Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Kweanoda kusvika makore makumi manomwe, AT&T, iyo kambani yevabereki yeBell System, yakanga isina kana vakwikwidzi muAmerican telecommunications. Mukwikwidzi wayo chete wechero kukosha aive General Nhare, iyo yakazozivikanwa seGT&E uyezve kungoti GTE. Asi pakati pezana remakore rechi5, yakanga iine mamiriyoni maviri emitsara yerunhare pairi, kureva kuti, isingapfuuri 1913% yemusika wose. Nguva yekutonga kweAT&T—kubva pachibvumirano chemurume munyoro nehurumende muna 1982 kusvikira hurumende imwe cheteyo yaiparadza muna XNUMX—inoratidza kutanga nekuguma kwenguva yechienzi yezvematongerwe enyika muUnited States; nguva apo vagari vakakwanisa kuvimba nerunako uye nekubudirira kweiyo huru bureaucratic system.
Zvakaoma kupokana nekuita kweAT&T kwekunze panguva ino. Kubva 1955 kusvika 1980, AT&T yakawedzera angangoita bhiriyoni mamaira emitsara yerunhare, yakawanda yacho microwave radio. Mutengo pakiromita yemutsara wakadonha zvakapetwa kagumi panguva iyi. Kuderedzwa kwemutengo kwakaratidzwa muvatengi vainzwa kuderera nguva dzose mumutengo chaiwo (inflation-adjusted) wemari yavo yefoni. Zvingave zvichiyerwa nechikamu chemhuri dzaive nenhare dzadzo (90% ne1970s), nechiyero-ku-ruzha reshiyo, kana nekuvimbika, United States inogona kugara ichizvirumbidza nezvesevhisi yerunhare yakanakisa pasirese. Hapana kana nguva iyo AT&T yakapa chero chikonzero chekutenda kuti yaive ichizorora pane yayo iripo nharembozha. Ruoko rwayo rwekutsvagisa, Bell Labs, rakapa zvakakosha mukuvandudza makomputa, solid-state zvemagetsi, lasers, fiber optics, satellite kutaurirana, nezvimwe. Chete mukuenzanisa nekumhanya kwakasiyana kwekusimudzira kweindasitiri yemakomputa kunogona kunzi AT&T ikambani inofamba zvishoma. Nekudaro, nema1970s, iyo pfungwa yekuti AT&T yakanonoka kugadzira yakanga yawana huremu hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakakwana kuti iite kupatsanurwa kwayo kwenguva pfupi.
Kudonha kwekubatana pakati peAT&T nehurumende yeUS kwakanonoka uye kwakatora makumi emakore akati wandei. Zvakatanga apo US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) yakasarudza kugadzirisa zvishoma hurongwa - kubvisa imwe tambo yakasununguka pano, imwe ipapo ... Zvisinei, kuedza kwavo kudzorera kurongeka kwakangofumura tambo dzakawanda. Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1970, vakanga vachitarisa tsvina yavakanga vagadzira mukuvhiringidzika. Ipapo Dhipatimendi reJustice nematare edzimhosva vakabva vapinda nechigero chavo ndokumisa nyaya yacho.
Mutyairi mukuru wekuchinja uku, kunze kwehurumende, yaive kambani nyowani inonzi Microwave Communications, Incorporated. Tisati tasvika ikoko, zvakadaro, ngatitarisei kuti AT&T nehurumende yemubatanidzwa zvakadyidzana sei muma1950 akafara.
