Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Mukutanga kwema1960, michina yekombuta inodyidzana, kubva kumbeu nyoro inorerwa paLincoln Laboratory neMIT, zvishoma nezvishoma yakatanga kupararira kwese, munzira mbiri dzakasiyana. Chekutanga, makomputa pachawo akawedzera matenril aisvika muzvivakwa zviri pedyo, makampasi, uye maguta, achibvumira vashandisi kuyanana navo vari kure, nevashandisi vakawanda panguva. Aya matsva ekugovana nguva masisitimu akatumbuka kuita mapuratifomu ekutanga chaiwo, nharaunda dzepamhepo. Chechipiri, mhodzi dzekudyidzana dzakapararira mumatunhu ese uye dzakadzika midzi muCalifornia. Uye munhu mumwechete ndiye aive nemhosva yembeu yekutanga iyi, nyanzvi yepfungwa inonzi .
Joseph "mbeu yomuapuro"*
*Kunyepedzera kumunhu wekuAmerica ane zita remadunhurirwa , kana kuti "Johnny Apple Mbeu," ane mukurumbira nekudyara kwake kweapuro miti muMidwest yeUnited States (mhodzi yeapuro - mhodzi yeapuro) / approx. shanduro
Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider - "Lick" kushamwari dzake - nyanzvi mune , ndima yaibatanidza mamiriro okufungidzira ekuziva, akapima psychology, uye fizikisi yenzwi. Takambomutaura muchidimbu kare - anga ari chipangamazano kuFCC kunzwa paHush-a-Phone muma1950s. Akakudza hunyanzvi hwake kuHarvard Psychoacoustic Laboratory panguva yehondo, achigadzira matekinoroji akavandudza kunzwika kweredhiyo kutumirwa mumabhomba ane ruzha.
Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, aka Lick
Kufanana nemasayendisiti mazhinji emuAmerica echizvarwa chake, akawana nzira dzekubatanidza zvido zvake nezvido zvehondo mushure mehondo, asi kwete nekuti ainyanya kufarira zvombo kana kudzivirira kwenyika. Kwaingova nemasimba maviri makuru epavanhu mari yekutsvagisa sainzi - aya aive masangano akazvimiririra akavambwa nehofori dzemaindasitiri mukutanga kwezana ramakore: Rockefeller Foundation neCarnegie Institution. National Institutes of Health yaingova nemamiriyoni mashoma emadhora, uye National Science Foundation yakavambwa muna 1950 chete, ine bhajeti ine mwero zvakaenzana. Mumakore ekuma1950, nzvimbo yakanakisa yekutsvaga mari yemapurojekiti anonakidza esainzi uye tekinoroji yaive Dhipatimendi reDziviriro.
Saka muma1950s, Lick akabatana neMIT Acoustics Laboratory, inotungamirirwa nefizikisi Leo Beranek naRichard Bolt uye vachigamuchira inenge yese mari yayo kubva kuUS Navy. Mushure mezvo, ruzivo rwake rwekubatanidza pfungwa dzevanhu kune zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakaita kuti ave mumiriri wekutanga weMIT's air defense project. Kutora chikamu muboka rebudiriro "", achibatanidzwa mukuitwa kwegwaro rekudzivirirwa kwemhepo reValley Committee, Leake akasimbirira kusanganisa tsvakiridzo yezvikonzero zvevanhu muchirongwa ichi, izvo zvakaita kuti agadzwe semumwe wevatungamiriri vekuvandudza radar kuLincoln Laboratory.
Ikoko, pane imwe nguva pakati pemakore ekuma1950, akayambuka nzira naWes Clark uye TX-2, uye akabva abatwa nekubatana kwekombuta. Akafadzwa nepfungwa yekutonga kwakakwana pamusoro pemuchina une simba, unokwanisa kugadzirisa ipapo ipapo chero basa rawakapihwa. Akatanga kukudziridza pfungwa yekugadzira "symbiosis yemunhu nemuchina", kudyidzana pakati pemunhu nekombuta, inokwanisa kusimudzira simba renjere remunhu nenzira imwechete semichina yemaindasitiri inosimudzira kugona kwake kwemuviri (iyo zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti Leake akafunga iyi nhanho yepakati, uye kuti makomputa aizodzidza kufunga ega). Akaona kuti 85% yenguva yake yekushanda
... yakazvipira zvakanyanya kumabasa ehufundisi kana emuchina: kutsvaga, kuverenga, kudhirowa, kushandura, kuona zvine musoro kana zvine simba mhedzisiro yeseti yekufungidzira kana fungidziro, kugadzirira kuita sarudzo. Uyezve, zvisarudzo zvangu pamusoro pezvaive uye zvisina kukodzera kuedza zvaive, kusvika pamwero unonyadzisa, zvakatemwa nemakakatanwa emukana wevafundisi pane kugona kufunga. Kuvhiya kunotora nguva yakawanda kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakatsaurirwa kufunga kwounyanzvi kunogona kuitwa zviri nani nemichina kupfuura nevanhu.
