Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Mukati mehafu yekutanga yemakore ekuma1970, ecology yemakomputa network yakatama kubva kune yayo yekutanga ARPANET tateguru uye yakawedzera muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Vashandisi veARPANET vakawana chishandiso chitsva, email, chakava chiitiko chikuru panetiweki. Vanamuzvinabhizinesi vakaburitsa avo akasiyana eARPANET kushandira vashandisi vekutengesa. Vatsvagiri pasi rese, kubva kuHawaii kuenda kuEurope, vanga vachigadzira mhando nyowani dzemanetiweki kuti isangane nezvido kana kugadzirisa tsikidzi dzisina kutariswa neARPANET.
Anenge munhu wese ane chekuita nekuita uku akabva pachinangwa chekutanga cheARPANET-kupa simba rekugoverana komputa uye software pane imwe motley spectrum yenzvimbo dzekutsvagisa, imwe neimwe iine zviwanikwa zvayo zvakatsaurirwa. Mamburenda ekombuta akanyanya kuva nzira yekubatanidza vanhu kune mumwe nemumwe kana nemasisitimu ari kure akashanda senzvimbo kana kuraswa kweruzivo rwunoverengeka nevanhu, semuenzaniso, nedatabase yeruzivo kana maprinta.
Licklider naRobert Taylor vakafanoona mukana uyu, kunyangwe ichi chaive chisiri chinangwa chavaiyedza kuzadzisa pavakatanga kuyedza network yekutanga. Chinyorwa chavo che1968 "Computer seChishandiso cheKutaurirana" haina simba uye hunhu husingagumi hwechiporofita chakakosha munhoroondo yemakomputa akawanikwa mune zvinyorwa zveVannevar Bush ""kana Turing's "Computing Machinery uye Intelligence". Zvisinei, ine ndima yechiporofita ine chokuita negadziriro yokudyidzana kwevanhu kunorukwa nemakombiyuta. Licklider naTaylor vakatsanangura ramangwana riri pedyo iro:
Iwe hausi kuzotumira tsamba kana teregiramu; iwe unenge uchingoratidza vanhu vane mafaera anoda kubatanidzwa kune ako, uye ndeapi zvikamu zvemafaira zvavanofanira kubatanidzwa nazvo, uye pamwe nekuona iyo yekukurumidzira. Iwe hauwanzo kufona; iwe unozobvunza network kuti ubatanidze yako consoles.
Iyo network ichapa maficha uye masevhisi aunozonyorera kune uye mamwe masevhisi auchazoshandisa sezvinodiwa. Boka rekutanga rinosanganisira kuraira kwekudyara uye mutero, kusarudzwa kweruzivo kubva kumunda wako wechiitiko, zviziviso zvetsika, zvemitambo uye zvevaraidzo zviitiko zvinoenderana nezvido zvako, nezvimwe.
(Zvisinei, chinyorwa chavo chakatsanangurawo kuti kushaikwa kwemabasa kuchapera sei pasirese, nekuti pakupedzisira vanhu vese vanozove vagadziri vezvirongwa vanoshandira zvinodikanwa zvetiweki uye vachange vachipindirana mukugadzirisa zvirongwa.)
Chinhu chekutanga uye chinonyanya kukosha cheramangwana rinofambiswa nekombuta, email, yakapararira sehutachiona mhiri kweARPANET muma1970, ichitanga kutora nyika.
enamel
Kuti unzwisise kuti email yakashanduka sei paARPANET, unofanira kutanga wanzwisisa shanduko huru yakatora masystem emakomputa mukati metiweki mukutanga kwema1970. ARPANET payakatanga kunambwa pakati pemakore ekuma1960, iyo hardware uye control software panzvimbo yega yega yakanga isina kana chinhu chakafanana. Mapoinzi mazhinji akatarisana neakakosha, one-off masisitimu, semuenzaniso, Multics paMIT, TX-2 paLincoln Laboratory, ILLIAC IV, yakavakwa paYunivhesiti yeIllinois.
