Nhoroondo yeInternet: Interworking

Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:

• Nhoroondo yerelay
  • Nzira ye "kukurumidza kutumira ruzivo", kana kwakabva relay
  • Farscriber
  • Galvanism
  • Vemabhizimusi
  • Uye pakupedzisira, relay
  • kutaura telegraph
  • Ingobatanidza
  • The Forgotten Generation of Relay Makomputa
  • nguva yemagetsi
• Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
  • Nhungamidzo
  • Colossus
  • ENIAC
  • Electronic Revolution
• Nhoroondo ye transistor
  • Ndichiita nzira yangu yekubata murima
  • Kubva pakuparara kwehondo
  • Multiple revention
• Internet nhoroondo
  • Reference network
  • Kuora, chikamu 1
  • Kuora, chikamu 2
  • Kutsvaga interactivity
  • Kuwedzera interactivity
  • ARPANET - kuberekwa
  • ARPANET - package
  • ARPANET - subnet
  • Kombuta semudziyo wekutaurirana
  • Internetworking
• Nguva Yekuparadzana
  • load factor

Mupepa ra1968 "The Computer seCommunication Device," yakanyorwa panguva yekuvandudzwa kweARPANET, J. C. R. Licklider и Robert Taylor yakataura kuti kubatanidzwa kwemakomputa hakuzongogumira pakusikwa kwemanetiweki akasiyana. Vakafanotaura kuti network yakadai yaizobatana kuita "netiweki isingarambe iripo yetiweki" iyo yaizobatanidza "akasiyana ekugadzirisa ruzivo uye midziyo yekuchengetedza" kuita yakazara yakabatana. Muasingasviki makore gumi, kufunga kwakadaro kwokutanga kwedzidziso kwakakwezva fariro inoshanda pakarepo. Pakazosvika pakati pema1970, makombiyuta akatanga kupararira nokukurumidza.

Kuwanda kwema network

Vakapinda munhau dzakasiyana siyana, masangano nenzvimbo. ALOHAnet yaive imwe yeakati wandei matsva ezvidzidzo zvekugamuchira mari yeARPA mukutanga 1970s. Zvimwe zvaisanganisira PRNET, yaibatanidza marori neredhiyo yepakiti, uye setiraiti SATNET. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadzira nzira dzadzo dzekutsvagisa nenzira dzakafanana, kunyanya Britain neFrance. Manetiweki emunharaunda, nekuda kwechiyero chidiki uye mutengo wakaderera, akawedzera nekukurumidza. Pamusoro peEthernet kubva kuXerox PARC, munhu aigona kuwana Octopus paLawrence Radiation Laboratory muBerkeley, California; Ring paYunivhesiti yeCambridge; Mark II kuBritish National Physical Laboratory.

Panguva imwecheteyo, mabhizinesi ekutengesa akatanga kupa mukana wekubhadhara kune akavanzika packet network. Izvi zvakavhura musika mutsva wenyika wepa online computing masevhisi. Mumakore ekuma1960, makambani akasiyana-siyana akatanga mabhizimisi aipa mukana wekuwana dhatabhesi (zvemutemo nezvemari), kana kuti makombiyuta anogovera nguva, kune ani zvake ane pombi. Zvakadaro, kuvawana munyika yose kuburikidza nenharembozha yenguva dzose kwaidhura zvisingaite, zvichiita kuti zviome kuti mambure aya awedzere kupfuura misika yemuno. Mafemu mashoma mahombe (Tymshare, semuenzaniso) akavaka iwo emukati network, asi ekutengesa packet network akaunza mutengo wekuashandisa kusvika pamazinga anonzwisisika.

Iyo yekutanga network yakadai yakaonekwa nekuda kwekuenda kweARPANET nyanzvi. Muna 1972, vashandi vakati wandei vakasiya Bolt, Beranek naNewman (BBN), iyo yaive nebasa rekugadzira nekushanda kweARPANET, kuumba Packet Communications, Inc. Kunyangwe iyo kambani yakazotadza, kuvhunduka kwakangoerekana kwashanda sechipo cheBBN kugadzira yayo yakavanzika network, Telenet. Iine ARPANET architect Larry Roberts ari helm, Telenet yakashanda zvinobudirira kwemakore mashanu isati yatengwa neGTE.

