Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Iwo ekutanga emagetsi makomputa aive akasiyana midziyo yakagadzirirwa zvinangwa zvekutsvaga. Asi pavakangowanikwa, masangano akakurumidza kuvaisa mune yavo yaivepo data tsika-imwe iyo data nemaitiro ese akamiririrwa mumatura. .
yakagadzira tabulator yekutanga inokwanisa kuverenga nekuverenga data kubva mumakomba mumapepa makadhi eUS Census mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 0. Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rinotevera, varume vane motley vezvizvarwa zvemuchina uyu vakanga vapinda mumabhizinesi makuru uye masangano ehurumende pasi rose. Mutauro wavo wenguva dzose waiva kadhi rine makoramu akawanda, apo koramu imwe neimwe (kazhinji) yaimirira nhamba imwe chete, iyo yaigona kubayiwa mune imwe yenzvimbo gumi inomirira nhamba 9 kusvika XNUMX.
Hapana michina yakaoma yaidiwa kubaya iyo data yekupinza mumakadhi, uye maitiro anogona kugoverwa mumahofisi akawanda musangano rakagadzira data. Kana data ichida kugadziriswa — semuenzaniso, kuverenga mari yemushumo wekota yekutengesa — makadhi anoenderana anogona kuunzwa munzvimbo yedata uye akamisikidzwa kuti agadziriswe nemichina yakakodzera inoburitsa seti yezvakabuda data pamakadhi kana kuidhinda pabepa. . Pakatenderedza michina yepakati-yekugadzira-matabulata nemakarukureta-aive akaunganidzwa emidziyo yekubaya, kukopa, kuronga, uye kududzira makadhi.
IBM 285 Tabulator, yakakurumbira punch kadhi muchina muma1930 uye '40s.
Pakazosvika chikamu chechipiri chemakore ekuma1950, anenge makombiyuta ose akashanda achishandisa "batch processing" chirongwa. Kubva pakuona kweiyo yakajairika yekutengesa yekupedzisira mushandisi, hapana zvakawanda zvachinja. Iwe wakaunza murwi wemakadhi akaroverwa kuti agadziriswe uye wakagamuchira printout kana imwe murwi wemakadhi akaroverwa semhedzisiro yebasa. Uye mukuita, makadhi akatendeuka kubva kumakomba mumapepa kune zviratidzo zvemagetsi uye kudzoka zvakare, asi iwe hauna hanya nazvo. IBM yakatonga munda wemapunched card processing machines, uye yakaramba iri imwe yemasimba makuru mumunda wemakomputa emagetsi, muchikamu chikuru nekuda kwehukama hwayo hwakagadzwa uye huwandu hwakawanda hwemidziyo yekutenderera. Ivo vakangotsiva vatengi 'mechanita tabulators uye Calculator nekukurumidza, inoshanduka data kugadzirisa michina.
IBM 704 Punch Card Processing Kit. Pamberi, musikana ari kushanda nemuverengi.
Iyi punch kadhi yekugadzirisa system yakashanda zvakakwana kwemakumi emakore uye haina kuderera - zvakapesana. Uye zvakadaro, mukupera kwema1950s, imwe fringe subculture yevanoongorora makomputa yakatanga kupokana kuti iyi yese mafambiro aifanira kuchinja - vaipokana kuti komputa yaishandiswa zvakanyanya. Panzvimbo pekuisiya iine basa uye wozodzoka kuzotora mhedzisiro, mushandisi anofanira kutaurirana zvakananga nemuchina uye kushandisa kugona kwayo pakuda. Muguta guru, Marx akatsanangura kuti michina yeindasitiri—iyo vanhu vanongoshandisa—yakatsiva sei maturusi ebasa aidzorwa nevanhu zvakananga. Zvisinei, makombiyuta akatanga kuvapo semichina. Yakazongove gare gare apo vamwe vashandisi vavo vakavashandura kuita zvishandiso.
