Vazhinji vevapeji vekutanga veInternet, kunyanya AOL, vaive vasina kugadzirira kupa mukana usina muganho pakati pe90s. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akaenderera mberi kusvika pabuda mutemo usingatarisirwi: AT&T.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mumamiriro ezvinhu eInternet, "mabhodhoro" ayo ave achishingaira kukurukurwa. Zviripachena, izvi zvine musoro, kubva kune 12 makore ekare cable modem. Kusvika pari zvino, zvisinei nekusahadzika kwakapetwa kubva kuvakuru uye nzanga, mumamiriro ezvinhu eCOVID-19 denda. Zvisinei, dambudziko chairo kuwana. Nzvimbo dzekumaruwa dzinozivikanwa nekushata kweinternet, nevashandisi vanosangana neiyo yakaderera-speed DSL kana. nekuda kwekutadza kuita mutemo usina kuzadza mukaha uyu nenguva. Asi nhasi ndinoda kudzokera shure zvishoma uye kukurukura imwe nguva iyo Internet yakasangana nematambudziko kubva kune vanopa. Muchinyorwa chino, tichataura nezve matambudziko akatarisana neInternet apo dial-up yakatanga kufarirwa. "Ramba uchifona, nekukurumidza kana gare gare unokwanisa kubatana."
Ngatifungei nezvechishambadzo ichi: Mumwe murume anoenda kumba kweshamwari yake kuti aone kana agadzirira kuenda kumutambo webaseball, asi anotobvuma kuti haakwanisi kuenda. Nei akatouya? Shambadziro iyi yakavakirwa panhema dzine musoro.
Zuva AOL Yakavhura Internet Mafashama Gates
Vashandisi veInternet chaiyo vagara vachifungira America Online nekuda kweiyo modhi yayakagadzira. Iyi yanga isiri iyo "chaiyo" Internet - kambani haina kumanikidza vashandisi kushandisa kugadzira chinongedzo kana terminal; yakapa mushandisi-inoshamwaridzika interface, asi mukudzoka yakakusiya iwe uchitonga. Tichifunga nezve tsika ye tech savvy yakagadzira iyo Internet, muenzaniso wakadaro waiva nyore chinangwa.
Makumi emakore kubva ikozvino, iwo makuru masocial network achanyanya kufanana neAOL, asi vanopa vanozove vakasiyana zvachose. Uye izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nechisarudzo chakakosha cheAOL chakaitwa muna Zvita 1, 1996. Zuva iroro rakanga riri nguva yokutanga iyo kambani kupa mukana usingagumi kubasa rayo nokuda kwemari yakatarwa.
Kambani iyi yakambopa zvirongwa zvakasiyana, iyo inonyanya kufarirwa iri maawa makumi maviri pamwedzi uye madhora matatu paawa imwe neimwe yekuwedzera.
Mwedzi hurongwa hutsva husati hwatangwa, AOL yakazivisa kuti nekubhadhara $19,99 pamwedzi, vanhu vaigona kugara online chero nguva yavanoda. Pamusoro pezvo, kambani inovandudza tekinoroji yekuwana kuitira kuti vashandisi vashande kuburikidza newebhu bhurawuza yenguva dzose, kwete kuburikidza nesevhisi yakavakirwa-mukati web browser. Sei munyori wenhau Chicago Tribune James Coates, shanduko ichawedzerawo tsigiro yeWindows 95, zvichiita kuti kambani "izere-inoratidzwa 32-bit Internet service provider ine flat $20 pamwedzi muripo wekunyoresa." (Vashandisi vanogona kupedzisira vabvisa kutyisa kwekushandisa Windows 95 web surfing zvirongwa zvakagadzirirwa Windows 3.1!)
Asi sarudzo iyi yashanduka kuita pendulum inotenderera mumativi ese. Kwemwedzi yakati wandei mushure mekunge mutero waunzwa, zvaive zvisingakwanisi kuwana iyo AOL network - mitsetse yaigara yakabatikana. Vamwe vanhu vakaedza kugadzirisa dambudziko iri kuburikidza nekutenga tambo yefoni yakasiyana kuitira kuti igare yakabatikana uye havafaniri kufona zvakare. Kufona kwaidzokororwa kwaiva kutambudzwa. Mushandisi aive pedyo negungwa rakakura redhijitari, asi yaida kusvikwa.