Pfungwa yakajairika haina kuenda kure nezvakataurwa naVannevar Bush ""- akangwara amplifier, dunhu raakadhirowa muna 1945 mubhuku As We May Think, kunyangwe panzvimbo yemusanganiswa we electromechanical uye zvemagetsi zvikamu, saBush, takasvika kumakomputa emagetsi edhijitari. Komputa yakadai yaizoshandisa kumhanya kwayo kunoshamisa kubatsira mubasa rehufundisi rine chekuita nechero purojekiti yesainzi kana yehunyanzvi. Vanhu vaizokwanisa kuzvisunungura kubva kuiri basa rinotyisa uye kushandisa pfungwa dzavo dzese pakugadzira fungidziro, kuvaka modhi uye kugovera zvinangwa kumakombuta. Kudyidzana kwakadaro kwaizopa mabhenefiti anoshamisa kune zvese kutsvagisa nekudzivirira kwenyika, uye zvaizobatsira masayendisiti eAmerica kukunda maSoviet.
Vannevar Bush's Memex, pfungwa yekutanga yeiyo otomatiki ruzivo rwekudzoreredza sisitimu yekuzadzisa hungwaru.
Nguva pfupi mushure memusangano uyu wekupedzisira, Leak akaunza chido chake chekushandisa makomputa naye kubasa idzva pafemu yekubvunza mazano inotungamirwa nevaaishanda navo vekare, Bolt naBeranek. Vakapedza makore vachishanda kwenguva pfupi vachibvunzana pamwe chete nebasa ravo redzidzo mufizikisi; somuenzaniso, vakadzidza manzwi eimba yebhaisikopo muHoboken (New Jersey). Basa rekuongorora maacoustics echivakwa chitsva cheUN muNew York rakavapa basa rakawanda, saka vakafunga kusiya MIT ndokunobvunza nguva yakazara. Nenguva isipi vakabatanidzwa nemumwe wechitatu, mugadziri Robert Newman, uye vakazvidaidza kuti Bolt, Beranek naNewman (BBN). Pakazosvika 1957 vaive vakura kuita femu yepakati nepakati ine vashandi vashoma gumi nevaviri, uye Beranek akafunga kuti vaive munjodzi yekuzadza musika wekutsvagisa acoustic. Aida kuwedzera hunyanzvi hwekambani kupfuura ruzha, kuvhara huwandu hwakazara hwekudyidzana kwevanhu nenzvimbo yakavakirwa, kubva kumakonti emakonti kusvika kumotokari, uye nepakati pese pfungwa.
Uye iye, hongu, akatsvaga waaishanda naLicklider wekare uye akamuhaya nerupo semutevedzeri wemutungamiri mutsva wepsychoacoustics. Nekudaro, Beranek haana kufunga nezvekufarira kwaLik kwekudyidzana komputa. Panzvimbo pe psychoacoustics nyanzvi, haana kuwana chaiyo nyanzvi yekombuta, asi muevhangeri wekombuta anoda kuvhura maziso evamwe. Mukati megore, akakurudzira Beranek kuti abvise makumi ezviuru zvemadhora kutenga komputa, diki, shoma-simba LGP-30 mudziyo wakagadzirwa neDefence Department kontrakiti Librascope. Asina ruzivo rweinjiniya, akaunza mumwe murwi weSAGE, Edward Fredkin, kuti abatsire kumisikidza muchina. Kunyange zvazvo kombiyuta yainyanya kuvhiringidza Lik kubva kubasa rake rezuva paaiedza kudzidza purogiramu, mushure megore nehafu akakurudzira vaaishanda navo kushandisa mari yakawanda ($150, kana inenge mamiriyoni 000 emadhora emari yanhasi) kutenga imwe ine simba. : yazvino PDP-1,25 kubva kuDEC. Leak yakatendesa BBN kuti dhijitari komputa yaive ramangwana, uye kuti neimwe nzira mari yavo muhunyanzvi munzvimbo ino yaizobhadhara.
Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Leake, zvakangoita netsaona, akazviwana ari pachinzvimbo chakakodzera kuparadzira tsika yekudyidzana munyika yose, achiva mukuru wehurumende itsva computing agency.
Rudimbwa
Mukati meHondo Yemashoko, chiito chose chaiva nemhinduro yacho. Sezvakangoita bhomba rekutanga reatomu reSoviet rakatungamira mukusikwa kweSAGE, saizvozvo , yakatangwa neUSSR muna Gumiguru 1957, yakaunza mhirizhonga muhurumende yeAmerica. Mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzerwa nenyaya yekuti kunyangwe iyo USSR yaive makore mana kumashure kweUnited States panyaya yekuputitsa bhomba renyukireya, yakasvetukira mberi murocketry, pamberi pevaAmerica munhangemutange yekutenderera (zvakazoitika. inenge mwedzi mina).
