwa re "musayendisiti mukuru", uyo aizotaura zvakananga pamusoro paTaylor kune mutevedzeri wemukuru weARPA, uye aizovewo mutsivi waTaylor semutungamiriri. Pasi pemamiriro aya, Roberts akabvuma kutora chirongwa cheARPANET. Yave nguva yekushandura iyo pfungwa yekugovana zviwanikwa kuita chokwadi.
Chii chimwe chekuverenga
- Janet Abbate, Kugadzira Indaneti (1999)
- Katie Hafner naMatthew Lyon, uko Varoyi Vanogara Kunononoka (1996)
- Arthur Norberg naJulie O'Neill, Kushandura Computer Technology: Information Processing yePentagon, 1962-1986 (1996)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: JCR Licklider uye Revolution Yakaita Computing Personal (2001)
Source: www.habr.com