Status quo
Sezvatakaona nguva yapfuura, muzana ramakore rechi1934 marudzi maviri akasiyana emitemo aive nebasa rekutarisa hofori dzeindasitiri seAT&T. Kune rimwe divi, pakanga paine mutemo wekudzora. Panyaya yeAT&T, iyo watchdog yaive FCC, yakagadzirwa neTelecommunications Act yaXNUMX. Kune rimwe divi kwaive nemutemo weantitrust, uyo wakasimbiswa neDhipatimendi reJustice. Aya mapazi maviri emutemo akasiyana zvakanyanya. Kana iyo FCC yaigona kufananidzwa nelathe, ichisangana nguva nenguva kuita sarudzo diki dzakagadzira zvishoma nezvishoma maitiro eAT&T, saka mutemo weantitrust unogona kutorwa sedemo remoto: kazhinji unochengetwa muwadhiropu, asi mhedzisiro yekushandisa kwayo haina kunyanya kujeka. .
Pakazosvika ma1950, AT&T yaitambira kutyisidzira kubva kumativi ese, asi ese akagadziriswa murunyararo, aine kakukanganisa pabhizinesi reAT&T. VeFCC kana Dhipatimendi reJustice havana kupokana kuti AT&T icharamba iri mupi wemidziyo yenhare nemasevhisi muUnited States.
Hush-a-Phone
Ngatitangei titarise hukama hweAT&T neFCC kuburikidza nediki uye isina kujairika kesi inosanganisira yechitatu-bato zvishandiso. Kubva kuma1920, kambani diki yeManhattan inonzi Hush-a-Phone Corporation yave kurarama nekutengesa kapu inonamira kune chikamu chenhare chaunotaura nacho. Mushandisi, achitaura zvakananga mumudziyo uyu, anogona kudzivirira kuteerera kune vanhu vari pedyo, uye zvakare kuvhara imwe yeruzha rwekumashure (semuenzaniso, pakati pehofisi yekutengesa). Nekudaro, muma1940s, AT&T yakatanga kuisa kumanikidza pamidziyo yechitatu-kureva, pane chero mudziyo wakabatana neBell System zvishandiso izvo Bell System pachayo haina kugadzira.
Yekutanga modhi yeHush-a-Phone yakasungirirwa kune yakatwasuka runhare
Sekureva kweAT&T, iyo yakazvininipisa Hush-a-Phone yaingove yechitatu-bato mudziyo, ichiita chero munyoreri anoshandisa mudziyo wakadaro nefoni yavo zvichienderana nekudimburwa kwekutyora mitemo yekushandisa. Sekuziva kwedu, kutyisidzira uku hakuna kumboitwa, asi mukana iwoyo ungangodhura Hush-a-Phone imwe mari, kunyanya kubva kune vatengesi vaisada kutenga michina yavo. Harry Tuttle, muvambi weHush-a-Phone uye "mutungamiri" webhizinesi (kunyangwe mushandi wekambani yake kunze kwake aive munyori wake), akasarudza kupokana nenzira iyi ndokumhan'ara kuFCC muna Zvita 1948.
FCC yaive nesimba rekumisa mitemo mitsva sebazi remutemo uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana sebazi rekutonga. Paive padanho rekupedzisira apo komisheni yakaita sarudzo muna 1950 payaifunga nezvekunyunyuta kwaTuttle. Tuttle haana kuuya pamberi pekomisheni chete; akazvishongedzera nezvapupu zvehunyanzvi kubva kuCambridge, akagadzirira kupupura kuti maacoustic hunhu hweHush-a-Phone hwakanga huri nani pane hwayo - ruoko rwakaputirwa (nyanzvi dzaive Leo Beranek naJoseph Carl Robnett Licklider, uye vaizotevera. ita basa rakakosha zvikuru munyaya iyi kupfuura iyi diki comeo). Chinzvimbo cheHush-a-Phone chaive chakavakirwa pachokwadi chekuti dhizaini yayo yaive yepamusoro kune imwe chete yaikwanisika imwe nzira, kuti, sechinhu chiri nyore chakabairwa munharembozha, hachikwanise kukuvadza network yenhare neimwe nzira, uye kuti vashandisi vega vaive nayo. kodzero yekuzvisarudzira ivo pachavo pamusoro pekushandisa midziyo yavanoona yakakodzera.
