Nekushandisa yakavanzika microwave network mu "inopfuura 890 mhinduro", iyo FCC inogona kunge yakatarisira kuti inogona kusundira aya ese akavanzika network mukona yayo yakanyarara yemusika uye kukanganwa nezvawo. Zvisinei, zvakakurumidza kuva pachena kuti ikoku kwakanga kusingabviri.
Vanhu vatsva nemasangano vakabuda vachisundidzira shanduko kune iripo yekutonga chikuva. Vakapa mazano matsva ekushandisa kana kutengesa nharembozha, uye vakati makambani aivepo akabvuta nzvimbo iyi ari kuvatadzisa kukura. FCC yakapindura nekucheka zvishoma nezvishoma AT&T's monopoly, ichibvumira vanokwikwidza munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemusika wekufonera.
Mukupindura, AT&T yakatora mamwe matanho ndokuita zvirevo zvaifanira kupokana kana kudzikisa pesvedzero yevakwikwidzi vatsva: vakapa kukurukura pachena kuramba kwavo kune zvakaitwa neFCC, uye vakapa mitsva mitsva inoderedza purofiti inobvira kusvika zero. Kubva pakuona kwekambani, uku kwaive kuita kwechisikigo kune kutyisidzira kutsva kwemakwikwi, asi kubva kunze vakashanda sehumbowo hwekuda kutora matanho akanyanya kudzikamisa anonyengera monopolist. Vatongi vaisimbirira mukugadzira makwikwi munharembozha vaisazokurudzira hondo yekutonga pakati pemakambani umo ane simba aizokunda. Pane kudaro, ivo vaida kugadzira uye kutsigira kwenguva refu dzimwe nzira dzeAT&T. Kuedza kweAT&T kubuda kunze kwemusungo wakatenderedza kwakangowedzera kuvhiringa kambani.
Kutyisidzirwa kutsva kwauya kubva kumativi ese uye pakati peAT&T's network, ichibvisa kutonga kwekambani pamusoro pemichina yekumisa vatengi vayo vanobatana nemitsara yayo uye mitsara yekureba inobatanidza U.S. kuita imwe nharembozha. Imwe neimwe yekutyisidzira yakatanga nematare akamhan'arwa nemakambani maviri madiki uye anoita seasina kukosha: Carter Electronics uye Microwave Communications, Incorporated (MCI), zvichiteerana. Nekudaro, iyo FCC haina kungosarudza ichifarira makambani madiki, asi yakafungawo kududzira nyaya dzadzo mune zvakajairika sekusangana nezvinodiwa zvekirasi nyowani yevakwikwidzi iyo AT&T inofanirwa kugamuchira nekuremekedza.
Uye zvakadaro, kubva padanho repamutemo maonero, zvishoma zvachinja kubva nyaya yeHush-a-Phone yakatemwa muma1950s. Panguva iyoyo, FCC yakaramba zvakasimba zvikumbiro kubva kune vakwikwidzi vakanaka kupfuura Carter kana MCI. Iyo imwechete Communications Act ye1934 iyo yakagadzira iyo FCC pachayo ichiri kutonga mashandiro ayo muma1960 uye '70s. Shanduko yemitemo yeFCC haina kuuya kubva kuchiitiko chitsva neCongress, asi kubva mukushanduka kwehuzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika mukati mekomisheni pachayo. Uye kuchinja uku kwakakonzerwa nekuuya kwemakombiyuta emagetsi. Iko kusanganiswa kuri kubuda kwemakombuta nemanetiweki ekutaurirana kwakabatsira kugadzira mamiriro ekusimudzira kwayo.
Sangano reruzivo
Kwemakumi emakore, FCC yakatarisa basa rayo rekutanga rekuwedzera kuwana uye kushanda kwakanaka mune yakagadzikana uye yakafanana nharembozha system. Zvisinei, kubva pakati pemakore ekuma60, vashandi vekomisheni vakatanga kuumba muono wakasiyana webasa ravo—vakatanga kuisa pfungwa dzavo pakuwedzera hutsva mumusika une simba uye wakasiyana. Yakawanda yeshanduko iyi inogona kuve yakakonzerwa nekubuda kwemusika mutsva, kunyangwe udiki, wemusika wekupa ruzivo.