Asi pakazosvika 1973, mamiriro emakombuta etiweki aive awana kufanana kwakakura, nekuda kwekubudirira kwesango kweDigital Equipment Corporation (DEC) uye kupinda kwayo mumusika wesainzi komputa (yaive brainchild yaKen Olsen naHarlan Anderson, zvichibva pane yavo. ruzivo neTX-2 kuLincoln Laboratory). DEC yakagadzira mainframe , yakaburitswa muna 1968, yakapa nguva yakavimbika yekugovana kumasangano madiki nekupa huwandu hwezvishandiso uye mitauro yekuronga yakavakirwa mukati mayo kuita kuti zvive nyore kugadzirisa sisitimu kuti ienderane nezvinodiwa chaizvo. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvaidiwa nenzvimbo dzesainzi nemarabhoritari ekutsvagisa enguva iyoyo.
Tarisa kuti maPDP akawanda sei!
BBN, iyo yaive nebasa rekutsigira ARPANET, yakaita kuti kit iyi iwedzere kukwezva nekugadzira iyo Tenex inoshanda sisitimu, iyo yakawedzera peji chaiyo memory kuPDP-10. Izvi zvakarerutsa manejimendi uye mashandisiro ehurongwa, sezvo zvaive zvisisakodzeri kugadzirisa seti yezvirongwa zvinomhanya kune huwandu huripo hwekurangarira. BNN yakatumira Tenex yemahara kune dzimwe ARPA node, uye munguva pfupi yakave iyo inotonga OS panetiweki.
Asi zvese izvi zvine chekuita nei neemail? Vashandisi vehurongwa hwekugovera nguva vaive vatojairana nekutumira mameseji emagetsi, sezvo mazhinji emasisitimu aya aipa mabhokisi eemail erumwe rudzi mukupera kwema1960. Ivo vakapa mhando yetsamba yemukati, uye tsamba dzaigona kungochinjana pakati pevashandisi veiyo yakafanana system. Munhu wekutanga kutora mukana wekuva netiweki kuendesa tsamba kubva kune mumwe muchina kuenda kune mumwe aive Ray Tomlinson, injinjini kuBBN uye mumwe wevanyori veTenex. Akange atonyora chirongwa chinonzi SNDMSG kutumira tsamba kune mumwe mushandisi pane imwecheteyo Tenex system, uye chirongwa chinonzi CPYNET kutumira mafaera pane network. Chaaifanira kuita kwaive kushandisa fungidziro yake zvishoma, uye aiona nzira yekubatanidza zvirongwa zviviri izvi kugadzira tsamba dzenetiweki. Muzvirongwa zvakapfuura, zita rekushandisa chete ndiro raidiwa kuratidza munhu aigamuchira, saka Tomlinson akauya nepfungwa yekubatanidza zita remunzvimbo uye zita remuenzi (wenzvimbo kana kure), achivabatanidza ne @ chiratidzo, uye kuwana email kero yakasarudzika kune network yese (kare iyo @ chiratidzo yaisawanzo shandiswa, kunyanya pamitengo yezviratidzo: 4 makeke @ $2 imwe neimwe).
Ray Tomlinson mumakore ake ekupedzisira, aine siginecha yake @ sign kumashure
Tomlinson akatanga kuyedza chirongwa chake chitsva munharaunda muna 1971, uye mu1972 yake network yeSNDMSG yakaverengerwa mukuburitswa kutsva kweTenex, zvichibvumira Tenex mail kuti iwedzere kupfuura imwe node uye kupararira mukati mese network. Kuwanda kwemichina inomhanya neTenex kwakapa chirongwa chaTomlinson chehybrid chekukasira kuwana kune vazhinji vashandisi veARPANET, uye iyo email yakabudirira ipapo. Nekukurumidza, vatungamiriri veARPA vakabatanidza kushandiswa kweemail muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Steven Lukasik, director weARPA, aive mwana wekutanga, sezvakaita Larry Roberts, achiri mukuru wesangano resainzi yekombuta. Iyi tsika yakapfuudzwa kune avo vari pasi pavo, uye munguva pfupi email yakava imwe yezvinhu zvakakosha zvehupenyu hweARPANET uye tsika.
