<< Izvi zvisati zvaitika:
Kubva munenge muna 1975 kusvika muna 1995, makombiyuta akatanga kuwanika nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura network network. Kutanga muU.SA, uyezve mune dzimwe nyika dzakapfuma, makomputa akave akajairika kumhuri dzakapfuma, uye akaonekwa munenge masangano ese. Zvakadaro, kana vashandisi vemakomputa aya vakada kubatanidza michina yavo - kuchinjana mae-mail, kudhawunirodha zvirongwa, kutsvaga nharaunda dzekukurukura zvavanofarira - vaive vasina zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa. Vashandisi vepamba vanogona kubatana kumasevhisi akadai seCompuServe. Nekudaro, kudzamara masevhisi aunza mari yakatarwa pamwedzi mukupera kwema1980, mutengo wekubatanidza waibhadharwa paawa, uye mutero waisakwanisika kumunhu wese. Vamwe vadzidzi vepayunivhesiti uye fakaroti vaigona kubatana kune packet-inochinja network, asi vazhinji havana kukwanisa. Pakazosvika 1981, makombiyuta mazana maviri nemakumi masere chete aikwanisa kuwana ARPANET. CSNET neBITNET yaizopedzisira yasanganisira mazana emakomputa, asi yakatanga kushanda mukutanga kwema280. Uye panguva iyoyo muUnited States maiva nezvikoro zvinopfuura 1980 3000 uko vadzidzi vakagamuchira dzidzo yepamusoro, uye vanenge vose vaiva nemakombiyuta akawanda, kubva kune makuru makuru kusvika kune zviduku zvekushanda.
Nharaunda, DIYers, uye masayendisiti asina mukana weInternet akatendeukira kune imwecheteyo tekinoroji mhinduro kuti vabatane. Vakabira nharembozha yakanaka, iyo Bell network, vachiishandura kuita senge telegraph, vachitumira mameseji edhijitari pachinzvimbo chemazwi, uye zvichibva pavari - mameseji kubva pakombuta kuenda kumakombuta munyika yese nepasirese.
Zvese zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
- Nguva Yekuparadzana
Aya ndiwo aive mamwe ekutanga kudhindwa [peer-to-peer, p2p] komputa network. Kusiyana neCompuServe nemamwe masisitimu epakati, ayo akabatanidza makomputa uye akayamwa ruzivo kubva kwavari semhuru dziri kuyamwa mukaka, ruzivo rwakagoverwa kuburikidza nedecentralized network semaripples pamvura. Inogona kutangira chero kupi uye kupera chero kupi. Uye zvakadaro kukakavadzana kukuru kwakamuka mukati mavo pamusoro pezvamatongerwe enyika nesimba. Indaneti payakasvika pakutariswa kwenharaunda muma1990, vazhinji vaitenda kuti yaizoenzana hukama hwemagariro nehupfumi. Nekubvumidza munhu wese kuti abatane nemunhu wese, vepakati nevakuru vakuru vakatonga hupenyu hwedu vachagurwa. Pachava nenguva itsva yedemokrasi yakananga uye misika yakavhurika, apo munhu wese ane izwi rakaenzana uye kuwana kwakaenzana. Maporofita akadai angadai akarega kuita vimbiso dzakadaro dai vakadzidza nezvekupedzisira kwaUsenet naFidonet kuma1980. Chimiro chavo chehunyanzvi chaive chakati chechetere, asi chero network yekombuta inongova chikamu chevanhu. Uye nharaunda dzevanhu, zvisinei kuti unodzimutsa nekudziburitsa sei, dzinoramba dzakazara nemapundu.
Usenet
Muzhizha ra1979, hupenyu hwaTom Truscott hwakanga hwakaita sechiroto chemudiki anofarira komputa. Akanga achangopedza dhigirii resainzi yekombuta kubva kuDuke University, aifarira chess, uye aidzidzira kumuzinda weBell Labs muNew Jersey. Ikoko ndiko kwaakawana mukana wekudyidzana nevagadziri veUnix, yazvino kupenga kutsvaira nyika yesainzi komputa.