Tichifunga nezvekubuda kwemanetiweki akasiyana akadai, Licklider naTaylor vaigona sei kufanoona kubuda kweiyo imwe yakabatana system? Kunyangwe dai zvaikwanisika kubva pakuona kwesangano kungobatanidza masisitimu ese aya kuARPANET - izvo zvaisaita - kusapindirana kwemitemo yavo kwakaita kuti izvi zvisagoneke. Uye zvakadaro, mukupedzisira, ese aya mahterogeneous network (uye vazukuru vavo) vakabatana kune imwe neimwe muhurongwa hwekutaurirana hwepasirese hwatinoziva seInternet. Izvo zvese zvakatanga kwete nechero rubatsiro kana chirongwa chepasi rose, asi neyakasiiwa yekutsvagisa chirongwa icho maneja wepakati kubva kuARPA aishanda pairi. Robert Kahn.

Bob Kahn dambudziko

Kahn akapedza PhD yake mumagetsi ekugadzirisa zviratidzo kuPrinceton muna 1964 achitamba gorofu pamakosi ari padyo nechikoro chake. Mushure mekushanda muchidimbu sepurofesa paMIT, akatora basa kuBBN, pakutanga aine chido chekutora nguva kuti azvipinze muindastiri kuti adzidze kuti vanhu vanoita basa vakasarudza sei matambudziko akakodzera kutsvakurudza. Sezvineiwo, basa rake paBBN raive rakabatana nekutsvagisa maitiro angangoita emakombuta network - nguva pfupi mushure mekunge BBN yakagamuchira odha yeARPANET. Kahn akakweverwa muchirongwa ichi uye akapa zvakawanda zvebudiriro zvine chekuita netiweki yekuvaka.

Mufananidzo waKahn kubva mubepanhau ra1974

"Zororo rake diki" rakashanduka kuita basa remakore matanhatu uko Kahn aive nyanzvi yekushamwaridzana paBBN achiunza ARPANET kushanda zvizere. Pakazosvika 1972, akange aneta nemusoro wenyaya, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, aneta nekubata nezvematongerwo enyika nguva dzose uye kurwa nevatungamiriri vechikamu cheBBN. Saka akabvuma kupiwa kubva kuna Larry Roberts (Roberts pachake asati aenda kuumba Telenet) uye akazova maneja wepurogiramu paARPA kuti atungamirire kugadzirwa kwekombiyuta yekugadzira michina, nekukwanisa kutarisira mamiriyoni emadhora mukutsvaga. Akasiya basa paARPANET uye akafunga kutanga kubva pakutanga munzvimbo itsva.

Asi mukati memwedzi yakati asvika muWashington, D.C., Congress yakauraya otomatiki chirongwa chekugadzira. Kahn aida kukurumidza kutakura uye kudzokera kuCambridge, asi Roberts akamukurudzira kuti agare uye abatsire kugadzira mapurojekiti matsva ekubatana kweARPA. Kahn, asingakwanise kutiza maketani eruzivo rwake, akazviwana ave kutonga PRNET, pakiti redhiyo network iyo yaizopa mauto mabhenefiti nemabhenefiti epacket-switched network.

Chirongwa chePRNET, chakatangwa pasi pekutsigirwa neStanford Research Institute (SRI), chaive nechinangwa chekuwedzera ALOHANET's basic packet transport core kutsigira vanodzokorora uye mashandiro ezviteshi zvakawanda, kusanganisira kufamba mavhani. Nekudaro, zvakabva zvave pachena kuna Kahn kuti network yakadaro yaisazobatsira, nekuti yaive komputa network umo maive musina makomputa. Payakatanga kushanda muna 1975, yaive nekombuta imwe yeSRI uye mana anodzokorora ari pedyo neSan Francisco Bay. Nharembozha dzenhare hadzina kukwanisa kubata saizi uye mashandisirwo emagetsi ema1970s mainframe makomputa. Zvese zvakakosha zvekombuta zviwanikwa zvakagara mukati meARPANET, iyo yakashandisa seti yakasiyana zvachose yemaprotocol uye haina kukwanisa kududzira meseji yakagamuchirwa kubva kuPRNET. Aizvibvunza kuti zvaizoita sei kubatanidza iyi embryonic network nemuzukuru wayo akura zvakanyanya?