Kuita kuti dambudziko riwedzere, AOL yakagovera murwi mukuru wemadhisiki kune vashandisi pakati pemakore ekuma1990. (Mufananidzo: )
Chaive chisinganyanyi kucherechedzwa panguva iyoyo ndechekuti shanduko iyi yaive yakakosha kumhando yebhizinesi reAOL. Mune imwe yakawira pasi, mukuru wepasi rose weInternet service provider akavhura mukana weInternet yese uye akatamisa bhizinesi rayo modhi kure ne "karoti" nzira iyo akawanda masevhisi epamhepo akatevera.
Kusvika panguva ino, masevhisi epamhepo seAOL, pamwe nevakatangira vakaita ΠΈ , yaive nemhando dzemitengo zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemabasa anoshandiswa; nekufamba kwenguva vakava zvishoma, pane anodhura. Zvinoshamisa, makambani akagara nhaka yemitengo kubva kumabhodhi ezvinyorwa uye mapuratifomu ekuwana dhijitari, semuenzaniso. , uyo akapomera pamusoro kubhadhara pamwedzi zvakare neawa. Iyi modhi haina kunyanya kushamwaridzana nevatengi, uye yaive chipingamupinyi kune inoyevedza nhanho yekuwana Internet yatinayo nhasi.
Chokwadi, pakanga paine zvimwe zvainetsa. Mamodemu ainonoka kumativi ese equation - pakati pemakore eku 1990, 2400 uye 9600 baud modem yakaramba ichinyanya kuzivikanwa - uye kumhanya kwakaganhurirwa nemhando yekubatanidza kune rumwe rutivi rwemutsara. Iwe unogona kunge uine 28,8 kilobit modem, asi kana mupi wako wepamhepo akakwanisa kupa zvisingapfuure 9600 baud, saka wanga wapererwa.
Zvichida chipingamupinyi chikuru chekuenderera mberi kwekuwana chaive chimiro chebhizinesi. Vapeji vekutanga veInternet havana kungoziva kana zvine musoro kutipa mukana wakawanda weInternet, kana kana iyo bhizinesi modhi isina mubhadharo weawa ingave yakakosha. Ivo zvakare vaive nenyaya dzezvivakwa: kana iwe uchipa isina muganho Internet kune wese munhu, saka iwe zviri nani uve nerubatsiro rwakakwana kubata idzi dzese mafoni.
Mubhuku rake ra2016 Shane Greenstein anotsanangura kuti nei mitengo yeInternet yave iri nyaya huru. Hapana ainyatsoziva kuti chii chingava nharo inokunda yezera reInternet. Heano maitiro Greenstein anotsanangura misasa miviri yehuzivi yenyika yevanopa:
Maonero maviri abuda. Mumwe wavo akateerera zvakanyanya kune zvichemo zvevashandisi nezvekurasikirwa kwekutonga. Vashandisi vakacherekedza kuti kusefa paWorld Wide Web kwaive hypnotic. Vashandisi vakazviona zvakaoma kuchengeta nguva vari online. Uye zvakare, zvaive zvisingaite kutarisa nguva yakashandiswa online kana paine vashandisi vakati wandei mumba imwechete. Vanopa vanonzwira tsitsi kune zvichemo zvevashandisi vakatenda kuti kushandiswa kusingagumi kwemubhadharo wepamwedzi wakatemwa ingave mhinduro inogamuchirwa. Kuwedzerwa kwemutengo kwaizovhara mari yakawedzerwa yekuwana kusingagumi, asi hukuru hwekuwedzera hwakaramba huri mubvunzo wakazaruka. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvemitero zvinowanzodanwa "nemari yakatarwa" (flat rate) kana "unlimited".