Uye shanduko iyi haina kuitika munzvimbo dzedata dzakadai seUS Census Bureau, kambani yeinishuwarenzi MetLife, kana United States Steel Corporation (vose vaive pakati pekutanga kutenga UNIVAC, imwe yemakomputa ekutanga anotengeswa). Hazvigoneki kuti sangano rinotarisa mubhadharo wevhiki nevhiki senzira inoshanda uye yakavimbika ingada kuti mumwe munhu avhiringidze kugadzirisa uku nekutamba nekombuta. Kukosha kwekukwanisa kugara pasi pane koni uye kungoedza chimwe chinhu pakombuta kwakajeka kune vesainzi nevainjiniya, avo vaida kudzidza dambudziko, vaiswedere kubva kumakona akasiyana kudzamara nzvimbo yayo isina simba yawanikwa, uye nekukurumidza chinja pakati. kufunga nekuita.
Nokudaro, pfungwa dzakadaro dzakamuka pakati pevatsvakurudzi. Zvisinei, mari yekubhadhara kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwekombiyuta iyi haina kubva kuvakuru vebazi ravo. A new subculture (mumwe angatoti kapoka) yekudyidzana komputa basa rakamuka kubva mukudyidzana kunobudirira pakati pemauto neakakwirira mayunivhesiti muUnited States. Uku kubatana kunobetsera kwakavamba mukati meHondo yeNyika II. Zvombo zveatomu, radar, uye zvimwe zvombo zvemashiripiti zvakadzidzisa vatungamiriri vemauto kuti mabasa aiita seasinganzwisisike esainzi aigona kuva akakosha zvikuru kumauto. Hukama hwakasununguka uhwu hwakagara kwechinenge chizvarwa ndokuzoparara mukuchinjana kwezvematongerwo enyika kweimwe hondo, Vietnam. Asi panguva ino, masayendisiti eAmerica aiwana mari hombe, anga asina kukanganiswa, uye aikwanisa kuita chero chinhu chingave nechekure chakabatana nekudzivirirwa kwenyika.
Kururamisa kwemakomputa anodyidzana kwakatanga nebhomba.
Chamupupuri uye SAGE
Musi waNyamavhuvhu 29, 1949, boka rekutsvagisa reSoviet rakabudirira pamusoro . Mazuva matatu gare gare, ndege yeUS yekuziva yaibhururuka pamusoro peNorth Pacific yakawana twumitezo twemwaranzi mumhepo yakasara kubva pabvunzo. USSR yakanga ine bhomba, uye vakwikwidzi vavo vokuAmerica vakazviziva. Makakatanwa pakati pemasimba makuru maviri akanga apfuurira kwerinopfuura gore, kubvira apo USSR yakagura nzira dzepanyika kuenda kunzvimbo dzaidzorwa nokuMadokero dzeBerlin nokuda kwegadziriro dzokudzorera Germany kuhukuru hwayo hwekare hwezvemari.
Iyo blockade yakapera muchirimo cha1949, ichimisikidzwa nebasa rakakura rakatangwa neWest kutsigira guta kubva mumhepo. Makakatanwa akati fambei. Nekudaro, mauto eAmerica haaigona kufuratira kuvepo kwesimba rinogona kuve neruvengo nekuwana zvombo zvenyukireya, kunyanya kupihwa saizi iri kuramba ichiwedzera uye huwandu hwemabhomba ane hunyanzvi. United States yaive neketani yezviteshi zveradar zvekuona ndege zvakamiswa pamahombekombe eAtlantic nePacific munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Nekudaro, vakashandisa tekinoroji yechinyakare, havana kuvhara nzira dzekuchamhembe kuburikidza neCanada, uye havana kubatanidzwa nepakati system yekubatanidza kudzivirira kwemhepo.
Kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu, Air Force (bazi rakazvimirira remauto reUS kubva 1947) rakaunganidza Air Defense Engineering Committee (ADSEC). Inorangarirwa munhoroondo se "Walley Committee", yakatumidzwa zita rasachigaro wayo, George Whalley. Aive MIT physicist uye murwi wemauto radar research boka Rad Lab, yakazova Research Laboratory yeElectronics (RLE) mushure mehondo. Dare racho rakadzidza dambudziko racho kwegore, uye mushumo wokupedzisira waValli wakabudiswa muna October 1950.