Indasitiri yebasa reruzivo pakutanga yakanga isina chinhu chakafanana nebhizinesi rekufonera. Yakazvarwa mumahofisi ebasa - makambani aigadzirisa data kune vatengi vavo ndokuzovatumira mhinduro; pfungwa iyi yakatangira makomputa emazuva ano nemakumi emakore akati wandei. Semuenzaniso, IBM yanga ichipa tsika yekugadzira data kubva kuma1930s kune vatengi vaisakwanisa kuhaya yavo mechanical tabulators. Muna 1957, sechikamu chechibvumirano cheantitrust neUS Department of Justice, vakaruka bhizinesi iri kuita rimwe divi, Service Bureau Corporation, iyo yakazoshanda pamakomputa emagetsi emazuva ano. Saizvozvo, Automatic Data Processing (ADP) yakatanga sebhizimusi rekugadzirisa data mukupera kwema1940s, isati yatamira kumakomputa mukupera kwema1950s. Asi muna 1960s, madhesiki ekutanga eruzivo epamhepo akatanga kuoneka, achibvumira vashandisi kuti vabatane nekombuta iri kure kuburikidza nechiteshi pamusoro pemutsara wenhare wakabhadharwa. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa pairi yaive SABER system, yakabva kuSAGE, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuchengetedza matikiti eAmerican Airlines vachishandisa IBM makomputa.
Sezvakangoitika nekutanga-kugovana masisitimu, kana uine vashandisi vakawanda vachitaurirana nekombuta imwe, yaive nhanho diki kubva pakuvabvumira kutaurirana. Yakanga iri nzira nyowani yekushandisa makomputa semabhokisi etsamba yakavaunza kune FCC.
Muna 1964, Bunker-Ramo, kambani inonyanya kuzivikanwa sekondirakiti yeDhipatimendi reDziviriro, yakafunga kusiyanisa masevhisi ayo eruzivo nekutenga Teleregister. Pakati penzvimbo dzekupedzisira dzebasa paive sevhisi inonzi Telequote, yanga ichipa mastockbroker ruzivo rwekutengesa panhare dzenhare kubvira 1928. Nekudaro, Teleregister yanga isina rezinesi remasevhisi ekutaurirana. Yaivimba neWestern Union kubatanidza vashandisi uye data data.
Telequote III terminal kubva kuBunker-Ramo. Inogona kuratidza ruzivo nezve stocks pakukumbira, uye yakapa general market data.
Telequote's breakthrough system muma1960s, Telequote III, yakabvumira vashandisi kushandisa terminal ine diki CRT skrini uye kubvunza mitengo yemasheya yakachengetwa pane iri kure Telequote komputa. Muna 1965, Bunker-Ramo yakaunza chizvarwa chayo chinotevera, Telequote IV, iine chimwe chinhu chaibvumira vatengesi kuburitsa uye kutengesa maodha kune mumwe nemumwe vachishandisa zviteshi. Nekudaro, Western Union yakaramba kuita kuti mitsetse yayo iwanikwe nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakadaro. Akaita nharo kuti kushandisa komputa kutumira mameseji pakati pevashandisi kwaizoshandura mutsara unoratidzika kunge wakavanzika kuita sevhisi yekutumira mameseji (yakafanana neiyo WU's teregirafu sevhisi), uye saka FCC inofanirwa kudzora mushandisi wesevhisi iyoyo (Bunker-Ramo).
FCC yakafunga kushandura kupokana kuita mukana wekupindura mubvunzo wakakura: Chikamu chiri kukura chesevhisi yedata repamhepo chinofanira kubatwa sei maringe nemutemo wekufonera? Kuferefeta uku kwava kuzivikanwa se "kuferefeta komputa." Mhedziso dzekupedzisira dzekuferefeta hadzina kukosha kwatiri panguva ino sekukanganisa kwadzo pamafungiro evashandi veFCC. Miganho yakamira kwenguva refu uye tsananguro dzakaita sedzakagadziridzwa kana kusiiwa, uye kuzununguka uku kwakagadzirira pfungwa dzeFCC kumatambudziko emangwana. Mumakumi emakore apfuura, matekinoroji matsva ekutaurirana akabuda nguva nenguva. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akazvimiririra akazvimiririra uye akawana unhu hwake uye mitemo yake yemitemo: telegraphy, telephony, radio, terevhizheni. Asi nekuuya kwemakomputa, iyi mitsetse yebudiriro yakaparadzana yakatanga kusangana pamhene yekufungidzira, ikava nzanga yeruzivo yakabatana.
Kwete FCC chete, asi vakangwara sese vaive vakatarisira shanduko huru kuuya. Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Daniel Bell akanyora nezve "post-industrial society", nyanzvi yemaneja Peter Drucker akataura nezve "vashandi veruzivo" uye "nguva yekurega". Mabhuku, mapepa esainzi uye makonferensi pamusoro pedingindira renyika inouya yakavakirwa paruzivo neruzivo, panzvimbo pekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, zvaiyerera serwizi muhafu yechipiri yema1960. Vanyori vemapepa aya vaiwanzotaura nezvekuuya kwemakomputa ekumhanya-mhanya-chinangwa uye nzira nyowani dzekutumira nekugadzirisa data mumatanho ekutaurirana dzavachaita kuti zvigoneke mumakumi emakore anotevera.