Kubva pamaonero echimanjemanje, nharo idzi dzinoita sedzisingarambike, uye chinzvimbo cheAT&T chinoita sechisina musoro; Ko kambani ine kodzero yei yekudzivisa vanhu kubatanidza chero chinhu nerunhare mumba mavo kana muhofisi? Apple inofanirwa kuve nekodzero yekukutadzisa kuisa iPhone yako mune kesi here? Nekudaro, chirongwa cheAT&T chaive chisiri chekumanikidza Hush-a-Phone chaizvo, asi kudzivirira iyo general musimboti wekurambidza yechitatu-bato zvishandiso. Paive nemakakatanwa akawanda anogutsa aitsigira musimboti uyu, ane chekuita nedivi rehupfumi renyaya uye nezvido zvevanhu. Kutanga, kushandisa nhare imwe chete yaisava nyaya yakavanzika, sezvo yaigona kubatana nemamiriyoni emaseti evamwe vanyoreri, uye chero chinhu chinodzikisira kunaka kwerunhare chinogona kukanganisa chero chazvo. Zvakakoshawo kuti tiyeuke kuti panguva iyoyo, makambani enhare akaita seAT&T aive nenetiweki yese yenharembozha. Zvinhu zvavo zvakatambanudzwa kubva kumabhodhi epakati kuenda kumawaya nemaseti enhare ivo, izvo vashandisi vakahaya. Saka kubva pakuona kwenzvimbo yakazvimirira, zvaiita sezvine musoro kuti kambani yenhare ive nekodzero yekudzora zvakaitika kumichina yayo. AT&T yakadyara mamirioni emadhora kwemakumi emakore akawanda ichigadzira muchina wakaoma kunzwisisa unozivikanwa nevanhu. Mutengesi mudiki wese ane pfungwa yekupenga angatore sei kodzero dzake dzekuwana purofiti kubva mukubudirira uku? Chekupedzisira, zvakakosha kuti tifunge kuti AT&T pachayo yakapa akasiyana ezvishandiso zvekusarudza kubva, kubva kumagineti emwenje kusvika kumapfudzi epamapfudzi, ayo airendwawo (kazhinji nemabhizinesi) uye mubhadharo waiwira muhomwe yeAT&T, zvichibatsira kuchengetedza mitengo yakaderera. masevhisi anopihwa kune vanongo nyoresa. Kudzosera mari iyi muhomwe dzevemabhizinesi akazvimirira kungakanganisa hurongwa uhu hwekugovanisa patsva.
Hazvina mhosva kuti unonzwa sei pamusoro penharo idzi, vakatendesa komisheni - iyo FCC yakabvumirana kuti AT&T ine kodzero yekudzora zvese zvinoitika kunetiweki, kusanganisira michina yakabatana neruoko. Zvisinei, muna 1956, dare redzimhosva rakaramba mutongo weFCC. Mutongi akapa mutongo wekuti kana Hush-a-Phone ikashatisa kunaka kwezwi, inozviita chete kune avo vanyoreri vanoishandisa, uye AT&T haina chikonzero chekukanganisa iyi mhinduro yakavanzika. AT&T hainawo kugona kana chinangwa chekudzivirira vashandisi kubva mukunyaradza manzwi avo nedzimwe nzira. Mutongi akanyora kuti: “Kutaura kuti munhu akanyoresa parunhare anogona kuwana mhinduro yacho nokukapa ruoko rwake otaura machiri, asi haakwanisi kudaro achishandisa mudziyo unosiya ruoko rwake rwakasununguka kunyora nawo kana kuita chero chimwe chinhu. nayo, chipi nechipi chaanoda hachizovi chakarurama kana kuti chine mufungo.” Uye kunyangwe vatongi sezviri pachena vaisada kusazvibata kweAT&T mune iyi nyaya, mutongo wavo wanga wakamanikana - havana kudzima zvachose kurambidzwa kwemidziyo yechitatu, uye vakangosimbisa kodzero yevanyoresa kushandisa Hush-a-Phone pamadiro ( Chero zvazvingava, Iyo Hush-a-Phone haina kugara kwenguva refu - mudziyo waifanira kuvandudzwa muma1960 nekuda kwekuchinja kwekugadzira chubhu, uye kuna Tuttle, uyo anofanira kunge anga ari mumakore ake makumi matanhatu kana makumi manomwe panguva iyoyo. zvakanyanyisa). AT&T yakagadzirisa mitero yayo kuratidza kuti kurambidzwa kwemidziyo yechitatu inobatana nemagetsi kana inductively kunhare kunoramba kuri panzvimbo. Nekudaro, chaive chiratidzo chekutanga kuti mamwe matunhu ehurumende yemubatanidzwa aisazobata AT&T zvine hunyoro seFCC regulators.