Mumwe angatarisira kuti mushumo wakadaro uchange uri musanganiswa unofinha wematepi matsvuku, uchipera nechirevo chakanyorwa zvine hungwaru uye chekuchengetedza. Pane kudaro, chirevo chakazove chikamu chinonakidza chegakava rekugadzira, uye raive nehurongwa hwakanyanya uye hune njodzi hwekuita. Uku ndiko kuri pachena kwemumwe purofesa kubva kuMIT, , uyo akapokana kuti chidzidzo chezvisikwa zvipenyu nemichina zvinogona kusanganiswa kuita chirango chimwe . Valli nevamwe vake vanyori vakatanga nefungidziro yekuti mweya wekudzivirira mhepo chinhu chipenyu, kwete sedimikira, asi muchokwadi. Zviteshi zveRadar zvinoshanda senhengo dzekunzwa, zvinotenderedza uye zvombo zvinokandwa ndizvo zvinokonzeresa izvo zvinodyidzana nenyika. Vanoshanda vachidzorwa nemutungamiriri, uyo anoshandisa ruzivo kubva kune pfungwa kuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pezviito zvakakodzera. Vakataura zvakare kuti mutungamiriri wevanhu haakwanise kumisa mazana endege dziri kuuya nemamiriyoni emakiromita mukati memaminitsi, kuitira kuti mabasa mazhinji emukuru aite otomatiki.
Chakanyanya kujairika pane zvavakawana ndechekuti nzira yakanakisa yekugadzira mutungamiriri ingave kuburikidza nemakomputa emagetsi edhijitari anogona kutora mamwe ekuita sarudzo dzevanhu: kuongorora kutyisidzira kuri kuuya, kunanga zvombo zvinopesana nekutyisidzira ikoko (kuverenga makosi ekutambisa uye kuaendesa kune varwi), uye, pamwe kunyange kugadzira zano remhando dzemhinduro dzakakwana. Zvakanga zvisiri pachena panguva iyoyo kuti makombiyuta akanga akakodzera chinangwa chakadaro. Paive nemakomputa matatu chaiwo emagetsi aishanda muUnited States yese panguva iyoyo, uye hapana kana imwe yadzo yakaswedera pedyo nekuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekuvimbika kwehurongwa hwemauto hunotsamira mamirioni ehupenyu. Vaingomhanya zvakanyanya uye vanokwanisa kudhirowa nhamba.
Nekudaro, Valli aive nechikonzero chekutenda mukugona kwekugadzira chaiyo-nguva yedhijitari komputa, sezvo aiziva nezve purojekiti ["Vortex"]. Yakatanga panguva yehondo muMIT servomechanism rabhoritari pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemudzidzi wechidiki akapedza kudzidza, Jay Forrester. Chinangwa chake chekutanga chaive chekugadzira general-chinangwa ndege simulator inogona kugadziridzwa zvakare kutsigira mhando dzendege nyowani pasina kuvaka patsva kubva pakutanga nguva imwe neimwe. Mumwe waanoshanda naye akatendisa Forrester kuti simulator yake inofanirwa kushandisa zvemagetsi zvedhijitari kugadzirisa mapeji ekuisa kubva kumutyairi uye kuburitsa nyika dzinobuda dzezviridzwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kuedza kugadzira komputa yedhijitari yekumhanya kwakakura uye kwakapfuura chinangwa chekutanga. Mutambo wekubhururuka nendege wakakanganikwa uye hondo yainge yakonzera budiriro yakange yapera kare, uye komiti yevaongorori kubva kuHofisi yeNaval Research (ONR) yainge yave kuodzwa mwoyo nechirongwa ichi nekuda kwebhajeti rinoramba richiwedzera uye nguva zhinji. -kusundidzira kupera zuva. Muna 1950, ONR yakacheka zvakanyanya bhajeti reForrester regore rinotevera, vachida kuvhara chirongwa ichi zvachose mushure meizvozvo.
KuGeorge Valley, zvisinei, Chamupupuri chakanga chiri chizaruro. Komputa yeWhirlwind chaiyo yakanga ichiri kure nekushanda. Zvisinei, mushure meizvi, kombiyuta yaifanira kuonekwa, iyo yakanga isiri pfungwa isina muviri. Ikombuta ine nhengo dzekunzwa uye zvinokonzeresa. Chipenyu. Forrester anga achitofunga nezve hurongwa hwekuwedzera chirongwa ichi kuita mutungamiriri wenyika yemauto ekuraira uye nzvimbo yekutonga. Kune nyanzvi dzemakomputa paONR, dzaitenda kuti makomputa aingokodzera kugadzirisa matambudziko emasvomhu, nzira iyi yaiita seyakakura uye isina musoro. Nekudaro, iyi ndiyo chaiyo pfungwa yaitsvagwa naValli, uye akazviratidza panguva chaiyo kuti aponese Chamupupuri kubva mukukanganwa.