Kahn akatendeukira kune waaizivana naye kubva pamazuva ekutanga eARPANET kuti amubatsire nemhinduro. Vinton Cerf akatanga kufarira makomputa semudzidzi wemasvomhu kuStanford uye akafunga kudzokera kuchikoro chesainzi yekombuta paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Los Angeles (UCLA), mushure mekushanda kwemakore akati wandei muhofisi yeIBM. Akasvika muna 1967 uye, pamwe chete neshamwari yake yekusekondari Steve Crocker, akabatana naLen Kleinrock's Network Measurement Center, yaive chikamu chechikamu cheARPANET kuUCLA. Ikoko, iye naCrocker vakava nyanzvi mukugadzirwa kweprotocol, uye nhengo dzinokosha dzeboka rekushanda kwetiweki, iro rakagadzira zvose zvakakosha network control program (NCP) yekutumira mameseji pamusoro peARPANET uye yakakwirira-level file transfer uye kure login protocols.

Mufananidzo weCerf kubva mubepanhau ra1974

Cerf yakasangana naKahn mukutanga 1970s apo yekupedzisira yakasvika kuUCLA ichibva kuBBN kuyedza network iri pasi pemutoro. Akagadzira network congestion achishandisa software yakagadzirwa neCerf, iyo yakagadzira traffic yekugadzira. Sekutarisirwa kwaKahn, network haina kukwanisa kubata nemutoro, uye akakurudzira shanduko kuvandudza manejimendi. Mumakore akatevera, Cerf akaenderera mberi zvaiita sebasa rinovimbisa redzidzo. Panenge panguva imwecheteyo Kahn akabva kuBBN achienda kuWashington, Cerf akaenda kune rimwe gungwa kunotora chinzvimbo chepurofesa adjunct kuStanford.

Kahn aiziva zvakawanda nezvemakomputa network, asi akange asina ruzivo rweprotocol dhizaini - kumashure kwake kwaive mukugadzirisa zviratidzo, kwete sainzi yekombuta. Aiziva kuti Cerf yaizokodzera kutsigira hunyanzvi hwake uye yaizove yakakosha mukuyedza kubatanidza ARPANET kuPRNET. Kahn akamubata nezve internetworking, uye vakasangana kakawanda muna 1973 vasati vaenda kuhotera muPalo Alto kuti vagadzire basa ravo rekupedzisira, "A Protocol for Internetwork Packet Communications," rakaburitswa muna Chivabvu 1974 muIEEE Transactions on Communications. Ikoko, purojekiti yakaratidzwa yeTransmission Control Program (TCP) (nokukurumidza kuva "protocol") -iyo yekona yepurogiramu yeInternet yemazuva ano.

Kufurira kunze

Iko hakuna munhu mumwechete kana nguva yakabatana zvakanyanya nekugadzirwa kweInternet kupfuura Cerf naKahn nebasa ravo ra1974. Asi kusikwa kweInternet kwanga kusiri chiitiko chakaitika pane imwe nguva nenguva - yaive nzira yakaitika mumakore mazhinji ebudiriro. Iyo yekutanga protocol yakatsanangurwa naCerf naKahn mu1974 yakadzokororwa uye yakakwenenzverwa kasingaverengeki mumakore anotevera. Kubatana kwekutanga pakati pemambure kwakaedzwa chete muna 1977; iyo protocol yakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zviviri - iyo ubiquitous TCP uye IP nhasi - chete muna 1978; ARPANET yakatanga kuishandisa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvayo muna 1982 (iyi nguva yekubuda kweInternet inogona kuwedzerwa kusvika muna 1995, apo hurumende yeUnited States yakabvisa firewall pakati peInternet yezvidzidzo inotsigirwa nehurumende uye Internet yekutengesa). Rondedzero yevatori vechikamu muchirongwa ichi chekugadzira yakawedzera kupfuura mazita maviri aya. Mumakore ekutanga, sangano rainzi International Network Working Group (INWG) rakashanda sedare guru rekubatana.