Mabviro eUnix, seInternet pachayo, ari mumumvuri weAmerican telecommunications policy. ΠΈ yeBell Labs mukupera kwema1960s yakafunga kugadzira inoshanduka uye yakabviswa-pasi vhezheni yeMultics system hombe paMIT, iyo yavakange vabatsira kugadzira sevagadziri. Iyo OS itsva yakakurumidza kurova mumarabhoritari, ichiwana mukurumbira kune zvese zvine mwero zvinodiwa zvehardware (izvo zvaibvumira kuti ishande kunyangwe pamichina isingadhure) uye nekuchinjika kwayo kwakanyanya. Nekudaro, AT&T haina kukwanisa kushandisa budiriro iyi. Pasi pechibvumirano cha1956 neUnited States Department of Justice, AT&T yaifanirwa kupa rezinesi ese asiri efoni matekinoroji nemitengo inonzwisisika uye kusaita chero bhizinesi kunze kwekupa kutaurirana.
Saka AT&T yakatanga kupa marezenisi kuUnix kumayunivhesiti kuti ishandiswe pazvidzidzo zvakanaka. Vekutanga vane marezinesi ekuwana mukana weiyo sosi kodhi vakatanga kugadzira nekutengesa yavo akasiyana eUnix, kunyanya Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix, yakagadzirwa pamureza wekambasi yeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia. Iyo OS itsva yakatsvaira nharaunda yevadzidzi. Kusiyana nemamwe maOS ane mukurumbira seDEC TENEX / TOPS-20, yaigona kumhanya pahardware kubva kune vakasiyana vagadziri, uye mazhinji emakomputa aya aive asingadhure. Berkeley akagovera chirongwa nechidimbu chemutengo, pamusoro pemutengo wakaderera werezinesi kubva kuAT&T. Sezvineiwo, handina kuwana nhamba chaidzo.
Zvaiita sekuti Truscott ndiye aive panobva zvinhu zvese. Akapedza chirimo semudzidzi weKen Thompson, achitanga zuva rega rega nemitambo yevolleyball mishoma, ipapo achishanda masikati, achigovana pizza yemanheru nezvidhori zvake, uye akagara anonoka kunyora Unix kodhi muC. Paakapedza kudzidza, haana. 'kuda kurasikirwa nenyika ino, saka paakangodzokera kuDuke University mukudonha, akafunga nzira yekubatanidza iyo PDP 11/70 komputa kubva kudhipatimendi resainzi yekombuta kuenda kuamai kuMurray Hill vachishandisa chirongwa chakanyorwa. neaimbova shamwari yake, Mike Lesk. Purogiramu yacho yakanzi uucp - Unix kuUnix kopi - uye yaiva imwe yezvirongwa zve "uu" zvakabatanidzwa munguva ichangobva kubudiswa Unix OS version 7. Purogiramu yakabvumira imwe Unix system kutaurirana neimwe kuburikidza nemodem. Kunyanya, uucp yakabvumira mafaera kuti akopwe pakati pemakomputa maviri akabatana nemodemu, zvichibvumira Truscott kuchinjana maemail naThompson naRitchie.
Tom Truscott
Jim Ellis, mumwe mudzidzi weTruscott Institute akapedza kudzidza, akaisa vhezheni itsva yeUnix 7 pakombuta yeDuke University. Nekudaro, iyo update yakaunza kwete zvakanakira chete, asiwo zvakaipira. Chirongwa cheUSENIX, chakagoverwa neboka revashandisi veUnix uye chakagadzirirwa kutumira nhau kune vese vashandisi veimwe Unix system, yakamira kushanda mushanduro itsva. Truscott naEllis vakafunga kuitsiva nechirongwa chitsva chevaridzi chinowirirana neSystem 7, vape zvimwe zvinonakidza maficha, uye vadzorere iyo yakagadziridzwa vhezheni kunharaunda yevashandisi mukutsinhana nemukurumbira uye rukudzo.
Panguva imwecheteyo, Truscott aishandisa uucp kutaurirana nemuchina weUnix paYunivhesiti yeNorth Carolina, makiromita gumi nemashanu kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero muChapel Hill, uye kutaurirana nemudzidzi ikoko, Steve Belovin.
Hazvizivikanwe kuti Truscott naBelovin vakasangana sei, asi zvinogoneka kuti vakave pedyo pamusoro pe chess. Vese vakakwikwidza mumutambo weAssociation for Computer Systems 'wegore chess, kunyangwe zvisiri panguva imwe chete.