Pasinei (kana zvichida nekuda kwe) zvishuvo zvake zvikuru, chirevo chaValli chakagutsikana neAir Force, uye vakatanga chirongwa chitsva chekutsvaga nekusimudzira kuti vatange vanzwisisa kugadzira hurongwa hwekudzivirira mhepo hunobva pamakombiyuta edhijitari, uye vozoivaka. Mauto eMhepo akatanga kushandirapamwe neMIT kuita tsvakiridzo yakakosha - sarudzo yechisikigo yakapihwa iyo institution's Whirlwind uye RLE kumashure, pamwe nenhoroondo yekubudirira kwekubatana kwekudzivirira mweya kubva kuRad Lab neHondo Yenyika II. Vakadaidza chirongwa chitsva ichi "Projekti Lincoln", uye vakavaka Lincoln Research Laboratory paHanscom Field, makiromita makumi maviri neshanu kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweCambridge.
Air Force yakatumidza komputa yekudzivirira mweya chirongwa - yakajairika mauto chirongwa acronym zvinoreva "semi-otomatiki pasi nharaunda". Whirlwind yaifanirwa kunge iri bvunzo komputa kuratidza kushanda kweiyo pfungwa isati yazara-chiyero kugadzirwa kwehardware uye kuiswa kwayo kwaitwa - basa iri rakapihwa IBM. Iyo inoshanda vhezheni yekombuta yeWhirlwind, iyo yaizogadzirwa kuIBM, yakapihwa zita risingakanganwike AN/FSQ-7 ("Army-Navy Fixed Special Purpose Equipment" - inoita kuti SAGE iite seyakarurama chaizvo kana tichienzanisa).
Pakazosvika nguva iyo Air Force yakagadzira hurongwa hwakazara hweSAGE system muna 1954, yaive neyakasiyana-siyana yekumisikidza radar, mabhesi emhepo, zvombo zvekudzivirira mhepo - zvese zvakadzorwa kubva munzvimbo makumi maviri nenhatu dzekutonga, mabunkers akakura akagadzirirwa kurwisa kubhomba. Kuzadza nzvimbo idzi, IBM yaizoda kuendesa makomputa makumi mana nematanhatu, pane makumi maviri nematatu ayo angadai akadhura mauto mabhiriyoni akawanda emadhora. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kambani ichiri kushandisa vacuum machubhu mumaseketi ane logic, uye aipisa senge incandescent bulbs. Chero chipi nechipi chemakumi ezviuru zvemwenje mukombuta inoshanda chinogona kudzima chero nguva. Zviripachena kuti zvaisatenderwa kusiya chikamu chese chendege yenyika chisina kudzivirirwa apo vanamakanika vachiita gadziridzo, saka imwe ndege yaifanirwa kugara iripo.
Iyo SAGE inodzora nzvimbo paGrand Forks Air Force Base muNorth Dakota, pakanga paine makomputa maviri eAN/FSQ-7.
Imwe neimwe nzvimbo yekudzora yaive neakawanda evashandisi vakagara pamberi pemacathode-ray skrini, imwe neimwe ichiongorora chikamu chemhepo.
Komputa yacho yaitsvaga chero zvingangoitika mumhepo uye yaidhirowa senzira pascreen. Mushandi anogona kushandisa pfuti yakareruka kuratidza rumwe ruzivo pamusoro penzira uye kupa mirairo kuhurongwa hwekudzivirira, uye komputa inoishandura kuita meseji yakadhindwa yebhatiri rinowanikwa remissile kana Air Force base.
Interactivity virus
Tichifunga nezvechimiro cheSAGE system-yakananga, chaiyo-nguva yekudyidzana pakati pevashandisi vevanhu uye yedhijitari CRT komputa kuburikidza nemwenje pfuti uye console-hazvishamise kuti Lincoln Laboratory yakarera boka rekutanga revamhanyi vekudyidzana nemakomputa. Iyo yese komputa tsika yerabhoritari yaivepo mune yakasarudzika bubble, yakagurwa kubva kune batch kugadzirisa maitiro aive achikura munyika yekutengeserana. Vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa Whirlwind nevazukuru vayo kuchengetedza nguva yenguva yavaikwanisa kuwana kombiyuta chete. Ivo vakajaira kushandisa maoko avo, maziso, uye nzeve kudyidzana zvakananga kuburikidza nekuchinja, kiyibhodhi, zvikirini zvinovhenekerwa, uye kunyange mataurirwo, pasina mapepa evamiriri.