Chirongwa cheemail chaTomlinson chakaburitsa akawanda akasiyana ekutevedzera uye budiriro itsva sezvo vashandisi vakatsvaga nzira dzekuvandudza rudimentary mashandiro ayo. Zvakawanda zvekuvandudzwa kwepakutanga zvakatarisa pakugadzirisa kukanganisa kwemuverengi wetsamba. Sezvo tsamba dzaifamba kupfuura kuvharirwa kwekombuta imwe chete, huwandu hweemail hwakagamuchirwa nevashandisi vanoshanda hwakatanga kukura pamwe chete nekukura kwetiweki, uye nzira yechinyakare kune maemail aiuya semavara akajeka akange asisashande. Larry Roberts pachake, asingakwanisi kurarama nekuwanda kwemameseji aiuya, akanyora chirongwa chake chekushanda nebhokisi rekutumira rinonzi RD. Asi pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1970, chirongwa cheMSG, chakanyorwa naJohn Vittal weYunivhesiti yeSouthern California, chakanga chiri kutungamirira nemuganho mukuru mukukurumbira. Isu tinotora kugona kuzadza otomatiki muzita neminda yevanogamuchira meseji inobuda zvichibva pane iri kuuya nekudzvanya bhatani. Nekudaro, yaive chirongwa cheVital's MSG chakatanga kuunza uyu mukana unoshamisa we "kupindura" tsamba muna 1975; uye yakaverengerwa museti yezvirongwa zveTenex.
Kusiyana-siyana kwekuedza kwakadaro kwaida kuiswa kwemitemo. Uye iyi yaive yekutanga, asi isiri nguva yekupedzisira iyo network network yekombuta yaifanira kuvandudza zviyero zvekare. Kusiyana neayo ekutanga ARPANET maprotocol, pasati pave neemail zviyero zvabuda, pakanga patove nemisiyano yakawanda musango. Zvisingadzivisiki, kukakavara uye mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika zvakamuka, zvakatarisana nemagwaro makuru anotsanangura chiyero cheemail, RFC 680 uye 720. Kunyanya, vashandisi vezvisiri zveTenex maitiro ekushanda vakatsamwiswa kuti mafungiro akawanikwa mune zvinyorwa zvakasungirirwa kune zvinyorwa zveTenex. Iko kunetsana hakuna kumbopisa zvakanyanya-vashandisi vese veARPANET muma1970 vaive vachiri chikamu chimwe chete, nzanga diki yesainzi, uye kusawirirana kwanga kusiri kukuru. Zvisinei, uyu wakanga uri muenzaniso wehondo dzomunguva yemberi.
Kubudirira kusingatarisirwi kweemail yaive chiitiko chakakosha mukuvandudzwa kwesoftware layer yetiweki muma1970s - iyo layer yakanyanya kutorwa kubva kune yenyama yetiweki. Panguva imwecheteyo, vamwe vanhu vakasarudza kutsanangudza patsva "yekutaurirana" iyo mabheti aiyerera kubva kune mumwe muchina kuenda kune mumwe.
ALOHA
Muna 1968, Norma Abramson akasvika paYunivhesiti yeHawaii kubva kuCalifornia kuti atore nzvimbo yakabatanidzwa sepurofesa weinjiniya yemagetsi uye sainzi yekombuta. Yunivhesiti yayo yaive nekampasi huru paOahu uye satellite kambasi muHilo, pamwe nemakoreji akati wandei enharaunda nenzvimbo dzekutsvagisa dzakapararira muzvitsuwa zveOahu, Kauai, Maui neHawaii. Pakati pavo paiva nemazana emakiromita emvura nenzvimbo ine makomo. Iyo main campus yaive ine simba IBM 360/65, asi kuodha mutsara wakarenda kubva kuAT&T kuti ubatanidze kune imwe terminal iri pane imwe yemakoreji enharaunda zvaive zvisiri nyore sepanyika.