Mamwe emakomisheni matsva eFCC akagadzwa neVaPresident Kennedy naJohnson vakafamba mumakwikwi aya ehungwaru ivo pachavo. Kenneth Cox naNicholas Johnson vakatora chikamu mumusangano weBrooklyn Institute we “Computer, Communications and the Public Interest,” uyo sachigaro akafungidzira “netiweki yenyika kana yedunhu inobatanidza nzvimbo dzevhidhiyo nemakombuta mumayunivhesiti kudzimba nemakirasi munharaunda... Vagari vachakwanisa kuramba vari vadzidzi "kubva paucheche kusvika paguva." Johnson akazonyora bhuku pamusoro pemikana yekushandisa makomputa kushandura terevhizheni yekutepfenyura kuita svikiro rinopindirana, rine musoro.".
Kunze kweaya maitiro ehungwaru akajairwa aitora kufambiswa kwemitemo munzira itsva, mumwe murume ainyanya kufarira kuisa mutemo pane imwe nzira itsva uye akaita basa guru mukuchinja maitiro eFCC. Bernard Strasburg aive weiyo layer yeFCC bureaucracy, nhanho imwe pasi pemakomisheni manomwe akagadzwa nevezvematongerwo enyika. Vashandi vehurumende vainyanya kuumba FCC vakakamurwa kuita mahofisi zvichienderana nenzvimbo dzetekinoroji dzavaidzora. Makomisheni aivimba nehunyanzvi hwezvemitemo nehunyanzvi hwe Bureau kudzika mitemo. Nzvimbo yebasa reBureau yePublic Communications Systems, iyo yaive yeStrasbourg, yaive ine chekuita netambo dzenhare uye telegraph, uye yaisanganisira zvakanyanya AT&T neWestern Union.
Strasburg yakabatana nePublic Communications Bureau munguva yeHondo Yenyika II uye yakasimuka kuva sachigaro pakazosvika 1963, ichiita basa guru mukuedza kweFCC kukanganisa hutongi hweAT&T mumakumi emakore anotevera. Kusavimba kwake neAT&T kwakabva pamhaka yekusavimbika yakamhan'arwa neDhipatimendi reJustice vachipokana nekambani iyi muna 1949. Sezvatakataura, nyaya panguva iyoyo yaive yekuti Western Electric, AT&T's dhizaini yekugadzira, yaikwidza mitengo kuitira kuti ibvumidze AT&T kuti iwedzere purofiti yayo. Munguva yekudzidza uku, Strasbourg yakave nechokwadi chokuti mubvunzo uyu wakanga usingakwanisi kupindura nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu aripo mumusika wefoni. AT&T imhosva. Pakanga pasina musika wemidziyo yenhare yekuenzanisa chero chinhu kuti uone kana mitengo yaive yakanaka. Akafunga kuti AT&T yaive hombe uye ine simba rekutonga. Mazhinji emazano ake kune komisheni mumakore anotevera anogona kuenderana nekutenda kwake kuti kukwikwidza kunofanirwa kumanikidzwa kupinda munyika yeAT&T kuitira kuti iite zinyekenyeke kune nyika inodzorwa.
Call Center: MCI
Dambudziko rekutanga rakakura kumitsara yedaro refu yeAT&T kubva payakavambwa mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 yakabva kumurume asingafungire. John Goeken aive mutengesi uye muzvinabhizinesi mudiki ane kungwara kwaive kwakaderera pane kuda kwake. Muhuduku hwake, kufanana nevakawanda vezera rake, akatanga kufarira midziyo yeredhiyo. Apedza chikoro, akaenda kunoshanda muchiuto mumauto eredhiyo, uye apedza basa rake, akawana basa rokutengesa midziyo yeredhiyo yeGeneral Electric (GE) muIllinois. Zvisinei, basa rake renguva yakazara harina kugutsa chishuvo chake chebhizimisi, naizvozvo akazarura bhizimisi rokurutivi, achitengesa maredhiyo akawanda kune mamwe mativi eI Illinois kunze kwenharaunda yake neboka reshamwari.