Belovin akaitawo purogiramu yake yekuparadzira nhau, iyo, inofadza, yakanga ine pfungwa yemapoka enhau, akakamurwa kuva misoro iyo munhu aigona kunyoresa - panzvimbo yechiteshi chimwe umo nhau dzose dzakarasirwa. Belovin, Truscott, naEllis vakasarudza kubatana uye kunyora network yenhau nemapoka enhau aizoshandisa uucp kugovera nhau kumakomputa akasiyana. Vaida kugovera nhau dzine chekuita neUnix kune vashandisi veUSENIX, saka vakadaidza system yavo Usenet.
Duke University yaizoshanda senzvimbo yepakati pekuchenesa, uye yaizoshandisa otomatiki uye uucp kubatanidza kune ese manode panetiweki nguva nenguva, kutora nhau dzekuvandudza, uye kudyisa nhau kune dzimwe nhengo dzetiweki. Belovin akanyora iyo yekutanga kodhi, asi yaimhanya pane shell zvinyorwa uye saka yainonoka zvakanyanya. Ipapo Stephen Daniel, mumwe mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza paDuke University, akanyorazve purogiramu yacho mushanduro yaC. Daniel yakasvika pakuzivikanwa seA News. Ellis akasimudzira chirongwa ichi muna Ndira 1980 pamusangano weUsenix muBoulder, Colorado, uye akapa ese makumi masere emakopi ayo aakauya nawo. Nemusangano unotevera weUsenix, wakaitwa muchirimo, varongi vayo vanga vatoisa A News musoftware package yakagoverwa kune vese vatori vechikamu.
Vagadziri vakatsanangura sisitimu iyi se "ARPANET yevarombo." Iwe unogona kusafunga nezvaDuke seyunivhesiti-yechipiri, asi panguva iyoyo yakanga isina rudzi rwekusimba munyika yesainzi yekombuta iyo ingadai yakaibvumira kuti ipinde mune iyo yekutanga American komputa network. Asi wanga usingade mvumo yekuwana Usenet β chawaida iUnix system, modem, uye kugona kubhadhara foni yako kuti ugare uchifukidzwa nhau. Pakazosvika makore ekuma1980, anenge zvikoro zvese zvaipa dzidzo yepamusoro zvaikwanisa kuita izvi zvinodiwa.
Makambani akazvimirira akabatanawo neUsenet, izvo zvakabatsira kukurumidza kupararira kwetiweki. Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) yakabvuma kuita semurevereri pakati peDuke University neYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Berkeley, kuderedza mutengo wekufona kure-kure uye data mabhiri pakati pemahombekombe. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Berkeley kuWest Coast yakava hub yechipiri ye Usenet, ichibatanidza network kumayunivhesiti eCalifornia kuSan Francisco neSan Diego, pamwe nemamwe masangano, kusanganisira Sytek, imwe yemakambani ekutanga mubhizinesi reLAN. Berkeley aivewo kumusha kune ARPANET node, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kumisa kutaurirana pakati peUsenet neARPANET (mushure mekunge chirongwa chekuchinjana nhau chakanyorwa zvakare naMark Horton naMat Glickman, vachichidaidza kuti B News). ARPANET node dzakatanga kudhonza zvirimo kubva kuUsenet uye neimwe nzira, kunyangwe mitemo yeARPA ichinyatso kutaura yakarambidzwa kubatanidza kune mamwe manetwork. Mambure etiweki akakura nekukurumidza, kubva pagumi neshanu manodhi achigadzira gumi pazuva muna 1980, kusvika pa600 node uye 120 zvibodzwa muna 1983, uyezve 5000 node uye 1000 posts muna 1987.
Pakutanga, vagadziri vayo vakaona Usenet senzira yekuti nhengo dzenharaunda yevashandisi yeUnix vataurirane nekukurukura nezvekuvandudzwa kweOS iyi. Kuti vaite izvi, vakagadzira mapoka maviri, net.general uye net.v7bugs (yekupedzisira akakurukura matambudziko neshanduro itsva). Nekudaro, vakasiya sisitimu ichiwedzeredzwa zvakasununguka. Chero ani zvake aigona kugadzira boka idzva mu "net" hierarchy, uye vashandisi vakakurumidza kutanga kuwedzera nyaya dzisiri dzehunyanzvi, senge net.jokes. Sezvinongoita chero munhu aigona kutumira chero chinhu, vaigamuchira vaigona kufuratira mapoka avanosarudza. Semuyenzaniso, sisitimu iyi inogona kubatana neUsenet uye kukumbira data yeboka ret.v7bugs chete, ichifuratira zvimwe zvirimo. Kusiyana neiyo ARPANET yakarongwa nemazvo, Usenet yaive yakazvironga uye yakakura nenzira yekusagadzikana pasina kutariswa kubva kumusoro.