Murangariro wakapesana wakasiyana newokutanga. Kunyanya, zvaitendwa kuti zvichemo zvevashandisi ndezvenguva pfupi uye kuti vashandisi vatsva vaifanira "kudzidziswa" kuchengetedza nguva yavo. Vatsigiri vemaonero aya vakapa nharembozha nemabhodhi emashoko emagetsi semuenzaniso. Panguva imwecheteyo, nharembozha yakatanga kusimukira, uye kubhadharisa kweminiti yega-yega hakuna kutya vashandisi kure nazvo. Zvinotaridza kuti imwe kambani inoshambadzira bulletin board (BBS) kambani, AOL, yakatokura nekuda kwemitengo yakadai. Vanopa mari vakabata maonero aya vakaratidza chivimbo chekuti mitengo yakanangana nevhoriyamu yaizokunda, uye vakadaidzira kuti iongorore misanganiswa mitsva inokwana zvirinani maitiro akajairwa ekusevha evashandisi vasina ruzivo.
Izvi zvakatungamirira kune mamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa, uye hazvina kunyatsojeka kuti ndeipi modhi yaizopa zvikomborero zvakakura. Divi rakacheka gordian pfundo iri rakachinja zvese. Sezvineiwo, yaive AT&T.
Imwe yezviziviso zvekare zveAT&T WorldNet, wekutanga Internet mupi wekupa mukana usina muganho nemubhadharo wakafuratira. (Yakatorwa kubva )
Iyo AT&T yakashandura sei kuwana isina muganho kuita iyo de facto chiyero cheiyo huru Internet
Vaya vanoziva nhoroondo yeAT&T vanoziva kuti kambani yanga isati yave imwe yekuputsa zvipingaidzo.
Asi, zvairerekera kuchengetedza chimiro chaivepo. Zvese zvaunofanirwa kuita kudzidza nezve nhoroondo yeTTY system, , vachitsvaga nzira yekukurukura neshamwari, vakatogadzira transducer yemukurukuri (gajeti paunogona kunyatsoisa foni yako pamaikorofoni uye mutauri) kuti utenderere kurambidzwa kwaAmai Bell kwaitadzisa midziyo yebato rechitatu kubatana netambo dzefoni yavo. .
Asi kutanga kwa1996, pakatanga AT&T WorldNet, zvakawanda zvakachinja. Iyo RJ11 nhare jack, iyo yakashandiswa mune angangoita mamodemu ese mukutanga 1990s, yaive mhedzisiro yemutongo wedare wairambidza AT&T kurambidza kushandiswa kwevatatu-party peripherals. Tinotenda nekuda kweizvi, tine michina yekupindura, nhare dzisina tambo uye ... modem.
Pakazosvika 1996, kambani yakazviwana iri mune isinganzwisisike chinzvimbo chekuve mupunzi wemutemo mune ichangoburwa indasitiri yeInternet. Yakanga yakakura zvakakwana zvekuti vanhu vasina kumbobvira vashandisa masevhisi evanopa vakafunga kuzovaedza, uye nekuda kwesarudzo yemubhadharo wakafuratira, kambani yakakwanisa kukwezva vashandisi vanoshanda - $ 19,95 yekuwana kusingagumi kana iwe ukanyorera kune kambani. rwendo rurefu.uye $24,95 dai yanga isipo. Kuita kuti chinopihwa chiwedzere kutaridzika, Kuwanikwa kweInternet pamwedzi kwegore rekutanga rekushandisa. (Zvakare zvinozivikanwa ndezvekuti yakapa kumhanya kwe28,8 kilobits-yakanyanya kukwira panguva yayo.)
Dambudziko, maererano naGreenstein, rakanga riri simbiso pachiyero. Nemutengo wakaderera kudaro wekuwana Indaneti, kambani yanga ichitarisira kubatanidza makumi emamiriyoni evanhu kuWorldNet-uye kana ikatadza kuvimbisa, hazvaizoshanda. "AT&T yakatora njodzi dzakaverengerwa nekusarudza kugadzira modhi yebasa yaisakwanisa kuita pundutso kunze kwekunge yashandiswa zvakanyanya mumaguta mazhinji eUS."