Imwe mhinduro pakubuda kweSputnik 1 muna 1958 kwaive kusikwa kweDefence Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Kusiyana nemari ine mwero yakagoverwa sainzi yevagari, ARPA yakagamuchira bhajeti remamiriyoni mazana mashanu nemakumi maviri emadhora, katatu mari yeNational Science Foundation, iyo pachayo yakapetwa katatu mukupindura Sputnik 520.
Kunyangwe iyo Agency yaigona kushanda pane dzakasiyana siyana dzechero mapurojekiti akaonekwa neMunyori weDziviriro akakodzera, pakutanga yaive nechinangwa chekuisa pfungwa dzayo paroketi nenzvimbo - iyi yaive mhinduro yakasimba kuSputnik 1. ARPA yakashuma zvakananga kuMunyori weDziviriro uye saka yakakwanisa kukwira pamusoro pekupikisa uye indasitiri-inopedza makwikwi ekugadzira imwe chete, inonzwika chirongwa chekusimudzira chirongwa cheAmerican space. Nekudaro, chokwadi, mapurojekiti ake ese munharaunda iyi akakurumidza kutorwa nevakwikwidzi: Air Force yakanga isiri kuzosiya kutonga kwemauto ehondo, uye National Aeronautics and Space Act, yakasainwa muna Chikunguru 1958, yakagadzira sangano idzva revanhu. iyo yakatora nyaya dzose dzine chokuita nechadenga, kwete kubata zvombo. Nekudaro, mushure mekusikwa kwayo, ARPA yakawana zvikonzero zvekurarama sezvayakagamuchira mapurojekiti makuru ekutsvagisa munzvimbo dzekudzivirira kwe ballistic missile uye kuona kwenyukireya bvunzo. Nekudaro, yakavewo chikuva chekushanda chezvirongwa zvidiki izvo mauto akasiyana siyana aida kuongorora. Saka panzvimbo yembwa, kutonga kwakava muswe.
Project yekupedzisira yakasarudzwa yaive "", spacecraft ine nuclear pulse engine ("ndege inoputika"). ARPA yakamisa mari muna 1959 nekuti yaisakwanisa kuiona sechimwe chinhu kunze kwechirongwa chevanhu chiri pasi peNASA. Nekudaro, NASA yaisada kusvibisa zita rayo rakachena nekupinda muzvombo zvenyukireya. Mauto emuchadenga akange asingadi kukanda imwe mari kuti chirongwa ichi chienderere mberi, asi chakazofa mushure mechibvumirano cha1963 chakarambidza kuedzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya mumhepo kana muchadenga. Uye nepo pfungwa yacho yainakidza kwazvo, zvakaoma kufungidzira chero hurumende ichipa mwenje wegirini kuvhura roketi rakazara nezviuru zvemabhomba enyukireya.
Kutanga kweARPA mumakomputa kwakauya nekuda kwekuda kwechimwe chinhu chekugadzirisa. Muna 1961, Air Force yaive nemidziyo miviri isingashande pamaoko ayo yaida kutakurwa nechimwe chinhu. Sezvo nzvimbo dzekutanga dzekuona SAGE dzaisvika pakutumirwa, Air Force yakahaya RAND Corporation yeSanta Monica, California, kudzidzisa vashandi uye kugadzirira nzvimbo makumi maviri-asinganzwisisike edziviriro yemhepo nemakombiyuta ane zvirongwa zvekutonga. Kuita basa iri, RAND yakaburitsa chiumbwa chitsva, Systems Development Corporation (SDC). Ruzivo rwesoftware rwakawanikwa neSDC rwaive rwakakosha kuAir Force, asi chirongwa cheSAGE chaipera uye vaive vasina chinhu chiri nani chekuita. Yechipiri isina basa midziyo yaive yakadhura zvakanyanya yakasara AN/FSQ-32 komputa yaive yakumbirwa kubva kuIBM yeprojekti yeSAGE asi yakazoonekwa seyasina basa. DoD yakagadzirisa matambudziko ese nekupa ARPA basa idzva rekutsvagisa rine chekuita nenzvimbo dzekuraira uye mari inosvika miriyoni matanhatu yemadhora yeSDC yekudzidza matambudziko enzvimbo yekuraira vachishandisa Q-6.
Nenguva isipi ARPA yakafunga kudzora chirongwa ichi chekutsvagisa sechikamu cheNew Information Processing Research Division. Panguva imwecheteyo, dhipatimendi rakagamuchira basa idzva - kugadzira purogiramu mumunda wehutano hwesainzi. Izvozvi hazvizivikanwe nezvikonzero zvipi, asi manejimendi akafunga kuhaya Licklider semutungamiriri wezvirongwa zvese. Zvichida yaive pfungwa yaGene Fubini, mutungamiriri wekutsvagisa kuDhipatimendi reDziviriro, aiziva Leake kubva kubasa rake paSAGE.