Nekudaro, munzvimbo ino yehutongi hwejekerere, kurongeka kwevakuru kwakakurumidza kubuda. Imwe seti yemanode ane nhamba huru yekubatanidza uye traffic yakakura yakatanga kunzi "musana" wehurongwa. Izvi zvakabva zvangoitika. Nekuti imwe neimwe kuendesa data kubva kune imwe node kuenda kune imwe yakawedzera latency kune yekutaurirana, imwe neimwe itsva node inobatana netiweki yaida kutaurirana nenode yaive yatove nenhamba huru yekubatanidza, kudzikisa huwandu hwe "hops" inodiwa kuparadzira yayo. mameseji pane network. Pakati pemapfundo emutsetse wacho pakanga pane masangano edzidzo neekambani, uye kazhinji kazhinji kombiyuta yomunzvimbomo imwe neimwe yaifambiswa nomumwe munhu akatsauka akaita nokudisa basa rokusaonga rokutungamirira chinhu chiri chose chaipfuura nomukombiyuta. Vakadaro vaive Gary Murakami weBell Laboratories kuIndian Hills muIllinois, kana Jean Spafford weGeorgia Institute of Technology.
Chiratidzo chakanyanya kukosha chesimba pakati pevatariri ve node pamusana uyu chakauya muna 1987, pavakasundidzira nekugadziriswazve kwenzvimbo yezita renhau, vachiunza zvikamu zvinomwe zvekutanga-chikamu. Paive nezvikamu zvakaita secomp yemakomputa misoro, uye rec yekuvaraidza. Misoro midiki yakarongwa zvine mutsindo pasi pe "mahombe manomwe" - semuenzaniso, boka comp.lang.c yekukurukura mutauro weC, uye rec.games.board yekukurukura mitambo yebhodhi. Boka revapanduki, avo vakafunga shanduko iyi semubatanidzwa wakarongeka ne "Spine Clique", vakagadzira yavo bazi rehutungamiriri, iro dhairekitori guru iro raive alt, uye yavo yakaenzana ridge. Yaisanganisira nyaya dzaionekwa sedzisina kufanira kuBig Seven - semuenzaniso, zvepabonde uye zvinodhaka zvinodhaka (alt.sex.pictures), pamwe nemarudzi ese enharaunda dzinoshamisa dzaisadiwa nemaadmins neimwe nzira (semuenzaniso, alt.gourmand; maadmins vakasarudza boka risingakuvadzi rec.food.recipes).
Panguva ino, software inotsigira Usenet yakanga yawedzera kupfuura kugoverwa kwemavara akajeka kuisa tsigiro yemafaira ebhinari (akatumidzwa nekuti aive nemadhijitari ebhinari). Kazhinji, mafaira acho aisanganisira mitambo yepakombiyuta yakabirwa, mapikicha ezvinonyadzisira nemafirimu, marekodhi akarekodhwa kubva kumakonzati nezvimwe zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo. Mapoka ari mualt.binaries hierarchy aive pakati peaiwanzovharirwa paSeva dzeUsenet nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwavo kwemutengo wakakwira (mifananidzo nemavhidhiyo zvakatora zvakanyanya bandwidth uye nzvimbo yekuchengetedza pane zvinyorwa) uye gakava rezvemitemo.