ARPANET yakapinda munyika yakafara tech muna Gumiguru 1972 pamusangano wekutanga wepasi rose wekukurukurirana kwekombuta, wakaitirwa kuWashington Hilton nemamonyoro ayo emazuva ano. Pamusoro pevaAmerica vakaita saCerf naKahn, yakapindwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda dzenetiweki kubva kuEurope, kunyanya. Louis Pouzin kubva kuFrance naDonald Davies wekuBritain. Pakukurudzira kwaLarry Roberts, vakasarudza kuumba boka rekushanda repasi rose kuti rikurukure packet switching masisitimu nemaprotocol, akafanana neboka rekushanda retiweki rakagadzira mapuroteni eARPANET. Cerf, akanga achangobva kuva purofesa paStanford, akabvuma kushanda sasachigaro. Imwe yemisoro yavo yekutanga yaive dambudziko rekushanda kweinternet.

Pakati pevakakosha vekutanga kuhurukuro iyi ndiRobert Metcalfe, watakanga tatosangana naye semugadziri weEthernet paXerox PARC. Kunyangwe Metcalfe aisakwanisa kuudza vaaishanda navo, pakazoburitswa basa raCerf naKahn, akange ave nenguva achigadzira yake Internet protocol, PARC Universal Packet, kana PUP.

Kudiwa kweInternet paXerox kwakawedzera nekukurumidza apo network yeEthernet muAlto yakabudirira. PARC yaive neimwe network yemuno yeData General Nova minicomputers, uye hongu, kwaivewo neARPANET. Vatungamiri vePARC vakatarisa mune ramangwana vakaona kuti yega yega Xerox base yaizove neyayo Ethernet, uye kuti neimwe nzira vaizofanira kubatana kune mumwe nemumwe (zvichida kuburikidza neXerox yemukati ARPANET yakaenzana). Kuti ukwanise kunyepedzera kunge meseji yakajairika, iyo PUP packet yaive yakachengetwa mukati memamwe mapaketi echero network yayaifamba nayo — toti, PARC Ethernet. Pakiti payakasvika pagedhi komputa pakati peEthernet neimwe network (yakadai seARPANET), komputa iyoyo yaibvarura PUP packet, yoverenga kero yayo, yoiputira zvakare muARPANET packet ine misoro yakakodzera, ichitumira kukero. .

Kunyangwe Metcalf aisakwanisa kutaura zvakananga kune zvaakaita kuXerox, ruzivo rwemaoko rwaakawana rwakapinda munhaurirano dzeINWG. Uchapupu hwesimba rake hunoonekwa mukuti mubasa re1974, Cerf naKahn vanobvuma mupiro wake, uye gare gare Metcalfe anotora chimwe chigumbuso kuti asasimbirire pakubatana pamwe chete. PUP inogona kunge yakapesvedzera dhizaini yeInternet yemazuva ano zvakare muma1970 apo Jon Postel yakasundidzirwa kuburikidza nesarudzo yekukamura protocol muTCP neIP, kuti isagadzirise yakaoma TCP protocol pamasuwo pakati petiweki. IP (Internet Protocol) yaive yakareruka vhezheni yekero protocol, isina chero yakaoma logic yeTCP kuona kuti chidimbu chega chega chaunzwa. Iyo Xerox Network Protocol - yaizivikanwa seXerox Network Systems (XNS) - yakanga yatosvika pakuparadzana kwakafanana.

Imwe sosi yepesvedzero pamaprotocol ekutanga eInternet yakabva kuEurope, kunyanya network yakagadzirwa mukutanga 1970s nePlan Calcul, chirongwa chakatangwa na. Charles de Gaulle kusimudzira indasitiri yekombuta yeFrance. De Gaulle akange ave nenguva achinetsekana nekukura kwehutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwekutengeserana, hwemari uye hwetsika hweUnited States muWestern Europe. Akafunga kuita France mutungamiriri wepasirese akazvimirira zvakare, pane kuita pawn muCold War pakati peUS neUSSR. Zvichienderana neindasitiri yemakomputa, mbiri dzakanyanya kutyisidzira rusununguko urwu dzakabuda muma1960. Kutanga, United States yakaramba kugovera marezinesi okutengesa kunze kwenyika makombiyuta ayo ane simba zvikurusa, ayo France yaida kushandisa mukugadzira mabhomba ayo eatomu. Kechipiri, kambani yeAmerica General Electric yakava muridzi mukuru weiyo chete French komputa inogadzira, Compagnie des Machines Bull - uye munguva pfupi yakatevera yakavhara akati wandei eBull's main product mitsara (iyo kambani yakavambwa muna 1919 neNorwegian Bull, kugadzira michina iyo yakashanda nemakadhi akabayiwa - zvakananga seIBM. Yakatamira kuFrance kuma1930, mushure mekufa kwemuvambi). Saka kwakazvarwa Plan Calcul, yakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa kugona kweFrance kupa yayo yega simba rekombuta.