AT&T yanga isiri iyo yekutanga-flat-reti kambani; Ini pachangu ndakashandisa mupi weInternet uyo waipa unlimited dial-up access kumashure muna 1994. Ndaifanira kuishandisa nekuti shungu dzangu dzekufonera kure kure kuBBS dzakazokanganisa mabhiri efoni evabereki vangu. Asi AT&T yaive hombe zvekuti yaigona kubata kuburitsa nyika, yakapfava-mubhadharo weInternet service provider iyo mudiki wayo wedunhu mukwikwidzi aisazoita.
Chinyorwa Zvinonzi pane imwe nhanho AT&T yaida kuvaka yayo "gadheni rakakomberedzwa", sezvakaitwa neAOL kana Microsoft neMSN yayo. Asi kwakapoteredza 1995, kambani yakasarudza kungopa vanhu pombi kuInternet vachishandisa mitemo yakazaruka.
Markoff akanyora kuti: βKana AT&T ikavaka inoyevedza, ine mutengo wakaderera paInternet, vatengi vachatevera here? Uye kana vakadaro, pane chimwe chinhu chiri muindasitiri yezvekufambiswa kwemashoko chicharamba chakadaro here? "
Chokwadi, mhinduro kumubvunzo wechipiri yakanga isina kunaka. Asi kwete chete kutenda kune AT&T, kunyangwe iyo yakawana huwandu hukuru hwevashandisi nekufunga kubhadharisa muripo wakapfava weInternet isina muganho. Muchokwadi, iyi indasitiri yakashandurwa zvachose reaction kune AT&T yekupinda mumusika, kuseta chiyero chitsva chekuwana Internet.
Chiyero chetarisiro chasimudzwa. Zvino, kuti urambe uripo, mupi wese munyika aifanira kupa masevhisi ekuwana asina muganho anoenderana nemutengo weWorldNet.
Sezvakataurwa naGreenstein mu , izvi zvakave nemhedzisiro yakaipa kune ichiri diki Internet masevhisi indasitiri: AOL neMSN zvakava iwo ega masevhisi akakura zvakakwana kubhadharisa mutengo wakadaro. (Zvakaoma, CompuServe yakapindura pamutengo wakaterama wakafanana we$19,95 seWorldNet.) Asi AT&T : Anenge makore gumi nemaviri apfuura, Federal Communications Commission yakaita sarudzo yakabvumira makambani epa data kunzvenga mitemo yemitengo inoshanda kune nharembozha dzemuno.
AOL, iyo yaive nebhizinesi hombe yakavakirwa pane izvo zvaivepo pane yayo pachayo system, pakutanga yakaedza kutamba mativi ese, sevhisi yayo, inomhanya pamusoro peiyo AT&T yekubatanidza.
Asi munguva pfupi aifanirawo kuwirirana nemwero mutsva - chinodiwa chekubhadhara kwakatemwa kwekuwana Internet kuburikidza ne dial-up. Zvisinei, chisarudzo ichi chakaunza boka rose rezvinetso.
60.3%
Iyi yaive AOL yekufona yekusiya mwero maererano , inoitiswa nekambani yeInternet inoongorora Inverse. Ukoshi uhwu hwaive hwakapetwa zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura hwekambani yechipiri pane rondedzero yevakarasikirwa vakafanana, uye kazhinji yaive mhedzisiro yekushomeka kweiyo dial-up michina network. Kana tichienzanisa, CompuServe (iyo yaive kambani yaiita yepamusoro muchidzidzo) yaive nekukundikana kwe6,5 muzana.
Iyo 28,8 kilobit modem yakatsvakwa zvakanyanya nevashandisi vekumba veInternet pakati pemakore ekuma1990. ()
Kubata zviratidzo zvakabatikana: nei kuedza kupinda pamhepo kwakava kutyisa kwakadaro muna 1997
Mumavhiki mashoma apfuura, mubvunzo mumwe wandanga ndichinzwa zvakanyanya ndewekuti Internet inogona kubata mutoro wakawedzera here? Mubvunzo mumwe chete wakabvunzwa kutanga kwa1997, apo vanhu vakawanda vakatanga kupedza maawa akawanda vari paIndaneti.