Jack Goken pakati pe-90s, paakanga achishanda parunhare rwendege
Apo GE akadzidza nezvezvaiitika uye akavhara chitoro muna 1963, Goken akatanga kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekuwedzera mari. Akasarudza kuvaka microwave communication line kubva kuChicago kusvika kuSt. Louis, uye kutengesa kupinda kweredhiyo kune vatyairi vemarori, vatungamiri vezvikepe zverwizi, mavhani ekutakura maruva, uye mamwe mabhizimisi maduku akashandisa mugwagwa uye aida kushandiswa kwenharembozha isingadhuri. Aitenda kuti AT&T's yakavanzika mitsara yekurojesa masevhisi aive akanyanya - vanhu vakawandisa vanoshanda paari uye akaomarara kubva pakuona kweinjiniya - uye kuti nekuchengetedza mari pakuvaka mutsara, aigona kupa mitengo yakaderera uye sevhisi iri nani kune vashandisi vasina kufuratirwa. kambani huru.
Pfungwa yaGoken haina kukwana mumirau yeFCC panguva iyoyo - "kupfuura 890" sarudzo yakapa kodzero kumakambani akazvimirira ega kuvaka masisitimu emicrowave kuti vashandise ivo. Kukundwa nekumanikidzwa kubva kumabhizinesi madiki akange asina mari yekugadzira yavo yega sisitimu, mutemo wakadzikwa muna 1966 wakabvumira mabhizinesi akati wandei kushandisa imwe yakavanzika microwave system. Nekudaro, hazvina kuvapa kodzero yekupa masevhisi ekutaurirana nemari kune vechitatu mapato.
Zvakare, chikonzero nei mutero weAT&T wairatidzika kunge wakawandisa kwaisava nekuda kwekushandisa kukuru, asi nekuda kwekudzorwa kwemitengo yeavhareji. AT&T inobhadhariswa yakavanzika mutsara sevhisi zvichibva pane chinhambwe chenhare uye nenhamba yemitsara, zvisinei nekuti yaimhanya ichitevedza Chicago-St. . Maregulator uye makambani efoni akagadzira nemaune chimiro ichi kuti chienzanise nhandare yenzvimbo dzine huwandu hwevanhu hwakasiyana. Nekudaro, MCI yakaronga kuita mutero wekusiyanisa mutambo - kutora mukana wemutsauko uripo pakati pemusika nemitengo yakadzorwa pamigwagwa ine mitoro yakakwira kuburitsa purofiti yakavimbiswa. AT&T yakadana iyi skimming, izwi rinozova hwaro hwekutaura kwavo mumagakava anotevera.
Hazvizivikanwe kana Gouken pakutanga aiziva nezvezvinhu izvi, kana kuti akasarudza kuzvisiya nemoyo wakachena. Chero zvazvingava, akasvetukira papfungwa nechido, aine bhajeti ine mwero yakarongwa kunyanya kuburikidza nekushandisa makadhi echikwereti. Iye nevamwe vake vane mwero wakaenzana kugona vakafunga kuumba kambani uye kupikisa wemasimbaose AT&T, uye vakaidaidza kuti Microwave Communications, Inc. Goken akabhururuka nenyika yese achitsvaga vatengesi vane homwe dzakadzika, asi nekubudirira kushoma. Nekudaro, akabudirira zvakanyanya kudzivirira maonero ekambani yake MCI pamberi peFCC Commission.
Kutongwa kwokutanga kwenyaya yacho kwakatanga muna 1967. Strasbourg yakashamiswa. Akaona MCI semukana wekuzadzisa chinangwa chake chekunetesa AT&T nekuenderera mberi nekuvhura musika kumitsetse yakavanzika. Zvisinei, pakutanga akanga achizengurira. Gouken haana kumufadza semuzvinabhizinesi akakomba uye anoshanda. Ainetsekana kuti MCI inogona kunge isiri iyo yakanakisa bvunzo sarudzo. Akakurudzirwa kuita sarudzo iyi neimwe nyanzvi yezvehupfumi paYunivhesiti yeNew Hampshire inonzi Manley Irwin. Irwin akashanda nguva dzose semuongorori weBusiness of Public Communications Systems, uye akabatsira kutsanangura mazwi e "kuongorora kombiyuta." Akagutsikana neStrasbourg kuti musika uri kusimukira wepamhepo ruzivo masevhisi akafumurwa neongororo iyi yaida makambani akaita seMCI ane mipiro mitsva; iyo AT&T pachayo haizombofa yakakwanisa kuona kugona kwakazara kweiyo nzanga yeruzivo iri kubuda. Strasburg yakazorangarira kuti "mhedzisiro yakaipa yekuferefetwa kwekombuta yakasimbisa zvirevo zveMCI kuti kupinda kwayo mumusika wakasarudzika wedaro waizobatsira veruzhinji."