Kuti atarisire kuitwa kwePlan Calcul, de Gaulle akagadzira délégation à l'informatique (chimwe chinhu chakaita se“nhumwa dzeruzivo”), achiudza Prime Minister wake zvakananga. Mukutanga kwa1971, nhumwa idzi dzakaisa injiniya Louis Pouzin basa rekugadzira shanduro yechiFrench yeARPANET. Nhumwa idzi dzakatenda kuti packet network ichaita basa rakakosha mukombuta mumakore anotevera, uye hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi munzvimbo iyi hwaizodikanwa kuti Plan Calcul ibudirire.

Pouzin pamusangano muna 1976

Pouzin, akapedza kudzidza paÉcole Polytechnique yeParis, chikoro chekutanga cheinjiniya cheFrance, akashanda sejaya kune imwe kambani inogadzira michina yenhare yekuFrance asati atamira kuBull. Ikoko akapwisa vashandirwi kuti vaifanira kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro pebudiriro yeUnited States. Saka semushandi weBull, akabatsira kugadzira Iyo Inowirirana Nguva-Kugovera System (CTSS) kuMIT kwemakore maviri nehafu, kubva 1963 kusvika 1965. Chiitiko ichi chakaita kuti ave nyanzvi inotungamira pakudyidzana-kugovana nguva komputa muFrance yese - uye pamwe muEurope yese.

Cyclades Network Architecture

Pouzin akatumidza network yaakakumbirwa kugadzira Cyclades, mushure meboka reCyclades rezvitsuwa zveGreek muAegean Sea. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, komputa yega yega pane network iyi yaive chitsuwa chavo. Cyclades 'mupiro mukuru kune networking tekinoroji yaive pfungwa datagrams - iyo yakapusa vhezheni yekutaurirana kwepaketi. Pfungwa iyi yaive nezvikamu zviviri zvinopindirana:

• Datagrams yakazvimirira: Kusiyana nedata iri murunhare kana meseji yeARPANET, imwe neimwe datagram inogona kugadziriswa yakazvimirira. Izvo hazvivimbe nemeseji yapfuura, kana kurongeka kwavo, kana protocol yekumisikidza chinongedzo (sekufona nhamba yefoni).
• Datagrams inotapurirwa kubva kumugadziri kuenda kune anotambira - basa rese rekutumira meseji kukero iri kune anotumira uye anotambira, uye kwete netiweki, iyo mune iyi kesi ingori "pombi".

Pfungwa yedatagram yaiita senhema kune vamwe vaPouzin kusangano reFrench Post, Telephone uye Telegraph (PTT), iyo muma1970s yaive ichivaka network yayo yakavakirwa parunhare-sekubatanidza uye terminal-ku-kombuta (kwete komputa-ku-- komputa) zvinongedzo. Izvi zvakaitika pasi pekutarisirwa kwemumwe akapedza kudzidza paEcole Polytechnique, Remi Despres. Pfungwa yekusiya kuvimbika kwekutepfenyura mukati metiweki yaisemesa kuPTT, sezvo makumi emakore echiitiko akaimanikidza kuti iite runhare neteregirafu kuvimbika sezvinobvira. Panguva imwecheteyo, kubva pakuona kwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika, kutamisa kutonga pamusoro pezvikumbiro zvese nemasevhisi kugashira makomputa ari padhuze netiweki kwakatyisidzira kushandura PTT kuita chimwe chinhu chisiri chakasiyana uye chinotsiviwa. Zvisinei, hapana chinosimbisa pfungwa pane kupikisa zvakasimba, saka pfungwa yacho virtual connections kubva kuPTT chete yakabatsira Pouzin kugutsikana kweiyo datagram yake - nzira yekugadzira mapuroteni anoshanda kutaurirana kubva kune mumwe mugamuchiri kuenda kune mumwe.