Kufanana naBeranek muzuva rake, Jack Ruina, uyo aiva mukuru weARPA, akanga asingazivi kuti chii chakanga chamuchengetera paakakoka Lik kubvunzurudzo. Akatenda kuti ari kuwana nyanzvi yekuzvibata ine imwe ruzivo rwesainzi yekombuta. Pane kudaro, akasangana nesimba rakazara remafungiro evanhu-kombiyuta symbiosis. Leake akapokana kuti nzvimbo yekutonga nekombuta yaizoda macomputer anodyidzana, uye saka mutyairi mukuru wechirongwa chekutsvagisa cheARPA aifanira kunge ari budiriro padanho rekucheka reinteractive computing. Uye kuna Lik izvi zvaireva kugovana nguva.
Kupatsanura nguva
Masisitimu ekugovanisa nguva akabuda kubva kune imwecheteyo musimboti seWes Clark's TX akatevedzana: makomputa anofanirwa kuve-ane hushamwari. Asi kusiyana naClark, vatsigiri vekugovana nguva vaitenda kuti munhu mumwechete aisakwanisa kushandisa komputa yese. Muongorori anogona kugara kwemaminetsi akati wandei achidzidza kuburitswa kwechirongwa asati aita shanduko diki kwairi nekuimhanyisa zvakare. Uye panguva ino, komputa haizove nechekuita, simba rayo guru richave risina basa, uye richava rinodhura. Kunyange nguva dziri pakati pemakiyi emazana emamillisecond dzakaita segomba rakadzika-dzika renguva yekombuta yakapambadzwa umo zviuru zvezviverengero zvingadai zvakaitwa.
Zvese izvo simba rekombuta harifanirwe kuenda kunorasa kana richigona kugovaniswa pakati pevashandisi vazhinji. Kupfurikidza nokukamura ngwariro yekombuyuta kuitira kuti ishandire mushandisi mumwe nomumwe, mugadziri wekombiyuta anogona kuuraya shiri mbiri nedombo rimwe chete—zvichipa nyengedzo yekombiyuta inopindirana iri pasi pokudzora kwomushandisi pasina kupambadza yakawanda yokukwanisa kugadzira zvinhu zvinodhura.
Iyi pfungwa yakaiswa muSAGE, iyo inogona kushandira akawanda evashandisi vakasiyana panguva imwe chete, mumwe nemumwe wavo achitarisa chikamu chayo chemhepo. Paakasangana naClark, Leake akabva aona mukana wekubatanidza kupatsanurwa kwemushandisi weSAGE nerusununguko runopindirana rweTX-0 neTX-2 kugadzira musanganiswa mutsva, une simba wakaumba hwaro hwekukurudzira kwake symbiosis yemunhu-kombuta. akapa kuDefence of Defence mubepa rake ra1957. A really wise system, or Forward to hybrid machine/human thinking systems" [sage English. - sage / approx. transl.]. Mune pepa iri, akatsanangura kombiyuta yemasayendisiti akafanana zvikuru neSAGE mukugadzirisa, neinopinza kuburikidza nepfuti yakareruka, uye "kushandiswa panguva imwe chete (kukurumidza-kugoverana) kwekombuta nekuchengetedza masimba emuchina nevanhu vazhinji."
Nekudaro, Leake pachake akange asina hunyanzvi hweinjiniya kugadzira kana kuvaka sisitimu yakadai. Akadzidza zvekutanga zvehurongwa kubva kuBBN, asi ndiko kwaive hukuru hwekugona kwake. Munhu wekutanga kuisa dzidziso yekugovana nguva mukuita aive John McCarthy, nyanzvi yemasvomhu kuMIT. McCarthy aida nguva dzose kuwana komputa kugadzira maturusi nemamodheru ekushandisa pfungwa dzemasvomhu — nhanho dzekutanga, aitenda kuti, kune hungwaru hwekugadzira. Muna 1959, akavaka prototype yaive nemodule inopindirana yakavharirwa payunivhesiti yebatch-processing IBM 704 komputa. Sezvineiwo, yekutanga "nguva-yekugovera mudziyo" yaingove imwe chete yekudyidzana console - iyo Flexowriter teletypewriter.
Asi nekutanga kwema1960, iyo MIT engineering faculty yakanga yasvika pakudiwa kwekudyara zvakanyanya mukudyidzana komputa. Wese mudzidzi nemudzidzisi aifarira programming akabatikana pamakomputa. Batch data processing yakashandisa nguva yekombuta zvakanyanya, asi yakapambadza nguva yakawanda yevaongorori - avhareji yekugadzirisa nguva yebasa pa704 yaive inopfuura zuva.