Zvakazoitika kuti mhinduro yaive kwete, uye kwete nekuti kuwedzera kufarira kwakaita kuti zviome kuwana mawebhusaiti. Zvakanga zvakaoma kuwana tambo dzenhare.
(Mawebhusaiti akasarudzwa akaiswa mukuyedzwa kwekushushikana nekuda kwezviitiko zvinosuruvarisa zveGunyana 11, 2001, nekuda kwekufarira nhau dzakakosha, uye nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwezvivakwa zverimwe remaguta makuru pasi rose.)
Zvivakwa zveAOL, zvatove pasi pekunetsekana kubva mukuzivikanwa kwesevhisi, hazvina kugadzirwa kuti zvibate mumwe mutoro. Muna January 1997, usingasviki mwedzi pashure pokunge yagovera vanhu vakasununguka kupinda, kambani yakatanga kudzvinyirirwa nemagweta aibva munyika yose. AOL yakamanikidzwa kuvimbisa kudzoserwa kune vatengi uye kudzikisira kushambadzira kusvika yagona kugadzirisa dambudziko rezvivakwa.
By , AOL yakawedzera kaviri nhamba yemamodemu anowanikwa kune vanyoreri, asi kune ani zvake akashandisa nharembozha kuti awane sevhisi yedata uye akagamuchira chiratidzo chakabatikana, zvaive pachena kuti dambudziko raive rakakura: iyo foni system haina kugadzirirwa izvi, uye izvi zvaive zvave kujeka..
Chinyorwa zuva zvakanzi chimiro chenhare yefoni chakanga chisina kugadzirirwa kushandiswa kwemitsara mu 24/7 mode, iyo dial-up modems yakakurudzira. Uye mutoro wakadaro panharembozha wakamanikidza vana veBell kuti vaedze (zvisina kubudirira) kuunza imwe mari yekushandisa. FCC haina kufara neizvi, saka mhinduro yega yega yejamu iyi yaizova yetekinoroji nyowani yekubira mitsara yenhare iyi, izvo zvakazoitika.
βTinoshandisa nharembozha dzenguva dzose nemhaka yokuti dzinotovako,β akanyora kudaro munyori Michael J. Horowitz. "Ivo vanononoka uye havavimbiki pakutumira data, uye hapana chikonzero chakasimba nei zvido zvevashandisi veInternet zvichifanira kupesana nezvido zvevanofona mazwi."
Izvi zvaireva kuti kweanenge makore akati wandei takamanikidzwa kushandisa isina kugadzikana sisitimu yaikanganisa kwete vashandisi veAOL chete, asi vamwe vese zvakare. Hazvizivikanwe kana Todd Rundgren, akanyora rwiyo rwakashata nezvekutsamwa uye kushushikana kwemumwe munhu asingakwanisi kubatana neInternet service provider, aive mushandisi weAOL kana imwe sevhisi: "".
ISPs vakaedza kugadzira mamwe mabhizinesi emhando yekukurudzira vashandisi kuenda online zvishoma kazhinji, nekuyedza kubhadharisa zvishoma kana kusundira vashandisi vane hasha kuti vasarudze rimwe sevhisi nekusapa mukana usingaperi, Greenstein akadaro. Nekudaro, mushure mekuvhura bhokisi raPandora, zvaive pachena kuti kuwana kusingagumi kwaive kwatove chiyero.
"Kana musika wese watamira kune iyi modhi, vanopa havana kuwana vazhinji vanotora dzimwe nzira dzayo," anonyora Greenstein. "Makwikwi emasimba akatarisana nezvinodiwa nevashandisi - kuwana kusingagumi."