Chirevo chemvumo
Zvichakadaro, gore rimwe chete iro Hush-a-Phone yanga ichikwidzwa, Dhipatimendi reJustice rakarasa ongororo yaro yeAntitrust muAT&T. Kuferefeta uku kunobva panzvimbo imwechete neFCC pachayo. Yakafambiswa nezvinhu zviviri zvakakosha: 1) Western Electric, hofori yemaindasitiri iri pachayo, yaidzora 90% yemusika wemidziyo yenhare uye ndiye ega mutengesi wemidziyo yakadaro kuBell System, kubva mukutsinhana kwenhare kwakarejeswa kusvika kuvashandisi vekupedzisira. coaxial cables ne microwaves shongwe dzinoshandiswa kutumira nhare kubva kune rimwe divi renyika kuenda kune rimwe. Uye 2) iyo yese zvigadziriso zvekushandisa izvo zvakachengeta AT&T's monopoly in cheki yaivimba nekuisa purofiti yayo sechikamu chemari yayo yekudyara.
Dambudziko raive iri. Munhu anonyumwira anogona kufungidzira zviri nyore kurangana mukati meBell System kutora mukana weizvi chokwadi. Western Electric inogona kukwidza mitengo kune yasara yeBell System (somuenzaniso, nekuchaja madhora mashanu kune imwe urefu hwetambo apo mutengo wayo wakanaka waive madhora mana), uku ichiwedzera mari yayo yekudyara mumadhora uye pamwe nayo purofiti yekambani. Ngatitii, semuenzaniso, kuti Indiana Bell yakanyanya kudzoka pakudyara yeIndiana Bell i5%. Ngatifungei kuti Western Electric yakakumbira $ 4 yemidziyo mitsva muna 7. Kambani iyi yaizokwanisa kuita $10 mupurofiti - zvisinei, kana mutengo wakanaka wemudziyo uyu waive $000, yaitofanira kuita $000 chete.
Congress, ine hanya kuti chirongwa chekunyengera chakadaro chakanga chichiitika, yakaita tsvakurudzo yehukama pakati peWestern Electric nemakambani ekushanda akabatanidzwa mumutemo weFCC wekutanga. Chidzidzo ichi chakatora makore mashanu uye chakatora mapeji mazana manomwe, achitsanangura nhoroondo yeBell System, hukama hwayo, tekinoroji uye zvemari, uye mashandiro ayo ese, ekunze uye epamba. Vachitaura nemubvunzo wepakutanga, vanyori vekudzidza vakawana kuti zvakanga zvisingabviri kuziva kana mitengo yeWestern Electric yakanga yakarurama kana kwete-pakanga pasina muenzaniso wakafanana. Nekudaro, vakakurudzira kuunza makwikwi ekumanikidzwa mumusika wefoni kuti ive nechokwadi chekuita zvakanaka uye kukurudzira kubudirira.
Nhengo nomwe dzeFCC komisheni muna 1937. Damn tsvarakadenga.