Kudzidza zvirongwa zvenguva refu kusangana nekukura kuri kuda kwezviwanikwa zvekombuta, MIT yakaunganidza komiti yeyunivhesiti inotongwa nevamiriri vekugovana-nguva. Clark akapokana kuti kutamira kune kudyidzana hakureve kugovana nguva. Nenzira inoshanda, akadaro, kugovera nguva kwaireva kubvisa kuratidzwa kwemavhidhiyo anodyidzana uye kupindirana-chaiyo-nguva-yakakosha maficha epurojekiti yaaishanda paMIT Biophysics Lab. Asi pane imwe nhanho yakakosha, Clark anoita kunge aive nekupokana kwakadzama kwehuzivi kupfungwa yekugovana nzvimbo yake yekushandira. Kusvika muna 1990, akaramba kubatanidza kombiyuta yake paInternet, achiti mamburekisheni akanga ari “bug” uye “haashandi.”
Iye nevadzidzi vake vakaumba "subculture," kadikidiki kadiki mukati meiyo yatove eccentric yetsika tsika yekudyidzana komputa. Nekudaro, nharo dzavo dzenzvimbo diki dzekushandira dzisingadi kugovaniswa chero munhu hadzina kugutsa vavanoshanda navo. Tichifunga nezve mutengo weiyo diki komputa imwe chete panguva iyoyo, nzira iyi yaiita seyakashata mune mamwe mainjiniya. Uyezve, vakawanda panguva iyoyo vaidavira kuti makombiyuta—magiya emagetsi akangwara eNguva Yemashoko aiuya—aizobatsirwa neupfumi hwemwero, sokubatsirwa kwakaitwa magwenya emagetsi. Muchirimo cha1961, mushumo wekupedzisira wekomiti wakabvumidza kugadzirwa kwemahombe ekugovana nguva sechikamu chekuvandudza kweMIT.
Panguva iyoyo, Fernando Corbato, anozivikanwa sa "Corby" kune vaaishanda navo, akange atoshanda kukwidza kuyedza kwaMcCarthy. Aive nyanzvi yefizikisi nekudzidziswa, uye akadzidza nezvemakomputa achishanda kuWhirlwind muna 1951, achiri mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza kuMIT (iye ega wevose vakapinda munyaya iyi kurarama - muna Ndira 2019 aive makumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri). Mushure mokunge apedza zvidzidzo zvake zvechiremba, akazova mutungamiri paMIT Computing Center yakanga ichangobva kuumbwa, yakavakwa paBMM 92. Corbato neboka rake (pakutanga Marge Merwin naBob Daly, vaviri vevagadziri vepurogiramu yepamusoro) vakadana hurongwa hwavo hwekugoverana nguva CTSS ( Inopindirana Nguva-Kugovera Sisitimu, "inoenderana nguva-yekugovera sisitimu") - nekuti inogona kumhanya panguva imwe chete neye 704's yakajairika mafambiro ekushanda, ichitora otomatiki makomputa evashandisi sezvinodiwa. Pasina kuenderana uku, purojekiti yaisagona kushanda nekuti Corby akange asina mari yekutenga komputa nyowani yekuvaka hurongwa hwekugovana nguva kubva pakutanga, uye maitiro ekugadzira batch aivepo aisagona kuvharwa.
Pakupera kwa1961, CTSS yaigona kutsigira materminal mana. Pakazosvika 1963, MIT yakaisa makopi maviri eCTSS pamichina yeIBM 7094 inodhura $3,5 miriyoni, kanokwana kagumi simba rekuyeuka uye simba reprocessor rema10s apfuura. Iyo yekutarisa software yakatenderera kuburikidza nevashandisi vanoshanda, ichishandira imwe neimwe kwesekondi yakakamurwa isati yaenda kune inotevera. Vashandisi vanogona kuchengetedza zvirongwa uye data kuti vazoshandisa gare gare munzvimbo yavo yakachengetedzwa-password yekuchengetera dhisiki.
Corbato akapfeka siginecha yake yekusunga tayi mukamuri yekombuta ine IBM 7094
Corby anotsanangura kuti kugovana nguva kunoshanda sei, kusanganisira mutsara wematanho maviri, munhepfenyuro yeterevhizheni ya1963.
Kombiyuta imwe neimwe yaigona kushanda materminals angangoita makumi maviri. Izvi zvaive zvakakwana kwete kungotsigira mashoma emakamuri madiki ekupedzisira, asiwo kugovera kuwana komputa muCambridge yese. Corby nemamwe mainjiniya akakosha vaive nematemisheni avo muhofisi, uye pane imwe nguva MIT yakatanga kupa zviteshi zvemba kune vashandi vehunyanzvi kuitira kuti vashande pahurongwa mushure memaawa pasina kuenda kubasa. Ese materminals ekutanga aive netapureta yakashandurwa inokwanisa kuverenga data nekuiburitsa patambo yerunhare, uye kubaya bepa rinoenderera mberi. Iwo modem akabatanidza materminals enhare kune yakavanzika switchboard paMIT campus, iyo yavaikwanisa kutaura nekombuta yeCTSS. Kombiyuta nokudaro yakawedzera pfungwa dzayo kuburikidza nenhare uye masaini akachinja kubva kudhijitari kuenda kuanalogi uye kudzoka zvakare. Iyi yaive nhanho yekutanga yekubatanidza makomputa nenharembozha. Iko kubatanidzwa kwakafambiswa neAT&T's ine gakava rekudzora nharaunda. Mwoyo wetiweki wanga uchiri kudzorwa, uye kambani yaifanirwa kupa mitsara yakarejeswa pamitengo yakatarwa, asi akati wandei sarudzo dzeFCC dzakabvisa kutonga kwekambani pamucheto, uye kambani yaive isina kutaura zvishoma mukubatanidza michina kumitsara yayo. Naizvozvo, MIT yaisada mvumo yezviteshi.