Iyi inoshamisa uye diki subculture yakapararira kune kunze kwenyika sehutachiona, kuburikidza nekubata zvakananga mumuviri. Uye kana tikazviona sehutachiona, saka murwere zero anofanira kunzi jaya rinonzi Wesley Clark. Clark akasiya chikoro chefizikisi kuBerkeley muna 1949 kuti ave tekinika pachirimwa chezvombo zvenyukireya. Zvisinei, akanga asingafariri basa racho. Pashure pokunge arava zvinyorwa zvakati kuti mumagazini ekomupiyuta, akatanga kutsvaka banza rokunzvera mune yaiita sendima itsva uye inonakidza izere nezvingaitwa zvisina kushandiswa. Akadzidza nezve kutorwa kwenyanzvi dzemakombuta kuLincoln Laboratory kubva pachiziviso, uye muna 1951 akatamira kuEast Coast kunoshanda pasi peForrester, anga atove mukuru werabhoritari yemakombuta edhijitari.
Wesley Clark achiratidza yake LINC biomedical komputa, 1962
Clark akabatana neAdvanced Development Group, chikamu chidiki cherabhoritari chakaratidzira mamiriro akasununguka ekubatana kwemauto-yunivhesiti panguva iyoyo. Kunyangwe iyo dhipatimendi raive nehunyanzvi chikamu cheLincoln Laboratory universe, timu yaivepo mune imwe bubble mukati meimwe bubble, yakaparadzaniswa nezvinodiwa zvezuva nezuva zveprojekiti yeSAGE uye yakasununguka kutevera chero komputa yaigona kusungwa neimwe nzira kudzivirira kwemhepo. Chinangwa chavo chikuru mukutanga kwema1950 chaive chekugadzira Memory Test Computer (MTC), yakagadzirirwa kuratidza kushanda kwenzira itsva, inoshanda zvakanyanya uye yakavimbika yekuchengetedza ruzivo rwedhijitari. , iyo yaizotsiva iyo finicky CRT-based memory inoshandiswa muWhirlwind.
Sezvo MTC yakanga isina vashandisi kunze kwevagadziri vayo, Clark aiwana yakazara komputa kwemaawa akawanda zuva rega rega. Clark akatanga kufarira musanganiswa wepanguva iyoyo cybernetic wefizikisi, physiology uye ruzivo dzidziso nekuda kwewaaishanda naye Belmont Farley, aitaurirana neboka rebiophysicists kubva kuRLE muCambridge. Clark naFarley vakapedza maawa akawanda kuMTC, vachigadzira mamodheru emasoftware eneural network yekudzidza zvimiro zvezvirongwa zvekuzvironga. Kubva pane izvi zviedzo Clark akatanga kutora mamwe misimboti yeaxiomatic yemakomputa, kubva kwaasina kumbotsauka. Kunyanya, akasvika pakutenda kuti "kureruka kwemushandisi ndicho chinhu chakakosha chekugadzira."
Muna 1955, Clark akabatana naKen Olsen, mumwe wevagadziri veMTC, kugadzira hurongwa hwekugadzira komputa itsva inogona kuvhura nzira yechizvarwa chinotevera chemauto ekudzora masisitimu. Uchishandisa yakakura kwazvo magineti core memory yekuchengetedza, uye transistors yepfungwa, inogona kuitwa yakanyanya compact, yakavimbika uye ine simba kupfuura iyo Whirlwind. Pakutanga, vakaronga dhizaini yavakadaidza kuti TX-1 (Transistorized uye eExperimental komputa, "experimental transistor komputa" - yakajeka kupfuura AN/FSQ-7). Nekudaro, manejimendi eLincoln Laboratory akaramba chirongwa ichi sechinodhura uye chine njodzi. MaTransistors anga angove pamusika makore mashoma apfuura, uye mashoma makomputa aive akavakwa pachishandiswa transistor logic. Saka Clark naOlsen vakadzoka nemhando diki yemota, iyo TX-0, iyo yakatenderwa.