Zvisinei, pakazopedzwa mushumo wacho, hondo yakanga yava pedyo zvikuru muna 1939. Panguva yakadai, hapana aida kuvhiringa network yenyika. Makore gumi gare gare, zvakadaro, Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro reTruman rakavandudza fungidziro pamusoro pehukama pakati peWestern Electric nedzimwe Bell System. Panzvimbo pemishumo yakareba uye isina kujeka, idzi fungidziro dzakaguma nechimiro chakanyanya kushanda chechiito chekusavimba. Izvo zvaida kuti AT&T kwete kungosiya Western Electric, asi zvakare kuipatsanura kuita makambani matatu akasiyana, nekudaro kugadzira musika unokwikwidza wemidziyo yenhare nedare redzimhosva.
AT&T yaive nezvikonzero zviviri zvekunetsekana. Chekutanga, hutongi hweTruman hwakaratidza hukasha hwahwo mukuisa mitemo yeantitrust. Muna 1949 chete, pamusoro pekutongwa kweAT&T, Dhipatimendi reJustice neFederal Trade Commission vakamhan'arira Eastman Kodak, chitoro chikuru chegirosari A&P, Bausch neLomb, American Can Company, Yellow Cab Company, nevamwe vazhinji. . Chechipiri, pakanga pane muenzaniso kubva kuUS v. Pullman Company. Iyo Pullman Kambani, seAT&T, yaive nechikamu chebasa chaishandira mota dzenjanji dzekurara uye chikamu chekugadzira chakavaunganidza. Uye, sepanyaya yeAT&T, kuwanda kwePullman sevhisi uye chokwadi chekuti yaingoshanda mota dzakagadzirwa muPullman, vakwikwidzi vaisakwanisa kuoneka padivi rekugadzira. Uye sezvakangoita AT&T, kunyangwe hukama hwekufungidzira hwemakambani, pakanga pasina humbowo hwekushungurudzwa kwemitengo paPullman, uye pakanga pasina vatengi vasingagutsikane. Uye zvakadaro, muna 1943, dare rehurumende rakatonga kuti Pullman akanga achityora mitemo yeantitrust uye anofanira kuparadzanisa kugadzirwa nekushanda.
Asi pakupedzisira, AT&T yakanzvenga kutemwa uye haina kuzombobuda mudare. Mushure memakore mu limbo, muna 1956 yakabvuma kupinda muchibvumirano nehutungamiri hutsva hweEisenhower kugumisa nyaya. Shanduko yemaitiro ehurumende panyaya iyi yakanyanyofambiswa neshanduko yehutungamiriri. MaRepublicans aive akavimbika kune bhizinesi hombe kupfuura maDemocrats, akasimudzira "". Nekudaro, shanduko yemamiriro ehupfumi haifanire kufuratirwa - kukura kwehupfumi kunoramba kuchikonzerwa nehondo kwakaramba nharo dzakakurumbira dzevatsigiri veNew Deal kuti hutongi hwebhizinesi hombe muhupfumi hwakakonzera kudzikira, kudzvinyirira kukwikwidza uye kudzivirira mitengo kubva pakudonha. Pakupedzisira, kukura kweCold War neSoviet Union kwakaitawo basa. AT&T yakashandira mauto nemauto munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, uye yakaramba ichishanda nemutsivi wavo, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro reUS. Kunyanya, mugore rimwechete iro mhosva yekusavimba yakamhan'arwa, Western Electric yakatanga kushanda mukati muAlbuquerque (New Mexico). Pasina iyi rabhoritari, United States haigone kugadzira uye kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya zvitsva, uye pasina zvombo zvenyukireya, haigone kutyisidzira zvakanyanya kuUSSR muEastern Europe. Naizvozvo, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rakanga risingade kunetesa AT&T, uye vamiriri varo vakamira kune manejimendi vakamiririra mugadziri wavo.