Yakajairika komputa terminal kubva pakati-1960s: IBM 2741.
Chinangwa chekupedzisira chaLicklider, McCarthy, naCorbato chaive chekuwedzera kuwanikwa kwesimba remakomputa kune vaongorori vega. Vakasarudza maturusi avo uye kupatsanura nguva nekuda kwezvikonzero zvehupfumi: hapana angafungidzira kutenga komputa yavo kune wese muongorori paMIT. Zvisinei, sarudzo iyi yakatungamirira kumigumisiro isingatarisirwi ingadai isina kuitika muClark's one-man, one-computer paradigm. Iyo yakagovaniswa faira sisitimu uye muchinjika-referensi wemaakaundi evashandisi zvakavabvumira kugovana, kubatana, uye kuzadzisa basa reumwe neumwe. Muna 1965, Noel Morris naTom van Vleck vakakurumidzira kubatana nekutaurirana nekugadzira chirongwa cheMAIL, icho chaibvumira vashandisi kuchinjana mameseji. Kana mushandisi akatumira meseji, chirongwa chakaiisa kune yakakosha bhokisi retsamba faira munzvimbo yefaira remugamuchiri. Kana iyi faira yanga isina chinhu, chirongwa cheLOGIN chaizoratidza meseji "UNYO NE MAIL." Zviri mukati memuchina zvakava maratidziro ezviito zvenharaunda yevashandisi, uye iyi nharaunda yekugovana nguva kuMIT yakasvika pakukosheswa zvakanyanya senge zano rekutanga rekushandisa komputa.
Mbeu dzakasiiwa
Leake, achibvuma kupihwa neARPA uye achisiya BBN kuti itungamire ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Hofisi (IPTO) muna 1962, akakurumidza kutanga kuita zvaakavimbisa: kutarisa kuedza kwekambani komputa yekutsvaga mukuparadzira nekuvandudza kugovana nguva hardware uye software. Akasiya tsika yakajairika yekugadzirisa zvikumbiro zvekutsvagisa zvaizouya padhesiki rake ndokuenda mumunda iye, achinyengerera mainjiniya kuti vagadzire zvikumbiro zvekutsvagisa izvo zvaaizoda kubvumidza.
Danho rake rekutanga raive rekugadzirisa zvakare chirongwa chekutsvagisa chaivepo paSDC command centers muSanta Monica. Murairo wakauya kubva kuhofisi yaLick kuSDC kuti idzore kumashure kuedza kwetsvagiridzo iyi uye kuisa pfungwa pakushandura iyo isina basa reSAGE komputa kuita system yekugovana nguva. Leake aitenda kuti hwaro hwekugovana nguva-muchina-muchina kupindirana kwaifanira kuiswa pekutanga, uye nzvimbo dzekuraira dzaizouya gare gare. Kuti kukoshesa kwakadaro kwakabatana nezvido zvake zvouzivi yaingova tsaona inofadza. Jules Schwartz, murwi wechirongwa cheSAGE, aive achigadzira hurongwa hutsva hwekugovana nguva. Kufanana neCTSS yemazuva ano, yakava nzvimbo yekusangana, uye mirairo yayo yaisanganisira DIAL basa rekutumira yakavanzika mameseji kubva kune mumwe mushandisi kuenda kune mumwe - semuenzaniso unotevera kuchinjana pakati paJon Jones uye mushandisi id 9.
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Zvadaro, kuti vawane mari yezvirongwa zvekugoverana nguva yemberi kuMIT, Licklider akawana Robert Fano kuti atungamirire chirongwa chake chepamusoro: Project MAC, iyo yakasara kusvika kuma1970 (MAC yakanga ine zvipfupiso zvakawanda - "mathematics uye calculations", "multiple access computer" , "cognition nerubatsiro rwemuchina" [Mathematics And Computation, Multiple-Access Computer, Machine-Aided Cognition]). Kunyangwe vagadziri vaitarisira kuti iyo itsva system yaizokwanisa kutsigira vanosvika mazana maviri evashandisi panguva imwe chete, ivo havana kurangarira kuoma kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera kwesoftware yemushandisi, iyo inotora nyore kuvandudzwa kwese mukumhanya uye kushanda kwehardware. Payakatangwa kuMIT muna 200, sisitimu iyi yaigona kutsigira vashandisi makumi matanhatu vachishandisa maviri ayo epakati ekugadzirisa zvikamu, angave akaenzana nhamba yevashandisi pa processor seCTSS. Nekudaro, huwandu hwese hwevashandisi hwakanga hwakakura kupfuura huwandu hwepamusoro hunogona kutakurwa - muna Chikumi 1969, vashandisi ve60 vaive vatonyoreswa.