Pouzin nevamwe vake vepurojekiti yeCyclades vakabatana nesimba muINWG nemakonferensi akasiyana siyana uko pfungwa dziri kumashure kweTCP dzakakurukurwa, uye havana kuzeza kutaura zvavanofunga kuti network kana network inofanira kushanda sei. SaMelkaf, Pouzin nemumwe wake Hubert Zimmerman vakawana kutaurwa mubepa reTCP ra1974, uye angangoita mumwe waanoshanda naye, injinjini Gérard le Land, akabatsirawo Cerf kukwenenzvera maprotocol. Cerf akazorangarira kuti "kudzora kuyerera Nzira yehwindo inotsvedza yeTCP yakatorwa zvakananga kubva mukukurukurirana kwenyaya iyi naPouzin nevanhu vake ... Ndinoyeuka Bob Metcalfe, Le Lan neni takarara pabepa guru reWhatman pasi peimba yangu yekutandarira muPalo Alto. , kuyedza kudhirowa dhayagiramu yenyika yemaprotocol aya." .

"Sliding window" inoreva nzira iyo TCP inogadzirisa nayo kuyerera kwedata pakati peanotumira neanogamuchira. Iro hwindo razvino rine mapaketi ese ari kubuda data rwizi iyo mutumi anogona kushingaira kutumira. Mucheto wekurudyi wehwindo unoenda kurudyi apo mugamuchiri anoshuma kusunungura nzvimbo yebuffer, uye mupendero wekuruboshwe unoenda kurudyi apo mugamuchiri anoshuma kugamuchira mapaketi apfuura. "

Pfungwa yedhiyagiramu inoenderana zvakakwana nemaitiro enhepfenyuro seEthernet uye ALOHANET, iyo inotumira mameseji mumhepo ine ruzha uye isina hanya (kusiyana neiyo yakawanda nhare-seARPANET, iyo yaida kutevedzana kwekutumira mameseji pakati peIMPs. pamusoro peyakavimbika AT&T mutsara kuti ishande nemazvo). Zvaive nemusoro kugadzirisa mapuroteni ekufambisira kweintraneti kune mashoma akavimbika network, kwete hama dzavo dzakaomarara, uye ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitwa naKahn naCerf's TCP protocol.

Ini ndaigona kuenderera mberi nezve basa reBritain mukugadzira matanho ekutanga ekushanda kweinternet, asi zvakafanira kusapinda mune zvakawanda nekutya kupotsa pfungwa yacho - iwo mazita maviri ainyanya kudyidzana nekugadzirwa kweinternet handiye chete. izvozvo zvaikosha.

TCP inokunda munhu wese

Chii chakaitika kune idzi pfungwa dzekutanga nezvekudyidzana kweintercontinental? Sei Cerf naKahn vachirumbidzwa kwese kwese semadzibaba eInternet, asi hapana chinonzwika nezvePouzin naZimmerman? Kuti unzwisise izvi, zvinofanirwa kutanga kuongorora mukati memaitiro emakore ekutanga eINWG.

Mukufambirana nemweya weArPA network inoshanda boka uye Zvikumbiro zvayo zveMaonero (RFCs), INWG yakagadzira yayo "yakagovaniswa manotsi" system. Sechikamu chemuitiro uyu, mushure merinenge gore rekushandira pamwe, Kahn naCerf vakatumira shanduro yekutanga yeTCP kuINWG seCherechedzo #39 munaGunyana 1973. Ichi chaive chinyorwa chimwechete chavakaburitsa muIEEE Transactions muchirimo chaitevera. Muna Kubvumbi 1974, boka reCyclades rinotungamirirwa naHubert Zimmermann naMichel Elie rakabudisa chirevo chakapikisa, INWG 61. Musiyano waiva nemaonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekutengeserana kweinjiniya yakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya pamusoro pekuti mapakeji anofamba sei nematanho ane maduku maduku emapakiti akakamurwa uye akabatanidzwa zvakare.

Kupatsanurana kwacho kwaive kushoma, asi kudiwa kwekubvumirana neimwe nzira kwakatora nguva isingatarisirwi nekuda kwehurongwa hwekuongorora network yakaziviswa neComité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique.CCITT) [International Telephony and Telegraphy Consultative Committee]. CCITT, division International Telecommunication Union, iyo inobata nekumira, yakashanda pamakore mana ekutenderera kwemisangano yeplenary. Mamiriro aifanira kutariswa pamusangano we1976 aifanira kuendeswa pakudonha kwa1975, uye hapana shanduko yaigona kuitwa pakati pezuva iroro na1980. Feverish misangano mukati meINWG yakatungamirira kuvhoti yekupedzisira iyo protocol itsva, inotsanangurwa nevamiririri vemasangano anonyanya kukosha ekugadzirisa makombiyuta munyika yose - Cerf yeARPANET, Zimmerman weCyclades, Roger Scantlebury weBritish National Physical Laboratory, naAlex. Mackenzie weBBN, akahwina. Chikumbiro chitsva, INWG 96, chakawira kumwe pakati pemakumi matatu nemapfumbamwe nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu, uye yaiita seyakaisa gwara rekushanda kweinternet kune ramangwana rinoonekwa.