Asi pasinei nekukakavadzana kwese uku, pakupera kwema1980 Usenet yakanga yava nzvimbo iyo nyanzvi dzemakombiyuta dzaigona kuwana nharaunda dzepasi rose dzevanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana. Muna 1991 chete, Tim Berners-Lee akazivisa kusikwa kweWorld Wide Web muboka re alt.hypertext; Linus Torvalds akakumbira mhinduro pane yake diki Linux chirongwa muboka re comp.os.minix; Peter Adkison, nekuda kwenyaya yekambani yake yemitambo yaakatumira kuboka rec.games.design, akasangana naRichard Garfield. Kubatana kwavo kwakatungamira mukusikwa kwemutambo wemakadhi akakurumbira Mashiripiti: Iko Kuunganidza.
fidonet
Zvakadaro, kunyangwe ARPANET yemurombo payakapararira pasi rose zvishoma nezvishoma, vanofarira makombiyuta madiki, avo vaive nezvishandiso zvishoma pane koreji yakanga isingachashandiswi, vakanyimwa zvakanyanya kufambiswa kwemashoko emagetsi. Iyo Unix OS, yaive sarudzo yakachipa uye inofadza nemaitiro ezvidzidzo, yanga isingawanikwe kune varidzi vemakomputa ane 8-bit microprocessors aimhanyisa CP/M OS, yaigona kuita zvishoma kunze kwekupa basa nemadhiraivha. Nekudaro, ivo vakakurumidza kutanga yavo kuyedza yakapusa kugadzira yakachipa yakachipa decentralized network, uye zvese zvakatanga nekugadzirwa kwemabulletin board.
Zvinogoneka kuti nekuda kwekureruka kwezano uye nenhamba huru yevanofarira komputa vaivepo panguva iyoyo, (BBS) inogona kunge yakagadzirwa kakawanda. Asi maererano netsika, hukuru hunozivikanwa neprojekti ΠΈ kubva kuChicago, iyo yavakatanga panguva . Christensen naSuess vaiva nyanzvi dzemakombiyuta, vose vane makore 30-chimwe chinhu, uye vose vakaenda kukirabhu yekombuta yomunharaunda. Vakanga varonga kare kugadzira seva yavo pakirabhu yekombuta, uko nhengo dzekirabhu dzaigona kurodha zvinyorwa zvenhau vachishandisa modem file transfer software iyo Christensen yakanyorera CP/M, imba yakaenzana neuucp. Asi dutu resinou rakavavharira mumba kwemazuva anoverengeka rakavakurudzira kuti vatange kushanda pariri. Christensen ainyanya kushanda pasoftware, uye Suess aishanda pahardware. Kunyanya, Sewess akagadzira chirongwa chinozodzoreredza komputa kuita modhi inomhanyisa chirongwa cheBBS pese payakaona runhare rwuri kuuya. Uku kubira kwaive kwakakosha kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti sisitimu yaive muchimiro chakakodzera kugamuchira iyi runhare - ndiyo yaive mamiriro ekusagadzikana emidziyo yemumba uye software mumazuva iwayo. Vakadaidza kugadzirwa kwavo kuti CBBS, hurongwa hwemakomputa bulletin board, asi gare gare vazhinji vevashandisi (kana sysops) vakadonhedza C kwenguva pfupi ndokudaidza sevhisi yavo kungoti BBS. Pakutanga, maBBS ainziwo RCP/M, kureva, kure CP/M (kure CP/M). Vakatsanangura zvakadzama zvebrainchild yavo mune yakakurumbira kombiyuta magazini Byte, uye munguva pfupi yakateverwa nechaunga chevatevedzeri.
Chishandiso chitsva - Hayes Modem - chakapfumisa chiitiko chiri kubudirira cheBBS. Dennis Hayes aive mumwe aifarira komputa aive neshungu dzekuwedzera modem kumushini wake mutsva. Asi mienzaniso yekutengeserana yaivepo yakawira muzvikamu zviviri chete: zvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa vatengi vebhizinesi, uye nekudaro zvinodhura zvakanyanya kune vanofarira zvekumba, uye. . Kuti utaure nemumwe munhu uchishandisa acoustic modem, waifanira kutanga wasvika parunhare kana kupindura runhare, wobva warembera iyo modem kuti ikwanise kutaurirana nemodemu kune rimwe divi. Zvaisaita kuita otomatiki runhare rwaibuda kana kupinda nenzira iyi. Saka muna 1977, Hayes akagadzira, akagadzira, uye akatanga kutengesa yake yega 300-bit-per-second modem yaaigona kubaya mukombuta yake. MuBBS yavo, Christensen naSewess vakashandisa imwe yemhando dzekutanga dzeHayes modem. Nekudaro, yekutanga chigadzirwa chaHayes yaive 1981 Smartmodem, iyo yakauya mune imwe kesi, yaive neyayo microprocessor, uye yaive yakabatana nekombuta kuburikidza neserial port. Yakatengeswa ne $299, iyo yaikwanisika kune vanofarira kuita basa vaiwanzoshandisa mazana emadhora pamakomputa avo epamba.