The project's system software, inonzi Multics, yakazvikudza mamwe makuru ekuvandudza, mamwe acho achiri kuonekwa sekucheka-kumucheto mukushanda kwemazuva ano: a hierarchical tree-structured file system ine mafolder anogona kuva nemamwe maforodha; kupatsanurwa kwemirairo yekuuraya kubva kumushandisi uye kubva kune sisitimu padanho rehardware; kubatanidza kune simba kwezvirongwa nekurodha emamodule echirongwa panguva yekuitwa sezvinodiwa; kugona kuwedzera kana kubvisa maCPU, mabhangi ekurangarira kana dhisiki pasina kuvhara sisitimu. Ken Thompson naDennis Ritchie, vanogadzira purogiramu paMultics project, vakazogadzira Unix OS (ine zita rinoreva kune yakatangira) kuunza mamwe emafungiro aya kune akareruka, madiki-makomputa masisitimu [Zita "UNIX" (pakutanga "Unics" ) yakatorwa kubva ku "Multics". Iyo "U" muUNIX yaimiririra "Uniplexed" kupesana ne "Multiplexed" iri pasi pezita reMultics, kuratidza kuedza kwevagadziri veUNIX kusiya kuomarara kweMultics system kuburitsa nzira iri nyore uye inoshanda.] .
Lick akadyara mhodzi yake yekupedzisira paBerkeley, paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia. Yakatangwa muna 1963, Project Genie12 yakaburitsa Berkeley Timesharing System, kopi diki, ine chekuita nekutengeserana yeProjekti MAC. Kunyange zvazvo yaiitwa nemazita nenhengo dzinoverengeka dzevadzidzisi veyunivhesiti, yaitoitwa nemudzidzi Mel Peirtle, nerubatsiro kubva kune vamwe vadzidzi-kunyanya Chuck Tucker, Peter Deutsch, naButler Lampson. Vamwe vavo vaive vatobata hutachiona hwekudyidzana muCambridge vasati vasvika kuBerkeley. Deutsch, mwanakomana weMIT purofesa wefizikisi uye anofarira kombiyuta prototyping, akaita mutauro weLisp programming paDigital PDP-1 achiri mudiki asati ave mudzidzi kuBerkeley. Lampson akaronga iyo PDP-1 paCambridge Electron Accelerator ari mudzidzi paHarvard. Pairtle nechikwata chake vakagadzira hurongwa hwekugovana nguva paSDS 930 yakagadzirwa neScientific Data Systems, kambani itsva yekombuta yakavambwa muSanta Monica muna 1961 (kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi kunoitika muSanta Monica panguva iyoyo kunogona kuve nyaya yezvakasiyana. chinyorwa. mipiro kune tekinoroji yemhando yepamusoro yekombuta muma1960s yakaitwa neRAND Corporation, SDC, uye SDS, ese aive nemuzinda ikoko).
SDS yakabatanidza software yeBerkeley mukugadzirwa kwayo kutsva, SDS 940. Yakava imwe yenzira dzakakurumbira dzekugovera nguva dzemakombiyuta mukupera kwema1960. Tymshare neComshare, iyo yakashambadzira kugovana nguva nekutengesa kure kure komputa masevhisi, yakatenga akawanda eSDS 940s. Pyrtle nechikwata chake vakasarudzawo kuedza ruoko rwavo pamusika wekutengesa uye vakatanga Berkeley Computer Corporation (BCC) muna 1968, asi panguva yekuderera kwehupfumi. ya1969-1970 yakamhan'arira kubhuroka. Vazhinji vechikwata chaPeirtle vakapedzisira vasvika kuXerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), uko Tucker, Deutsch, naLampson vakabatsira kumapurojekiti akakosha anosanganisira Alto personal workstation, network yenzvimbo, uye laser printer.