Abramson aive nyanzvi mune radar masisitimu uye ruzivo dzidziso, uye pane imwe nguva akashanda seinjiniya yeHughes Ndege muLos Angeles. Uye nharaunda yake nyowani, nematambudziko ayo ese emuviri ane chekuita newaya data kutapurirana, akafuridzira Abramson kuti auye nezano idzva - ko kana redhiyo yaive nzira iri nani yekubatanidza makomputa kupfuura iyo nharembozha, iyo, shure kwezvose, yakagadzirirwa kutakura. izwi pane data?
Kuti aedze pfungwa yake uye kugadzira hurongwa hwaakadana kuti ALOHAnet, Abramson akawana mari kubva kuna Bob Taylor weARPA. Mune chimiro chayo chepakutanga, yanga isiri network yekombuta zvachose, asi svikiro rekutaurirana materminals ari kure ane imwe nguva-yekugovera sisitimu yakagadzirirwa komputa yeBM iri paOahu campus. Kufanana neARPANET, yaive nekombuta diki yakatsaurirwa kugadzirisa mapaketi akagamuchirwa uye akatumirwa nemuchina we360/65 - Menehune, iyo yeHawaii yakaenzana neIMP. Zvisinei, ALOHAnet haina kuita kuti hupenyu huve hwakaoma seARPANET kuburikidza nekufambisa mapaketi pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana. Pane kudaro, imwe neimwe terminal yaida kutumira meseji yakangoitumira pamusoro pemhepo pane yakazvipira frequency.
Yakaiswa zvizere ALOHAnet mukupera kwema1970, iine makomputa akati wandei panetiweki
Iyo yechinyakare mainjiniya nzira yekubata yakajairwa yekufambisa bandwidth yaive yekuicheka kuita zvikamu nechikamu chenguva yekutepfenyura kana ma frequency, uye kugovera chikamu kune yega yega terminal. Asi kugadzirisa mameseji kubva kumazana ematerminals uchishandisa chirongwa ichi, zvingave zvakafanira kudzikamisa imwe neimwe kune chikamu chidiki cheiyo bandwidth iripo, zvisinei nekuti vashoma chete vanogona kunge vari kushanda. Asi panzvimbo pezvo, Abramson akasarudza kusadzivirira materminal kutumira mameseji panguva imwe chete. Kana mameseji maviri kana anopfuura akapindirana, komputa yepakati yakaona izvi kuburikidza nemakodhi ekugadzirisa kukanganisa uye haina kungogamuchira aya mapaketi. Sezvo vasina kugamuchira chisimbiso chekuti mapaketi akagamuchirwa, vatumiri vakaedza kuatumira zvakare mushure mekunge nguva isingaite yapfuura. Abramson anofungidzira kuti nzira yakapfava yakadaro inogona kutsigira kusvika mazana akati wandei panguva imwe chete inoshanda zviteshi, uye nekuda kwekuwanda kwezviratidzo zvakapfuura, 15% yebandwidth ichashandiswa. Zvisinei, maererano nekuverenga kwake, zvakazoitika kuti nekuwedzera kwemambure, iyo yose system yaizowira mumhirizhonga yeruzha.
Hofisi yeramangwana
Pfungwa yaAbramson ye "packet broadcast" haina kuunza buzz yakawanda pakutanga. Asi iye akaberekwa patsva - makore mashomanana gare gare, uye atova panyika. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nePalo Alto Research Center itsva yeXerox (PARC), iyo yakavhurwa muna 1970 pedyo neStanford University, munzvimbo yakanga ichangobva kutumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa rokuti "Silicon Valley." Mamwe eXerox's xerography patents akange ave kuda kupera, saka kambani yakaisa panjodzi yekubatwa nekubudirira kwayo nekusada kana kusakwanisa kuenderana nekukwira kwemakomputa uye akabatanidzwa maseketi. Jack Goldman, mukuru wedhipatimendi rekutsvagisa reXerox, akagutsikana nevakuru vakuru kuti rabhoritari nyowani - yakaparadzana nekufurira kwedzimbahwe, mumamiriro ekunze akanaka, nemuhoro wakanaka - yaizokwezva tarenda rinodiwa kuchengetedza kambani iri pamberi pekuvandudzwa kweruzivo rwekuvaka. Remangwana.