Hayes Smartmodem ye300
Mumwe wavo aiva , uye ndiye akatanga chirongwa chakazova chimwe chinhu senge Usenet yeBBS. Akashanda semugadziri wepurogiramu yePhoenix Software muSan Francisco, uye muna 1983 akafunga kunyora chirongwa chake cheBBS, kwete cheCP/M, asi cheiyo nyowani uye yakanakisa OS yemakomputa madiki - Microsoft DOS. Akamutumidza kuti Fido [zita rinowanzoreva imbwa], kubva pakombiyuta yaakashandisa kubasa, yakatumidzwa nokuti yaisanganisira mishmash inotyisa yezvikamu zvakasiyana. John Madill, mutengesi paComputerLand muBaltimore, akanzwa nezveFido uye akafonera Jennings munyika yose kuti akumbire rubatsiro rwake mukugadzirisa chirongwa chake kuitira kuti chishande pakombiyuta yake yeDEC Rainbow 100. Vaviri ava vakatanga kushanda pasoftware pamwe chete, uye zvino Akabatanidzwa nemumwe mutsigiri weRainbow, Ben Baker kubva kuSt. Vatatu ava vakashandisa mari yakawanda pakufonera kure kure vachingopinda mumotokari dzemumwe nemumwe husiku vachikurukura.
Mukati menhaurirano dzese idzi pamaBBS akasiyana siyana, imwe pfungwa yakatanga kubuda mumusoro maJennings - aigona kugadzira network yese yeBBS yaizochinjana mameseji husiku, kana mutengo wekutaurirana kure kure wakadzikira. Pfungwa iyi yanga isiri nyowani β vazhinji vanoita zvekutamba vanga vachifungidzira rudzi urwu rwekutumira mameseji pakati peBBS kubvira bepa reByte naChristensen naSewess. Zvisinei, vaiwanzofunga kuti kuti chirongwa ichi chishande, munhu aifanira kutanga awana kukwirira kwakanyanya kweBBS uye kuvaka mitemo yakaoma yekufambisa kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti mafoni ose anoramba ari munharaunda, kureva, asingadhuri, kunyange kana akatakura mameseji kubva kumhenderekedzo kuenda kumhenderekedzo. Zvisinei, Jennings akaita masvomhu akakurumidza uye akaziva kuti nekuwedzera kukurumidza kwemamodemu (amateur modem akatoshanda nekumhanya kwe1200 bps) uye kuderera kwemitero yedaro refu, maitiro akadaro akanga asisadiwi. Kunyangwe nekuwedzera kwakakosha kwemeseji traffic, zvaigoneka kuendesa zvinyorwa pakati pemasisitimu emari shoma chete husiku.
Tom Jennings, achiri kubva ku2002 documentary
Akabva awedzera imwe program kuna Fido. Kubva pane imwe kusvika mbiri mangwanani, Fido yakavharwa uye FidoNet yakatangwa. Aive achitarisa rondedzero yemameseji aibuda mufaira rezita revaenzi. Meseji imwe neimwe yaibuda yaive nenhamba yemunhu aigamuchira, uye chinhu chimwe nechimwe chairatidza munhu aigamuchiraβFido BBSβakanga ane nhamba dzorunhare pedyo nayo. Kana mameseji aibuda akawanikwa, FidoNet aiita majana ekufona nhare dzeBBS dzinoenderana kubva pane rondedzero yemanodhi odziendesa kuchirongwa cheFidoNet, icho chaive chakamirira runhare kubva kudivi iro. Pakarepo Madill, Jennings, naBaker vakakwanisa kushanda pamwechete zviri nyore uye zviri nyore, zvisinei nemutengo wekunonoka kuita. Havana kugamuchira mameseji masikati; mameseji aifambiswa husiku.