Nechikomborero chePublic Communications Bureau, MCI yakafefetera mumatare ekutanga uye ndokudzvanya kubvumidzwa kwayo mukomiti yakazara yedare muna 1968, uko mavhoti akapatsanurwa 4 kusvika 3 pamitsara yebato. Vese maDemocrats (kusanganisira Cox naJohnson) vakavhotera. bvumidza rezinesi reMCI. . MaRepublicans, achitungamirwa naSachigaro Rosell Hyde, vakavhotera vachipokana nazvo.
MaRepublicans aisada kukanganisa hurongwa hwekutonga hwakarongeka nehurongwa hwakarotwa nevafungidziri vehunyanzvi hwekuita uye bhizinesi. Vakataura kuti sarudzo iyi, kunyangwe ichiita seyakaganhurirwa kukambani imwe uye nzira imwe, ichave nemhedzisiro yakakosha inozoshandura musika wekufambiswa kwemashoko. Strasburg nevamwe vakatsigira chirongwa ichi vakaona nyaya yeMCI sechiyedzo chekuyedza kuti bhizinesi racho ringashande here pamwe neAT&T mumusika wekutaurirana wakazvimirira. Nekudaro, kutaura zvazviri, ichi chaive chiitiko, uye mushure mekubvumidzwa kwayo, akawanda emamwe makambani anomhanya nekukasira kuendesa mafomu avo. MaRepublicans vakatenda kuti hazvingaite kudzosera kuyedza. Uyezve, MCI uye vakafanana vatsva vanopinda havakwanisi kuramba vachifamba neboka duku remitsara yakapararira uye isina kubatana, yakadai seChicago kusvika kuSt. Ivo vanozoda kubatana neAT&T uye kumanikidza iyo FCC kuti iite shanduko nyowani kune inodzora chimiro.
Uye kudonha kwakafanotaurwa naHyde nevamwe maRepublicans kwakanyatsoitika - mukati memakore maviri echisarudzo cheMCI, mamwe makambani makumi matatu nerimwe akaendesa huwandu hwe1713 zvikumbiro zve65 makiromita ema microwave link. FCC yakange isingakwanisi kuita hurukuro dzakasiyana pane chimwe nechimwe chezvikumbiro, saka komisheni yakazviunganidza pamwe chete segwaro rimwe chete rekunzwa kumakambani anopa masevhisi ezvekufambiswa kwemashoko. Muna May 000, apo Hyde akasiya basa kubva mukomisheni, chisarudzo chakabvumirana chakaitwa kuti chizarure zvachose misika kumakwikwi.
Zvichakadaro, MCI, ichiri nematambudziko emari, yakawana mutsva akapfuma investor kuti avandudze hupfumi hwayo: William K. McGowan. McGowan anga akapesana naGoken, muzvinabhizimusi ane hunyanzvi uye akasimba ane dhigirii reHarvard aive akavaka akabudirira mabhizinesi ekubvunzurudza uye mabhizinesi makuru muNew York. Mukati memakore mashoma, McGowan anga awana kutonga kweMCI uye akamanikidza Gouken kubuda mukambani. Aive nemuono wakasiyana zvachose weramangwana rekambani. Aive asina hurongwa hwekuzeya nekutakura nzizi kana kuendesa maruva, achipera simba pamupendero wemusika wekufonera apo AT&T yaisazomuteerera. Aida kuenda akananga mukati memoyo wetiweki yakadzorwa, uye kukwikwidza zvakananga mumhando dzese dzekutaurirana kureba.
Bill McGowan pakukura
Mateki uye zvinorehwa zvekutanga MCI kuyedza zvakaramba zvichikwira. Iyo FCC, yakatsunga kuita kuti MCI ibudirire, yakazozviwana yakabatikana mubhizinesi sezvo zvaidiwa naMagkovan zvakaramba zvichikura. Iye, achikakavadzana (sezvaitarisirwa) kuti MCI yaisazorarama semuunganidzwa muduku wenzira dzisina hukama, aida nhamba huru yekodzero dzekukurukurirana pamusoro peAT & T network; semuenzaniso, kodzero yekubatanidza neinonzi "switch yekunze" iyo yaizobvumira network yeMCI kuti ibatanidze yakananga kuAT&T's switch yemuno uko mitsetse yeMCI pachayo yakagumiswa.
Mhinduro yeAT&T kune itsva nyanzvi yekufambisa nhare inotakura haina kubatsira kambani. Mukupindura kupinda kwevakwikwidzi, yakaunza mitengo yakaderedzwa panzira dzakaremerwa, ichisiya avhareji yemitengo yakatarwa nevatongi. Kana akatenda kuti aizogutsa FCC nenzira iyi nekuratidza mweya wemakwikwi, saka haana kunzwisisa chinangwa cheFCC. Strasburg nevamwe vake vakanga vasingaedzi kubatsira vatengi nekucheka mitengo yenharembozha—zvichida kwete zvakananga.Vaiedza kubatsira makambani matsva kupinda mumusika nekunetesa simba reAT&T. Naizvozvo, mitsva yemakwikwi emitero yeAT&T yakaonekwa neFCC nevamwe vacherechedzi, kunyanya Dhipatimendi reJustice, sevanotsiva uye vasingakwikwidzi nekuti vaityisidzira kugadzikana kwemari kwevakapinda vatsva vakaita seMCI.