PARC zvirokwazvo yakabudirira kukwezva tarenda rakanakisa resainzi yekombuta, kwete nekuda kwemamiriro ekushanda uye mihoro ine rupo, asiwo nekuda kwekuvapo kwaRobert Taylor, akatanga chirongwa cheARPANET muna 1966 semukuru weARPA's Information Processing Technology Division. , injiniya wechidiki anotyisa uye ane chido uye nyanzvi yekombiyuta kubva kuBrooklyn, aiva mumwe weavo vakaunzwa kuPARC kuburikidza nekubatana neARPA. Akabatana nerabhu muna Chikumi 1972 mushure mekushanda-nguva semudzidzi akapedza kudzidza weARPA, achigadzira interface yekubatanidza MIT kune network. Sezvo agara kuPARC, akaramba ari "murevereri" weARPANET - akafamba nenyika, akabatsira kubatanidza mapoinzi matsva kune network, uye akagadzirirawo mharidzo yeARPA pa1972 International Computer Communications Conference.
Pakati pezvirongwa zvakatenderedza PARC pakasvika Metcalfe paive nehurongwa hwaTaylor hwekubatanidza akawanda kana mazana emakomputa madiki kune network. Gore negore, mutengo uye saizi yemakomputa zvakadonha, zvichiteera kuda kusingaite . Tichitarisa kune ramangwana, mainjiniya ePARC akafanoona kuti munguva pfupi iri kutevera, mushandi wemuhofisi wese achange aine komputa yake. Sechikamu chepfungwa iyi, vakagadzira uye vakavaka iyo Alto komputa yega, makopi ayo akagoverwa kune wese muongorori murabhoritari. Taylor, uyo ane kutenda mukubatsira kwetiweki yekombuta kwakawedzera kusimba mumakore mashanu apfuura, aidawo kubatanidza makomputa ese aya pamwechete.
Alto. Iyo komputa pachayo iri pazasi, mune kabati saizi yemini-firiji.
Achisvika paPARC, Metcalf akatora basa rekubatanidza lab's PDP-10 clone kuARPANET, uye nokukurumidza akawana mukurumbira se "networker." Saka Taylor paakada network kubva kuAlto, vabatsiri vake vakatendeukira kuMetcalfe. Kufanana nemakomputa ari paARPANET, makomputa eAlto paPARC aive asina kana chekutaura kune mumwe nemumwe. Nokudaro, kushandiswa kunonakidza kwetiweki zvakare kwakava basa rekukurukurirana pakati pevanhu - munyaya iyi, nenzira yemazwi akadhindwa nelaser uye mifananidzo.
Pfungwa yakakosha yeprinta yelaser haina kutanga paPARC, asi kuEastern Shore, parabhoritari yekutanga yeXerox muWebster, New York. Nyanzvi yefizikisi yemuno Gary Starkweather yakaratidza kuti rakabatana laser beam rinogona kushandiswa kudzima magetsi edhiramu yexerographic, sechiedza chakapararira chinoshandiswa pakukopa kusvika panguva iyoyo. Danda racho, kana ranyatsogadziridzwa, rinogona kupenda chifananidzo chetsanangudzo padhiramu, iyo inogona kuzoendeswa kune bepa (sezvo chete zvikamu zvisina kubhadhariswa zvedhiramu zvinotora toner). Muchina wakadaro unodzorwa nekombuta waizokwanisa kugadzira chero musanganiswa wemifananidzo uye zvinyorwa izvo munhu angafunga nezvazvo, pane kungoburitsa magwaro aripo, semufotokopi. Nekudaro, pfungwa dzemusango dzaStarkweather hadzina kutsigirwa nevamwe vake kana vakuru vake paWebster, saka akatamira kuPARC muna 1971, kwaakasangana nevateereri vanofarira. Kugona kwelaser printa yekuburitsa mifananidzo isingaite poindi nepoint yakaita kuti ive shamwari yakanaka yeAlto workstation, ine pixelated monochrome graphics. Uchishandisa laser printer, hafu yemiriyoni pixels pachiratidziro chemushandisi anogona kudhindwa zvakananga pabepa nekujeka kwakakwana.