Matemo echibvumirano aida kuti AT&T idzikame zviitwa zvayo mubhizimusi rekufambiswa kwemashoko. Dhipatimendi reJustice rakabvumidza mashoma mashoma, kunyanya ebasa rehurumende; yanga isingadi kurambidza kambani kushanda kuSandia Laboratories. Hurumende yaidawo kuti AT&T ipe rezinesi uye nekupa zano rehunyanzvi pane ese aripo uye emangwana patents nemutengo unonzwisisika kune chero makambani epamba. Tichifunga nezvehupamhi hwehunyanzvi hwakagadzirwa neBell Labs, iyi kuzorora kwerezinesi kuchabatsira kukurudzira kukura kwemakambani eAmerican high-tech kwemakumi emakore ari kuuya. Zvese izvi zvaidiwa zvine chekuita nekuumbwa kwemakomputa network muUnited States, asi hapana chavakaita kushandura basa reAT&T se de facto monopoly provider yemunharaunda telecommunications services. Demo remoto rakambodzoswa muwadhiropu yaro. Asi munguva pfupi iri kutevera, kutyisidzira kutsva kuchauya kubva kuchikamu chisingatarisirwi cheFCC. Lathe, iyo yakagara ichishanda zvakanaka uye zvishoma nezvishoma, ichaerekana yatanga kuchera zvakadzika.
First thread
AT&T yainge yave nenguva ichipa masevhisi ekutaurirana akazvimirira aibvumira mutengi (kazhinji kambani hombe kana dhipatimendi rehurumende) kurenda tambo imwe chete kana kupfuura dzenhare kuti dzishandiswe chete. Kumasangano akawanda aida kutaurirana zvakasimba mukati—materevhizheni eTV, makambani makuru emafuta, vafambisi venjanji, U.S. Department of Defence—iyi sarudzo yaiita seyakanaka, isingadhuri, uye yakachengeteka pane kushandisa network yevoruzhinji.
Mainjiniya eBell akamisa tambo yeredhiyo yefoni yekambani yemagetsi muna 1953.
Kuwanda kwema microwave relay tower muma 1950s kwakaderedza mutengo wekupinda kwevanoshandisa nhare kureba zvekuti masangano mazhinji akangoona zvine pundutso kuvaka manetwork avo pane kuhaya network kubva kuAT&T. Iyo FCC's policy philosophy, sezvakamiswa kuburikidza nemitemo yayo mizhinji, yaive yekurambidza makwikwi mukufambiswa kwemashoko kunze kwekunge mutakuri asingakwanisi kana kusada kupa masevhisi akaenzana kune vatengi. Zvikasadaro, FCC inenge ichikurudzira kutambisa zviwanikwa uye ichidzikisira hurongwa hwakarongeka hwemitemo uye mwero weavhareji iyo yakachengeta AT&T mumutsara uku ichiwedzera basa kune veruzhinji. Yakasimbiswa precedent haina kuita kuti zvikwanise kuvhura yakavanzika microwave kutaurirana kune wese munhu. Nepo AT&T yaida uye ichikwanisa kupa yakavanzika nharembozha, vamwe vatakuri vaive vasina kodzero yekupinda mubhizinesi.
Ipapo mubatanidzwa wevatori vechikamu vakasarudza kupikisa muenzaniso uyu. Anenge ese aive makambani makuru aive nemari yawo yekuvaka nekuchengetedza network yawo. Pakati pezvainyanya kuzivikanwa iindasitiri yepetroleum (inomiririrwa neAmerican Petroleum Institute, API). Nemapombi eindastiri ari kunyura mumakondinendi ese, matsime akapararira munzvimbo dzakakura uye dziri kure, ngarava dzekuongorora nenzvimbo dzekuchera dzakapararira nepasirese, indasitiri yaida kugadzira masisitimu ayo ekutaurirana kuti aenderane nezvavanoda. Makambani akaita seSinclair neHumble Oil aida kushandisa microwave network kutarisa mamiriro epombi, kutarisa kure kure mota dzemagetsi, kutaurirana nemarigi ekumahombekombe, uye aisada kumirira mvumo kubva kuAT&T. Asi indasitiri yeoiri yakanga isiri yoga. Anenge marudzi ese ebhizinesi hombe, kubva kunjanji nevatakuri vekutakura zvinhu kusvika kune vatengesi nevanogadzira mota, vakateterera FCC kuti ibvumire yakavanzika microwave masisitimu.