Izvi zvisati zvaitika, vanoita zvekutamba vaisambosangana nevamwe vanoita zvekutamba vaigara kune dzimwe nzvimbo, sezvavaiwanzodaidza maBBS emahara. Asi kana iyi BBS yakabatana neFidoNet, ipapo vashandisi vakangoerekana vakwanisa kuchinjana maemail nevamwe vanhu munyika yose. Chirongwa chacho chakabva chave chakakurumbira zvikuru, uye nhamba yevashandisi veFidoNet yakatanga kukura nokukurumidza, uye mukati megore yakasvika 200. Panyaya iyi, Jennings akanga achiwedzera kuipa pakuchengetedza node yake. Saka paFidoCon yekutanga muSt. Louis, Jennings naBaker vakasangana naKen Kaplan, mumwe mutsigiri weDEC Rainbow uyo aizokurumidza kutora basa guru rehutungamiri paFidoNet. Vakauya nechirongwa chitsva chakakamura North America kuita mambure, rimwe nerimwe richiumbwa nemanodhi enzvimbo. Mune yega yega subnets, imwe manejimendi node yakatora basa rekutonga rondedzero yenzvimbo yenodhi, yakagashira inopinda traffic ye subnet yayo, uye kutumira mameseji kunzvimbo dzakakodzera dzenzvimbo. Pamusoro pemutsetse we subnets paiva nenzvimbo dzaifukidza kondinendi yose. Panguva imwecheteyo, sisitimu iyi ichiri kuchengetedza runyoro rwepasi rose rwemanodhi aive nenhamba dzenhare dzemakomputa ese akabatana neFidoNet munyika, saka nedzidziso chero node yaigona kufonera chero imwe kuti itumire mameseji.
Chivako chitsva chakabvumira kuti gadziriro yacho irambe ichikura, uye pakasvika 1986 yakanga yakura kusvika kupfundo 1000 1989, uye pakasvika 5000 kusvika ku100 XNUMX. Imwe neimwe yeidzi nodes (iyo yaiva BBS) yakanga ine avhareji yevashandisi vanoshingaira zana. Iwo maviri anonyanya kufarirwa maapplication aive akareruka email ekuchinjana iyo Jennings akavaka muFidoNet, uye Echomail, yakagadzirwa naJeff Rush, BBS sysop kubva kuDallas. Echomail yaive basa rakaenzana neUsenet newsgroups, uye yakabvumira zviuru zvevashandisi veFidoNet kuita nhaurirano dzeruzhinji pamisoro yakasiyana-siyana. Ehi, sekudanwa kwemapoka ega ega, aive nemazita ega, mukusiyana neiyo hierarchical system ye Usenet, kubva kuAD&D kuenda kuMILHISTORY uye ZYMURGY (kuita doro kumba).
Maonero ehuzivi aJennings akatsamira kumhirizhonga, uye aida kugadzira chikuva chinotongwa chete nehunyanzvi hwekuita:
Ndakaudza vashandisi kuti vanogona kuita chero zvavanoda. Ndave neiyi nzira kwemakore masere zvino uye handina kana dambudziko nerutsigiro rweBBS. Vanhu chete vane fascist maitiro avo vanoda kuchengetedza zvinhu zvose pasi pekutonga vane matambudziko. Ini ndinofunga kuti kana iwe ukajekesa kuti vanofona vari kutevedzera mitemo-ini ndinovenga kunyange kutaura izvozvo-kana vanofona vakaziva zviri mukati, saka vanogona kurwisa madhongi.
Zvisinei, sezvakaita Usenet, FidoNet's hierarchical structure yakabvumira mamwe sysops kuti awane simba rakawanda kupfuura mamwe, uye makuhwa akatanga kupararira ye cabal ine simba (ino nguva yakavakirwa muSt. Louis) iyo yaida kutora kutonga kwemambure kubva kuvanhu. Vakawanda vaitya kuti Kaplan kana vamwe vakamupoteredza vaizoedza kutengesa hurongwa uye kutanga kubhadharisa mari yekushandisa FidoNet. Kunyumwira kwainyanya kusimba nezve International FidoNet Association (IFNA), sangano risingabatsiri iro Kaplan akatanga kubhadhara chikamu chemutengo wekuchengetedza sisitimu (kunyanya kufona kure kure). Muna 1989, fungidziro idzi dzakaita sedzakaitika apo boka revatungamiriri veIFNA rakasundidzira kuburikidza nereferendamu kuita kuti FidoNet yese sysop ive nhengo yeIFNA, uye kuita sangano iri dare rinodzora retiweki uye rine chekuita nemitemo nemirau. . Pfungwa iyi yakakundikana uye IFNA yakabva yanyangarika. Zvechokwadi, kusavapo kwechimiro chekufananidzira chekutonga hakuna kureva kuti kwakanga kusina simba rechokwadi mumambure; vatariri vematunhu node list vakaunza yavo yega mitemo.