Asi muchokwadi, kukanganisa kwakashanda sekupedzisira kwekubatana kwekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, chokwadi chakatangirwa nekusavapo kwaBob Kahn kunotyisa kubva muvhoti yeINWG pachikumbiro chitsva. Zvakazoitika kuti mugumisiro wevhoti hauna kusangana nenguva dzakatarwa neCCITT, uye kuwedzera, Cerf akaita kuti mamiriro acho atonyanya kuipa nekutumira tsamba kuCCITT, kwaakatsanangura kuti chirevo chacho chakanga chisina kubvumirana kwakakwana muINWG. Asi chero chikumbiro kubva kuINWG chingangove chisina kugamuchirwa, sezvo vatariri venharembozha vaitonga CCITT vanga vasingafarire network inogonesa datagram yakagadzirwa nevaongorori vekombuta. Vaida kutonga kwakazara pamusoro petraffic pane network, pane kupa simba iro kumakomputa emunharaunda avakanga vasina simba pamusoro pawo. Ivo vakafuratira zvachose nyaya yekushanda kweinternet, uye vakabvumirana kutora dhizaini yekubatanidza protocol kune yakaparadzana network, inonzi X.25.

Zvinoshamisa ndezvokuti X.25 protocol yakatsigirwa naKahn aimbova mukuru, Larry Roberts. Aimbove mutungamiri mukutsvaga-kumucheto kwetiweki yekutsvaga, asi zvaaifarira semutungamiri webhizinesi zvakamutungamira kuCCITT kuti ape chibvumirano nekambani yake, Telenet, yaive yatoshandisa.

Vanhu vekuEurope, kunyanya pasi pehutungamiriri hwaZimmerman, vakaedza zvakare, vachitendeukira kune rimwe sangano remitemo apo hutongi hwehutungamiri hwenharembozha hwakanga husina kusimba - International Organisation for Standardization. ISO. Iyo inoguma yakavhurika masisitimu ekutaurirana mwero (KANA KANA) yakanga ine zvimwe zvakanaka pamusoro peTCP/IP. Semuyenzaniso, yanga isina hurongwa hwakaganhurirwa hwekutaura nezve IP, miganhu yaida kuunzwa kwehaki dzakachipa dzakati wandei kuti dzimirire nekukura kweInternet muma1990s (muma2010s, network yakazotanga kushandura kuenda 6th shanduro IP protocol, inogadzirisa matambudziko nekero nzvimbo yekugumira). Nekudaro, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda, maitiro aya akakwevera mberi nekukwevera pane ad infinitum, pasina kutungamirira kukugadzirwa kwesoftware inoshanda. Kunyanya, maitiro eISO, nepo akanyatsokodzera kubvumidzwa kweakasimbiswa maitiro ehunyanzvi, akange asina kukodzera matekinoroji ari kusimukira. Uye iyo TCP/IP-yakavakirwa Internet payakatanga kukura muma1990s, OSI yakazoshaya basa.

Ngatibve pahondo pamusoro pezviyero tichienda kune zvemazuva ose, zvinhu zvinoshanda zvekuvaka network pasi. Vanhu vekuEurope vakaita nokutendeka kushanda kweINWG 96 kubatanidza maCyclades nerabhoritari yenyika sechikamu chekugadzirwa kweEuropean information network. Asi Kahn nevamwe vatungamiri veARPA Internet Project vakanga vasina chinangwa chekukanganisa chitima cheTCP nekuda kwekubatana kwenyika dzakawanda. Kahn akanga atogovera mari yekushandisa TCP muARPANET nePRNET, uye akanga asingadi kutanga zvakare. Cerf akaedza kusimudzira rutsigiro rweUS pakukanganisa kwaaive ashandira INWG, asi akazokanda mapfumo pasi. Akafungawo kusiya zvinonetsa zvehupenyu semubatsiri purofesa uye, achitevera muenzaniso waKahn, akave maneja wechirongwa kuARPA, achirega kuita basa muINWG.