Bitmap paAlto. Hapana akamboona zvakadai pamakomputa anoratidza kare.
Munenge gore, Starkweather, nerubatsiro rwevamwe mainjiniya vanoverengeka kubva kuPARC, vakabvisa matambudziko makuru ehunyanzvi, uye vakagadzira prototype inoshanda yelaser printer pane chassis yeworkhorse Xerox 7000. Yakaburitsa mapeji nekumhanya kwakafanana - peji rimwe pasekondi - uye nechigadziriso che500 dots painch. Iyo jenareta yehunhu yakavakirwa muprinta yakadhindwa mavara mumafonti ekare. Mifananidzo yakasarudzika (kunze kweiyo yaigona kugadzirwa kubva kumafonti) yanga isati yatsigirwa, saka network yaisada kuendesa 25 miriyoni bits pasekondi kune printer. Nekudaro, kuti utore zvachose printa, yaizoda zvinoshamisa network bandwidth yenguva idzodzo - apo 50 bits pasekondi yaive muganhu wekugona kweARPANET.
Chizvarwa chechipiri PARC laser printer, Dover (1976)
Alto Aloha Network
Saka Metcalf yakazadza sei iro gap rekumhanya? Saka takadzokera kuALOHAnet - zvakazoitika kuti Metcalf ainzwisisa nhepfenyuro yepakiti zviri nani kupfuura chero ani zvake. Gore rakapfuura, muchirimo, tiri muWashington naSteve Crocker pabhizinesi reARPA, Metcalfe aidzidza zvaiitwa musangano mukuru wekombuta uye akawana basa raAbramson paALOHAnet. Akabva angoona hungwaru hwepfungwa huru, uye kuti kuitwa kwayo hakuna kukwana. Nekuita shanduko kune algorithm uye fungidziro dzayo - semuenzaniso, kuita kuti vanotumira vateerere kutanga kumirira kuti chiteshi chichene vasati vaedza kutumira mameseji, uye zvakare nekuwedzera nekuwedzera nguva yekudzoreredza kana pakaitika chiteshi chakavharwa-aigona kuwana bandwidth. kushandisa mitsetse ne90%, uye kwete ne15%, sezvakaratidzwa nekuverenga kwaAbramson. Metcalfe akatora nguva kuti aende kuHawaii, kwaakabatanidza pfungwa dzake pamusoro peALOHAnet mushanduro yakadzokororwa yezvidzidzo zvake zvechiremba mushure mokunge Harvard aramba shanduro yepakutanga nekuda kwekushaya nheyo yedzidziso.
Metcalfe pakutanga akadana chirongwa chake chekuunza nhepfenyuro yepakiti kuPARC iyo "ALTO ALOHA network." Zvino, mune imwe memo yaMay 1973, akaitumidza zita rekuti Ether Net, chirevo cheiyo luminiferous ether, pfungwa yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX yechinhu chinotakura mwaranzi yemagetsi. "Izvi zvinosimudzira kupararira kwetiweki," akanyora kudaro, "uye ndiani anoziva dzimwe nzira dzekutumira masaini dzichava nani pane tambo yekutepfenyura network; zvichida ichava masaisai eredhiyo, kana waya dzenhare, kana simba, kana kuti frequency multiplex cable terevhizheni, kana mamicrowave, kana misanganiswa yacho.β
Sketch kubva kuMetcalf's 1973 memo
Kutanga muna Chikumi 1973, Metcalf akashanda nemumwe injiniya wePARC, David Boggs, kushandura pfungwa yake yedzidziso yetiweki nyowani yekumhanyisa kuita hurongwa hwekushanda. Panzvimbo pekutumira masaini pamusoro pemhepo seALOHA, yakaganhurira nhepfenyuro yeredhiyo kune coaxial tambo, iyo yakawedzera zvinoshamisa kugona kana ichienzaniswa neMenehune's shoma redhiyo frequency bandwidth. Iyo yekutapurirana svikiro pachayo yaive isingaite, uye yaisada chero ma routers ekufambisa mameseji. Yakanga yakachipa, yaigona kubatanidza nyore nyore mazana enzvimbo dzekushandira β mainjiniya ePARC aingomhanyisa coaxial tambo nemuchivako uye akawedzera kubatanidza sezvinodiwa β uye aikwanisa kutakura mamirioni matatu mabhiti pasekondi.