Mukutarisana nedzvinyiriro yakadai, FCC yakavhura nyaya muna Mbudzi 1956 kuti isarudze kana bhendi nyowani (yakatenderedza 890 MHz) inofanira kuvhurwa kune network dzakadai. Tichifunga kuti yakavanzika microwave network yaingopikiswa chete neve telecom operators pachavo, sarudzo panyaya iyi yaive nyore kuita. Kunyangwe iyo Dhipatimendi reJustice, vachitenda kuti AT&T yakanga yavabiridzira pavakasaina chibvumirano chekupedzisira, vakabuda vachifarira ma microwave network. Uye yakava tsika - mumakore makumi maviri akatevera, Dhipatimendi reJustice raigara richiisa mhino yaro muzvinhu zveFCC, nguva nenguva ichivharira zviito zveAT&T uye kutsigira vatsva vemusika.
Kupokana kwakasimba kweAT&T, uye kwayakaramba ichidzokera kwairi, kwaive kwekuti vatsva vaiuya vaisungirwa kuvhiringa chiyero chakapfava chehurongwa hwekutonga nekuyedza kutsveta kirimu. Ndokureva kuti, mabhizinesi makuru anouya kuzogadzira awo ega network munzira uko mutengo wekuisa wakadzikira uye traffic yakakwira (idzo nzira dzine pundutso dzeAT&T), vobva vahaya mitsara yakavanzika kubva kuAT&T uko kunodhura zvakanyanya kuvaka. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvese zvichabhadharwa nevanojairwa vanyoreri, iyo yakaderera mwero wemitengo iyo inogona kuchengetedzwa chete kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwakanyanya kureba telecommunication masevhisi, ayo makambani makuru asingazobhadhara.
Nekudaro, iyo FCC muna 1959 mune inonzi. "mhinduro pamusoro pe890" [ndiko kuti, mune frequency renji pamusoro pe890 MHz / approx. transl.] akasarudza kuti munhu achangotanga bhizinesi anogona kugadzira network yake yega yedaro refu. Iyi yaive nguva yekudonha mu federal policy. Akabvunza fungidziro yakakosha yekuti AT&T inofanirwa kushanda senzira yekugoverazve, kubhadharisa mitengo kune vatengi vakapfuma kuitira kuti vape yakaderera masevhisi efoni kune vashandisi mumataundi madiki, kumaruwa nenzvimbo dzine urombo. Nekudaro, iyo FCC yakaramba ichitenda kuti inogona kudya hove uye kugara kunze kwedziva. Akazvishingisa kuti kuchinja kwakanga kusina basa. Zvakangokanganisa chikamu chidiki chetraffic yeAT&T, uye hazvina kukanganisa huzivi hwevashandi vehurumende iyo yakatonga mutemo wefoni kwemakumi emakore. Mushure mezvose, FCC yakangochekerera tambo imwe chete yaibuda. Chokwadi, iyo "inopfuura 890" sarudzo pachayo yaive nemhedzisiro shoma. Zvisinei, zvakatanga zviitiko zvakakonzera shanduko chaiyo mukugadzirwa kweAmerican telecommunications.
Chii chimwe chekuverenga
- Fred W. Henck naBernard Strassburg, A Slippery Slope (1988)
- Alan Stone, Nhamba Yakashata (1989)
- Peter Temin naLouis Galambos, Kudonha kweBell System (1987)
- Tim Wu, The Master Switch (2010)
Source: www.habr.com