Mutungamiriri mutsva anokwikwidza weAT&T, John Debates, haanawo kugadzirisa chinzvimbo chake, achipindura nehutsinye rhetoric mukupinzwa kwevakwikwidzi. Muhurukuro ye1973 kuNational Association of Regulatory Commissioners, akatsoropodza FCC, achidana "kumisa kuenderera mberi kwekuedza kwehupfumi." Hunhu hwekusachinja hwakadai hwakatsamwisa Strasburg uye zvakamusimbisa nezve kukosha kwekudzoreredza AT&T. Iyo FCC yakaraira MCI nyore kuti iwane network yayakakumbira muna 1974.
Kurwisana kuri kuwedzera naMcGowan kwakasvika pakakwirira nekuburitswa kweExecunet gore rakatevera. Sevhisi iyi yakashambadzwa semhando nyowani yetoll sevhisi yekugovana mitsara yakavanzika pakati pemabhizinesi madiki, asi zvishoma nezvishoma zvakava pachena kuFCC neAT&T kuti Execunet yaive imwe yemakwikwi enharembozha kureba. Zvaibvumira mutengi mune rimwe guta kutora foni, kufona nhamba uye kusvika kune chero mutengi mune rimwe guta (achishandisa mukana we "wekunze switch", uye mubhadharo wesevhisi waienderana nehuwandu uye nguva yekufona. Uye hapana mitsetse yakarejeswa kubva kunongedzo A kuenda kunongedzo B.
Execunet yakabatanidza vatengi veMCI kune chero mushandisi weAT&T mune chero guta guru
Uye ipapo, pakupedzisira, iyo FCC yakapokana. Aida kushandisa MCI semushonga achipokana nekutonga kwakazara kweAT&T, asi kurova kwacho kwaive kwakasimba. Panguva ino, zvakadaro, AT&T yaive nemamwe vatsigiri mumatare uye Dhipatimendi reJustice uye yakaramba ichiteedzera nyaya. Kana iyo AT&T monopoly yakanga yatanga kuparara, zvaive zvakaoma kumira.
Peripheral Nyaya: Carterfone
Sezvo nyaya yeMCI ichienderera mberi, kumwe kutyisidzira kwakaonekwa pakatarisana. Kufanana pakati peCarterfone neMCI nyaya kuri kushamisa. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, munhu anoshuvira muzvinabhizimusi — ane ruzivo rwebhizinesi rwakanga rusina kuvandudzwa kupfuura hunyanzvi hwake nekusimba kwake - akabudirira kutora mubatanidzwa mukuru weUS. Nekudaro, vese vanhu ava - Jack Goken negamba redu idzva, Tom Carter - vakakurumidza kubviswa mumakambani avo nevemabhizinesi vane hunyanzvi, uye vakanyangarika mukukanganwa. Vese vakatanga vari magamba vachipera semapawn.
Tom Carter akaberekwa muna 1924 muMabank, Texas. Akafarirawo redhiyo achiri mudiki, akabatana neuto pa19, uye, saGouken, akava nyanzvi yeredhiyo. Mumakore ekupedzisira eHondo Yenyika II, akashanda nhepfenyuro munaJuneau, achipa nhau uye varaidzo kumauto munzvimbo dzekunze muAlaska. Mushure mehondo, akadzokera kuTexas uye akatanga Carter Electronics Corporation muDallas, iyo yakashanda nhepfenyuro yenzira mbiri iyo yaakakweretesa kune mamwe makambani - florists ane motokari dzekutakura; vagadziri vemafuta vane vashandisi pamarigi. Carter aigara achigashira zvikumbiro kubva kune vatengi kuti vauye nenzira yekubatanidza nharembozha yavo zvakananga kune network yenhare kuitira kuti vasazoendesa mameseji kuvanhu vari muguta kuburikidza ne base station operator.