Mel Peirtle (pakati) padyo neBerkeley Timesharing System
Ehe, haisi yega yega-yekugovera chirongwa kubva kuma1960 yaive yekutenda kuna Licklider. Nhau dzezvaiitika kuMIT neLincoln Laboratories dzakapararira kuburikidza nehunyanzvi mabhuku, makonferensi, kubatana kwedzidzo, uye shanduko yebasa. Nekuda kwenzira idzi, dzimwe mbeu, dzakatakurwa nemhepo, dzakadzika midzi. PaYunivhesiti yeI Illinois, Don Bitzer akatengesa hurongwa hwake hwePLATO kuDhipatimendi reDziviriro, iyo yaifanira kuderedza mari yekudzidzira unyanzvi hwevashandi vemauto. Clifford Shaw akagadzira iyo Air Force-inotsigirwa neJOHNNIAC Open Shop System (JOSS) kuvandudza kugona kwevashandi veRAND kukurumidza kuita ongororo yenhamba. Iyo Dartmouth yekugovera nguva system yaive yakanangana nezviitiko zveMIT, asi zvikasadaro yaive chirongwa chakasiyana zvachose, chakapihwa mari nevagari veNational Science Foundation pasi pefungidziro yekuti ruzivo rwekombuta rwaizova chikamu chinodiwa chedzidzo yevatungamiriri veUS. chizvarwa chinotevera.
Pakazosvika pakati pe-1960s, kugovana nguva kwakanga kusati kwanyatsotora pamusoro pekombiyuta ecosystem. Mabhizinesi echinyakare ekugadzira batch anotonga mune zvese kutengesa uye mukurumbira, kunyanya kubva kumakoreji emakoreji. Asi ichiri kuwana niche yayo.
hofisi yaTaylor
Muzhizha ra1964, anenge makore maviri asvika kuARPA, Licklider akachinja basa zvakare, panguva ino achienda kunzvimbo yekutsvakurudza yeIBM kuchamhembe kweNew York. Akatyamadzwa nekurasikirwa kweProjekti MAC kondirakiti yekukwikwidza mugadziri wekombuta General Electric mushure memakore ehukama hwakanaka neMIT, Leake aifanira kupa IBM ruzivo rwake rwekutanga rwemaitiro airatidzika kunge ari kupfuura kambani. Kuna Leake, basa idzva rakapa mukana wekushandura bastion yekupedzisira yechinyakare batch process kuita kutenda kutsva kwekudyidzana (asi hazvina kushanda - Leake akasundirwa kumashure, uye mukadzi wake akatambura, ari ega muYorktown Heights. Akatamira kuhofisi yeCambridge yeIBM, ndokudzokera kuMIT muna 1967 kuti atungamire Project MAC).
Akatsiviwa semusoro weIPTO naIvan Sutherland, nyanzvi yemifananidzo yekombuta, uyo akazotsiviwa muna 1966 naRobert Taylor. Lick's 1960 bepa "Symbiosis of Man and Machine" rakashandura Taylor kuti ave mutendi mune inopindirana komputa, uye kurudziro yaLick yakamuunza kuARPA mushure mekushanda muchidimbu pachirongwa chekutsvagisa kuNASA. Hunhu hwake uye ruzivo rwake zvakaita kuti aite seLeake kupfuura Sutherland. Nyanzvi yepfungwa kuburikidza nekudzidziswa, akashaya ruzivo rwehunyanzvi mumunda wemakomputa, asi akatsiva kushaya kwake nechido uye hutungamiriri hwakavimbika.
Rimwe zuva, Taylor achiri muhofisi yake, mukuru achangogadzwa weIPTO aive nepfungwa. Akagara padhesiki rine zviteshi zvitatu zvakasiyana izvo zvakamubvumira kuti ataure neatatu anotsigirwa neARPA-nguva yekugovera masisitimu ari muCambridge, Berkeley neSanta Monica. Panguva imwecheteyo, ivo vakanga vasina kubatana kune mumwe nemumwe - kuitira kuendesa ruzivo kubva kune imwe nzira kuenda kune imwe, aifanira kuzviita iye pachake, mumuviri, achishandisa muviri wake nepfungwa.
Mbeu dzakakandwa naLicklider dzakabereka michero. Akagadzira nharaunda yeruzhinji yevashandi veIPTO iyo yakakura ikava mamwe akawanda macomputer nzvimbo, imwe neimwe yakagadzira nharaunda diki yenyanzvi dzemakomputa dzakaungana padyo nekombuta yekugovana nguva. Taylor akafunga kuti yaive nguva yekubatanidza nzvimbo idzi pamwechete. Mamiriro avo ega ega emagariro uye ehunyanzvi, kana akabatana, achakwanisa kuumba rudzi rwe superorganism, iyo rhizomes inozopararira mukondinendi yese, ichiburitsa zvakanakira magariro ekugovana nguva pamwero wepamusoro. Uye nepfungwa iyi yakatanga kurwa kwehunyanzvi uye kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakatungamira pakusikwa kweARPANET.
Chii chimwe chekuverenga
- Richard J. Barber Associates, The Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1958-1974 (1975)
- Katie Hafner naMatthew Lyon, uko Varoyi Vanogara Kunononoka: Mavambo eInternet (1996)
- Severo M. Ornstein, Computing in the Middle Ages: A View From the Trenches, 1955-1983 (2002)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: JCR Licklider uye Revolution Yakaita Computing Personal (2001)
Source: www.habr.com