Mumvuri weInternet
Kubva mukupera kwema1980 zvichienda mberi, FidoNet uye Usenet zvishoma nezvishoma zvakatanga kuvhara mumvuri weInternet. Pakazosvika chikamu chechipiri chemakore gumi akatevera vakanga vapedzwa zvachose nazvo.
Usenet yakava yakabatana nemawebhusaiti eInternet kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kweNNTP-Network News Transfer Protocol-mukutanga kwa1986. Yakatangwa nevaviri vevadzidzi veYunivhesiti yeCalifornia (mumwe kubva kubazi reSan Diego, imwe kubva Berkeley). NNTP yakabvumira mauto eTCP/IP paIndaneti kugadzira maseva enhau anowirirana neUsenet. Mukati memakore mashoma, traffic yakawanda yeUsenet yanga yatopfuura nemunodhi idzi, kwete kuburikidza neuucp pamusoro peiyo yakanaka yekare nhare network. Iyo yakazvimiririra uucp network yakadzima zvishoma nezvishoma, uye Usenet yakangova imwe application inomhanya pamusoro peTCP/IP. Iko kuchinjika kusingadaviriki kweInternet-yakawanda-layered dhizaini yakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti itore ma network akagadzirirwa imwe chete application.
Kunyangwe mukutanga kwema1990 kwaive nemasuwo akati wandei pakati peFidoNet neInternet ayo aibvumira network kuchinjanisa mameseji, FidoNet yanga isiri imwe application, saka traffic yayo haina kutamira kuInternet nenzira imwechete iyo Usenet yakaita. Pane kudaro, apo vanhu vari kunze kwevadzidzi vakatanga kuongorora kuwanikwa kweInternet muhafu yekupedzisira ye1990s, maBBS zvishoma nezvishoma akatorwa neInternet kana kuti asisina basa. Commercial BBSes zvishoma nezvishoma akawira muchikamu chekutanga. Aya madiki-makopi eCompuServes akapa BBS mukana wemubhadharo wepamwedzi kuzviuru zvevashandisi, uye vaive nemamodemu akawanda ekubata akawanda mafoni anouya panguva imwe chete. Nekuuya kweInternet yekutengeserana, mabhizinesi aya akabatanidza BBS yavo kune chikamu chiri pedyo cheInternet ndokutanga kupa mukana kune vatengi vavo sechikamu chekunyoresa. Sezvo mamwe masaiti nemasevhisi akaonekwa paWorld Wide Web, vashoma vashandisi vakanyoresa kumasevhisi emamwe maBBS, uye saka aya ekutengesa maBBS zvishoma nezvishoma akave vapi veInternet service, ISPs. Mazhinji amateur BBSees akave mataundi emweya sevashandisi vari kutsvaga kuwana online vachiendeswa kune vanopa veko pamwe nevanobatana nemasangano makuru seAmerica Online.
Izvi zvese zvakanaka uye zvakanaka, asi iyo Internet yakava sei kutonga? Ko hurongwa hushoma hunozivikanwa hwedzidzo hwakanga huchipararira nemayunivhesiti epamusoro kwemakore, nepo masisitimu akaita seMinitel, CompuServe, uye Usenet akakwezva mamirioni evashandisi, akangoerekana aputika pamberi uye akapararira sesora, achidya zvese zvakauya pamberi payo? Indaneti yakava sei simba rakagumisa nguva yokuparadzana?
Chii chimwe chekuverenga nekuona
- Ronda Hauben naMichael Hauben, Netizens: PaNhoroondo uye Impact yeUsenet neInternet, (pamhepo 1994, dhinda 1997)
- Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community (1993)
- Peter H. Salus, Kukanda mambure (1995)
- Jason Scott, BBS: The Documentary (2005)
Source: www.habr.com