Carter akagadzira chishandiso chechinangwa ichi, chaakadana kuti Carterfone. Yaiva nedhaimondi dema repurasitiki rine chivharo chakaita sechinhu chakaoma chaiiswa chibatiso chenhare chine maikorofoni nechitauriri. Mativi ese ari maviri akabatana nechiteshi chekutumira / kugamuchira. Kuti abatanidze mumwe munhu ari mumunda nemumwe munhu parunhare, mushandisi wechiteshi chepasi aifanira kufona nemawoko, asi obva aisa chibatiso pamubhedha, mushure mezvo mapato maviri okwanisa kutaura pasina kukanganisa. Redhiyo yekutumira uye kugamuchira modhi switch yaive izwi rakabatidzwa, richitumira kutaura kana munhu ari parunhare akataura, uyezve kuigamuchira kana munhu ari mumunda akataura. Akatanga kutengesa mudziyo muna 1959, uye kugadzirwa kwese kwaive muchivako chidiki chezvidhinha muDallas, uko vakasiya basa vakaunganidza Carterfone pamatafura emapuranga ari nyore.
Pakaiswa handset pachembere, yaitamisa mudziyo nebhatani riri pamusoro
Kugadzirwa kwaCarter kwakanga kusiri kwepakutanga. Bell aive neyake redhiyo/foni sevhisi, iyo kambani yakatanga kupa kune vatengi muSt. Louis muna 1946. Makore makumi maviri gare gare yakashandira 30 vatengi. Nekudaro, pakanga paine nzvimbo yakawanda yevakwikwidzi vakaita saCarter - AT&T yakapa iyi sevhisi munenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheUnited States, uye waigona kumirira mumutsara kwemakore mazhinji. Pamusoro pezvo, Carter akapa mitengo yakachipa zvakanyanya kana (dambudziko guru) mutengi atove nekuwana shongwe yeredhiyo: $000 kamwe chete, zvichienzaniswa ne248- $ 50 pamwedzi paserura kubva kuBell.
Kubva pakuona kweAT&T, iyo Carterfone yaive "yechitatu-bato mudziyo," mudziyo wakagadzirwa nevechitatu mapato akabatana kune network yekambani, iyo yaakarambidza. Mukutanga nyaya yeHush-a-Phone, matare akamanikidza AT&T kubvumidza kushandiswa kwemichina yakapusa, asi Carterfone haina kuwira muchikamu ichocho nekuti yakabatana netiweki zvine mutsindo-kureva kuti, yakatumira nekugamuchira ruzha pamusoro pe nhare yefoni. Nekuda kwehudiki hwekushanda kwaCarter, AT&T yakacherechedza mushure memakore maviri ndokutanga kunyevera vatengesi veCarterfone kuti vatengi vavo vaive panjodzi yekubviswa panharembozha dzavo — kutyisidzira kumwe chete kwakaitwa Hush-a-Phone makore gumi apfuura. Nemaitiro akafanana, AT&T yakamanikidza Carter kubva mumusika mumwe mushure meumwe. Asingakwanisi kusvika pachibvumirano nevakwikwidzi vake, Carter akasarudza kuvamhan’arira muna 1965.
Mafemu makuru aibva kuDallas akanga asingadi kutora nyaya yacho, saka Carter akazviwana ari muhofisi duku yeWalter Steele, maishanda vashandi vatatu chete. Mumwe wavo, Ray Bezin, akazorondedzera mufananidzo womumwe murume akasvika pahofisi yavo:
Aizviona seakanaka, sezvaionekwa nekukama bvudzi rake jena parutivi, kuchena kwaro kwaiwedzerwa nedhayi yebvudzi, asi sutu yake gobvu nebhutsu dzemombe zvairatidza mumwe mufananidzo. Aive akazvidzidzisa uye aigona kubata zviri nyore chero zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, redhiyo kana nhare. Akanga asiri muzvinabhizimisi. Maonero akasimba kumhuri uye mukadzi akasimba. Zvisinei, akaedza kuratidzika semuzvinabhizimisi anotonhorera uye akabudirira, kunyange zvazvo, chaizvoizvo, akanga asina mari.
Kutongwa kwekutanga pamberi peFCC kwakaitwa muna 1967. AT&T nevanodyidzana nayo (kunyanya mamwe makambani madiki enhare uye masangano anodzora ehurumende) akapokana kuti Carterfone yaisangova mudziyo chete, asi mudziyo wekutaura-muchinjiro waibatanidza zvisiri pamutemo network dzeAT&T neredhiyo yemuno. network.. Izvi zvakatyora mutoro wekambani wekutaurirana mukati mehurongwa.
Asi, sezvakaitika kuMCI, Bureau yePublic Communications Systems yakatonga ichitsigira Carter. Kutenda munyika iri kusvika yedhijitari ruzivo masevhisi, ese akabatana uye akasiyana, akatanga kutamba zvakare. Ko mumwe mupi wesevhisi anozvigona sei kutarisira uye kugutsa zvese zvinodikanwa zvemusika zvematerminals nemimwe michina yezvese zvinobvira kunyorera?