Robert Metcalfe naDavid Boggs, 1980s, makore mashoma mushure mekunge Metcalfe yatanga 3Com kutengesa tekinoroji yeEthernet.
Pakupera kwa1974, mufananidzo wakazara wehofisi yeramangwana wakasimuka uye uchishanda muPalo Alto - boka rekutanga remakomputa eAlto, aine zvirongwa zvekudhirowa, email uye mazwi processors, prototype printer kubva kuStarkweeather uye network yeEthernet kune network. zvose. Iyo yepakati faira server, iyo yakachengeta data yaisazokwana pane yemuno Alto drive, ndiyo chete yakagovaniswa sosi. PARC pakutanga yakapa Ethernet controller sechinhu chinosarudzwa cheAlto, asi apo hurongwa hwakatangwa zvakava pachena kuti chaive chikamu chakakosha; Kwakanga kune kutevedzana kwakadzikama kwemameseji aidzika pasi, mazhinji acho achibuda mudhindi β mishumo yehunyanzvi, memo, kana mapepa esainzi.
Panguva imwecheteyo nekuvandudzwa kweAlto, imwe chirongwa chePARC chakaedza kusundira mazano ekugovana zviwanikwa munzira nyowani. Iyo PARC Online Office System (POLOS), yakagadziridzwa nekushandiswa naBill Chirungu nevamwe vakapukunyuka kubva kuDoug Engelbart's Online System (NLS) chirongwa kuStanford Research Institute, yaive netiweki yeData General Nova microcomputers. Asi pane kutsaurira muchina wega wega kune chaiwo mushandisi zvinodiwa, POLOS yakaendesa basa pakati pavo kuti ishumire zvido zvehurongwa hwese nenzira inoshanda. Muchina mumwe unogona kugadzira mifananidzo yevashandisi skrini, imwe inogona kugadzirisa ARPANET traffic, uye chetatu inogona kubata mazwi processors. Asi iyo yakaoma uye yekubatanidza mitengo yeiyi nzira yakaratidza yakawandisa, uye chirongwa chakadonha pasi pehuremu hwayo.
Zvichakadaro, hapana chakaratidza kuramba kwaTaylor kwemaitiro ekugovanisa zviwanikwa network zviri nani pane kukumbundira kwake chirongwa cheAlto. Alan Kay, Butler Lampson, uye vamwe vanyori veAlto vakaunza simba rese rekombuta raizodiwa nemushandisi kune yake yakazvimirira komputa padhesiki rake, yaaisafanirwa kugovera chero munhu. Basa retiweki rakanga risiri rekupa mukana kune heterogeneous seti yezviwanikwa zvekombuta, asi kutumira mameseji pakati pezvitsuwa izvi zvakazvimirira, kana kuzvichengeta kune imwe mhenderekedzo iri kure - yekudhinda kana kuchengetedza kwenguva refu.
Kunyangwe ese maemail neALOHA akagadzirwa pasi pechirongwa cheARPA, kuuya kweEthernet kwaive chimwe chezviratidzo zvakati wandei muma1970s zvekuti macomputer network aive akakurisa uye akasiyana kuti kambani imwe chete itonge munda, maitiro atinozotevera. iri munyaya inotevera.
Chii chimwe chekuverenga
- Michael Hiltzik, Vatengesi veMheni (1999)
- James Pelty, Nhoroondo yeComputer Communications, 1968-1988 (2007) [http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/]
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine (2001)
Source: www.habr.com