Nei zvishoma zvakadaro zvakabuda muchishuvo cheEurope chokutanga mubatanidzwa uye mwero wepamutemo wenyika dzakawanda? Chaizvoizvo, zvese ndezvenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemisoro yeAmerican neEuropean telecoms. VekuEurope vaifanira kuramba vachimanikidzirwa kurudziro yedatagram kubva kuvakuru vavo vePost and Telecom (PTT), avo vaishanda semadhipatimendi ekutonga ehurumende dzenyika dzavo. Nekuda kweizvi, vakakurudzirwa zvakanyanya kuti vawane kubvumirana mune zvepamutemo-kumisikidza maitiro. Kukurumidza kuderera kweCyclades, iyo yakarasikirwa nezvematongerwo enyika muna 1975 uye mari yose muna 1978, inopa chiitiko chekuongorora musimba rePTT. Pouzin akapomera manejimendi mhosva yerufu rwake Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. d'Estaing akatanga kutonga muna 1974 uye akaunganidza hurumende kubva kuvamiriri veNational School of Administration (ENA), akazvidzwa naPouzin: kana École Polytechnique inogona kuenzaniswa neMIT, ipapo ENA inogona kufananidzwa neHarvard Business School. Iyo d'Estaing manejimendi yakavaka bumbiro retekinoroji yeruzivo kutenderedza pfungwa ye "makwikwi enyika", uye network yakadai yekombuta yaida rutsigiro rwePTT. Iyo Cyclades purojekiti ingadai isina kumbobvira yawana rutsigiro rwakadai; pachinzvimbo, mukwikwidzi waPouzin Despres akatarisira kusikwa kweX.25-based virtual connection network inonzi Transpac.

MuUSA zvinhu zvese zvaive zvakasiyana. AT&T yanga isina simba rakafanana rezvematongerwo enyika sevamwe vayo kunze kwenyika uye yanga isiri chikamu chehutongi hweUS. Kusiyana neizvi, panguva ino hurumende yakaderedza zvakanyanya uye yakaderedza kambani; yakarambidzwa kupindira mukugadzirwa kwemakombiyuta nemasevhisi, uye munguva pfupi yakabviswa zvachose kuita zvidimbu. ARPA yaive yakasununguka kugadzira chirongwa chayo cheInternet pasi peamburera yekudzivirira yeDhipatimendi reDziviriro rine simba, pasina kumanikidzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika. Akabhadhara kushandiswa kweTCP pamakombiyuta akasiyana-siyana, uye akashandisa simba rake kumanikidzira mauto ose paARPANET kuti ashandure kune itsva protocol muna 1983. Nokudaro, iyo ine simba zvikuru yekombiyuta network munyika, dzakawanda dzadzo dzaive dzakanyanya simba kombiyuta. masangano ari munyika, yakava saiti yeTCP budiriro / IP.

Saka, TCP/IP yakava musimboti weInternet, uye kwete Indaneti chete, nekuda kweARPA rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika uye rwemari kana zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe sangano remakombiyuta. Zvisinei neOSI, ARPA yave imbwa inokwenya muswe wakatsamwa wenharaunda yekutsvagisa network. Kubva panzvimbo yepamusoro ye1974, munhu aigona kuona mitsetse yakawanda yepesvedzero inotungamira kuCerf naKahn basa reTCP, uye kwakawanda kungangoita kudyidzana nedzimwe nyika kwaigona kubuda kubva kwavari. Nekudaro, kubva pakuona kwe1995, migwagwa yese inotungamira kune imwe nguva yakakosha, sangano rimwechete reAmerica uye mazita maviri ane mbiri.

Chii chimwe chekuverenga

• Janet Abbate, Kugadzira Indaneti (1999)
• John Day, "The Clamor Kunze seINWG Yakakakavadzana," IEEE Annals yeNhoroondo yeComputing (2016)
• Andrew L. Russell, Open Standards uye Digital Age (2014)
• Andrew L. Russell naValérie Schafer, "Mumumvuri weARPANET neInternet: Louis Pouzin uye Cyclades Network mu1970s," Technology uye Culture (2014)

Source: www.habr.com