Sarudzo yekupedzisira yedare iri, yakapihwa muna Chikumi 26, 1968, yakabvumirana nehofisi uye yakatonga kuti mutemo weAT&T webato rechitatu wakanga usiri pamutemo chete, asi wakanga usiri pamutemo kubva pakuvambwa kwawo — uye nokudaro Carter aigona kutarisira muripo. Sekureva kweFCC, AT&T yakatadza kusiyanisa zvakanaka pakati pemidziyo inogona kukuvadza (iyo, semuenzaniso, inogona kutumira zvisizvo zvinodzora zvikwangwani kunetiweki) kubva kumidziyo isingakuvadze seCarterfone. AT&T yaifanirwa kunge yakabvumira Carterfone kuti ishandiswe uye kugadziridzwa matekinoroji emidziyo yechitatu-bato kutaurirana zvakachengeteka.
Nguva pfupi mushure mesarudzo iyi, Carter akaedza kushandisa mari pakubudirira uku nekupinda mubhizinesi nevadyidzani vaviri, kusanganisira rimwe remagweta ake, uye akagadzira Carterfone Corporation. Mushure mekumanikidza Carter kunze kwekambani, vamwe vake vakawana mamirioni kubva kutengesa kuenda kuBritish hofori Cable uye Wireless. Carterfone yanyangarika; kambani yakaramba ichitengesa teletype michina uye makomputa terminals.
Nyaya yaCarter ine epilogue inofadza. Muna 1974, akapinda mubhizinesi naJack Goken, akatanga kambani yekuendesa maruva inodiwa Florist Transworld Delivery. Maive mumusika uyu - nharembozha kutsigira mabhizimisi madiki - umo vanamuzvinabhizimusi vese pakutanga vaida kushanda. Zvisinei, Carter akakurumidza kusiya kambani uye akadzokera kumusha kwake, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweDallas, kwaakamhanyira kambani duku yenhare dzisina wireless, Carter Mobilefone, pakati pe80s. Akashanda ikoko kusvikira afa muna 1991.
Kuora
Iyo FCC, senge Carter naGoken, yakapa masimba ayo aisakwanisa kudzora kana kunzwisisa zvizere. Pakazosvika pakati pema1970, Congress, Dhipatimendi reJustice, uye matare akange abvisa FCC mumakakatanwa pamusoro peramangwana reAT&T. Mhedzisiro yekuparadzana kukuru kweAT&T, hongu, yakauya muna 1984 payakaparadzana. Nekudaro, isu tave mberi kwedu pachedu munyaya yedu.
Nyika yenetworking yemakomputa haina kuona kukanganisa kwakazara kwekukunda kweMCI uye kubuda kwemakwikwi mumusika wekureba kusvika kuma1990s, apo mawebhusaiti eruzivo akazvimirira akatanga kusimukira. Zvigadziriso zvine chekuita neterminal midziyo inoridzwa nekukurumidza. Iye zvino chero munhu anogona kugadzira acoustic modem uye ozvibatanidza kune Bell's system pasi pechivharo cheCarterfone sarudzo, zvichiita kuti dzive dzakachipa uye dzakawanda.
Nekudaro, iwo akanyanya kukosha mhedzisiro yekuparadzana kweAT&T ine chekuita nemufananidzo muhombe, kwete iwo chaiwo esarudzo dzemunhu. Vazhinji vevazivisi vekutanga veRuzivo Age vakafungidzira network yakabatana yekombuta yekuAmerica pasi pehurongwa hweAT&T, kana pamwe hurumende yemubatanidzwa pachayo. Panzvimbo pezvo, network yemakombuyuta yakagadzira zvidimbu, kupatsanurwa, uye inopa kubatana mukati mawo chete. Hapana kambani imwe chete yaidzora ma subnets akasiyana-siyana, sezvakanga zvakaita Bell nemakambani emunharaunda; Ivo vaidyidzana kune mumwe nemumwe kwete seakakwirira uye ari pasi, asi seakaenzana.
Zvisinei, pano zvakare tiri kutanga isu pachedu. Kuti tienderere mberi nenyaya yedu, tinofanira kudzokera kumakore ekuma1960, panguva yekubuda kwemakombiyuta ekutanga.
Zvimwe zvekuverenga:
- Ray G. Bessing, Ndiani Akarambana AT&T? (2000)
- Philip L. Cantelon, Nhoroondo yeMCI: Makore Ekutanga (1993)
- Peter Temin naLouis Galambos, Kudonha kweBell System: Chidzidzo mumitengo uye Zvematongerwo enyika (1987)
- Richard HK Vietor, Contrived Competition: Regulation uye Deregulation muAmerica (1994)
Source: www.habr.com