TX-0
Kushanda kwekombuta yeTX-0 sechishandiso chekutonga zvigaro zvemauto, kunyangwe fungidziro yekusikwa kwayo, kwaisanyanya kufadza kuna Clark pane mukana wekusimudzira pfungwa dzake pakugadzira komputa. Sekuona kwake, kupindirana kwekombuta kwakange kwamira kuve chokwadi chehupenyu kuLincoln Laboratories uye yakanga yava tsika itsva - nzira yakakodzera yekuvaka nekushandisa makomputa, kunyanya kubasa resainzi. Akapa mukana weTX-0 kune biophysicists kuMIT, kunyange zvazvo basa ravo rakanga risina chokuita nePVO, uye akavabvumira kushandisa chiratidziro chemuchina kuti vaongorore electroencephalograms kubva muzvidzidzo zvekurara. Uye hapana akapikisa izvi.
Iyo TX-0 yakabudirira zvakakwana zvekuti muna 1956 Lincoln Laboratories yakabvumidza yakazara-scale transistor komputa, iyo TX-2, ine hombe-mamiriyoni maviri-bit memory. Chirongwa ichi chichatora makore maviri kuti chipere. Mushure meizvi, hutachiona hunobuda kunze kwerabhoritari. Kana TX-2 yapera, maLab haachada kushandisa yekutanga prototype, saka vakabvuma kukwereta TX-0 kuCambridge kuRLE. Yakaiswa pauriri hwechipiri, pamusoro pebatch processing computer center. Uye yakakurumidza kutapukira makomputa uye mapurofesa paMIT kembasi, vakatanga kurwira nguva dzavaigona kuwana kutonga kwakazara kwekombuta.
Zvakanga zvatove pachena kuti zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kunyora purogiramu yepakombiyuta zvakarurama nguva yokutanga. Uyezve, vaongorori vaidzidza basa idzva kazhinji vaisamboziva pakutanga kuti maitiro anofanirwa kuve api. Uye kuti uwane mhinduro kubva kunzvimbo yekombuta waifanira kumirira kwemaawa, kana kutozosvikira zuva raitevera. Kune gumi nevaviri vevagadziri vezvirongwa pamusasa, kukwanisa kukwira manera, kuwana tsikidzi uye kuigadzirisa nekukasira, edza nzira nyowani uye nekukurumidza unoona yakavandudzwa mhedzisiro yaive chizaruro. Vamwe vakashandisa nguva yavo paTX-0 kushanda pasainzi yakakomba kana mapurojekiti einjiniya, asi mufaro wekudyidzana wakakwezva mweya inotamba zvakare. Mumwe mudzidzi akanyora purogiramu yekunyora mashoko yaakadana kuti "tapureta inodhura." Mumwe akateverawo ndokunyora “inodhura desk calculator” yaaishandisa kuita calculus homework yake.
Ivan Sutherland anoratidza chirongwa chake cheSketchpad paTX-2
Zvichakadaro, Ken Olsen nemumwe mainjiniya weTX-0, Harlan Anderson, vaodzwa mwoyo nekufambira mberi zvishoma kwechirongwa cheTX-2, vakasarudza kutengesa komputa diki-inodyidzana yevasayendisiti nevanjiniya. Vakasiya murabhoritari kunotsvaga Digital Equipment Corporation, vachigadzira hofisi mune yaimbova chigayo chemucheka paRwizi rweAssabet, mamaira gumi kumadokero kweLincoln. Komputa yavo yekutanga, iyo PDP-1 (yakaburitswa muna 1961), yaive chaiyo clone yeTX-0.
TX-0 neDigital Equipment Corporation zvakatanga kuparadzira mashoko akanaka enzira itsva yekushandisa makombiyuta kupfuura Lincoln Laboratory. Uye zvakadaro, kusvika pari zvino, hutachiona hwekudyidzana hwakaiswa munzvimbo, kumabvazuva kweMassachusetts. Asi izvi zvakanga zvava kuzochinja.
Zvimwe zvekuverenga:
- Lars Heide, Punched-Card Systems uye Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945 (2009)
- Joseph Mbudzi, Biomedical Computing (2012)
- Kent C. Redmond naThomas M. Smith, Kubva kuChamupupuri kusvika kuMITER (2000)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine (2001)
Source: www.habr.com