AT&T's WorldNet zvakare haina kudzivirirwa kumatambudziko anokonzerwa neasina muganho Internet sevhisi. Pakazosvika Kurume 1998, makore maviri chete mushure mekunge sevhisi yatangwa, kweawa imwe neimwe inoshandiswa kudarika maawa zana nemakumi mashanu pamwedzi. Maawa 150 ichiri nhamba inonzwisisika, uye zuva rega rega rinoverengera kweanenge maawa mashanu. Vanogona kushandiswa kana pane kutarisa "Shamwari" iwe uchapedza manheru ako ese paInternet, asi izvi zvakaderera pane vimbiso ye "unlimited" Internet.
Kana iri AOL, inoratidzika kunge yasvika pamhinduro yakanakisa mumamiriro ezvinhu aya asina kunaka emakwikwi: mushure mekushandisa mazana emamiriyoni emadhora kugadzirisa zvivakwa zvayo, , zvichipeta kaviri kuwanda kweiyo dial-up masevhisi mune imwechete yakadonha. Sekureva kwaGreenstein, panguva imwecheteyo, kambani yakatengesa midziyo yayo yekudhiira uye yakaburitsa kune makondirakiti, zvekuti masaini akabatikana akava dambudziko remumwe munhu.
Kana iwe ukafunga nezvazvo, mhinduro yacho yaive yehungwaru.
Zvinoita sezviri pachena nhasikuti takatongerwa kuwana mukana usingaperi weInternet.
Mushure mezvose, munhu anogona kufungidzira kuti vadzidzi vekoreji vane madorms aive nemitsara yeT1 vakaodzwa mwoyo zvakanyanya nehunyanzvi hwekunze kwemakampasi avo. Kusaenzana kwakanga kuri pachena zvikuru zvokuti kwakanga kusingatongogari nokusingaperi. Kuti tive nhengo dzinobudirira munharaunda, tinoda kupinda pasina miganhu kuburikidza newaya idzi.
(Maka mashoko angu: Zvingangodaro kuti nhamba yakanaka yevanhu vakaenda kukoreji mumakore ekuma90 nekutanga kwema2000 vakawedzera kugara kwavo nokuti vaida kuwana Indaneti isingawanzowaniki panguva iyoyo. Wana Mukuru Wechipiri? Nemufaro, chero bedzi sezvo kumhanya kwekurodha kwakanaka!)
Iyo Internet mumadorms ingangove yaishamisa, asi dial-up modem sezviri pachena yaisagona kupa kumhanya kwakadaro kumba. Zvisinei, zvikanganiso zvekuwana dial-up zvakakonzera kugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro tekinoroji nekufamba kwenguva; DSL (iyo yakashandisa tambo dzenhare dziripo pakufambiswa kwedata zvakanyanya) uye tambo yeInternet (yaishandisa mitsara yaive ) vakabatsira vashandisi vazhinji kusvika pakumhanya kweInternet kwaimbove kukwanisika chete kumakoreji emakoreji.
Ndichiri kunyora chinyorwa ichi, ndakazvibvunza kuti nyika yaizotaridzika sei kana hutachiona hwakaita seCCIDID-19 hukaonekwa pataive tanyanya pamhepo kuburikidza ne dial-up, sezvo hosha dzakadai dzichiita sedzinobuda kamwe chete makore zana. Tingave takasununguka here kushanda tiri kure sezvatiri nhasi? Kubatikana kwezviratidzo hakungatadzisi kusimukira kwehupfumi here? Dai AOL yanga ichivanza nhamba dzekufona kubva kuvashandisi vayo, sezvavaifungidzira, zvingadai zvakakonzera mhirizhonga here?
Tingatokwanisa kuhodha zvinhu kudzimba dzedu here?
Handina mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi, asi ndinoziva kuti kana zvasvika paInternet, maererano nekukurukurirana, kana taifanira kugara pamba, nhasi ndiyo nguva yakakodzera yeizvi.
Handigone kufungidzira kuti chii chaizoitika kana chiratidzo chakabatikana chakawedzerwa kune kushushikana kwese kwatinofanira kunzwa iko zvino takavharirwa.
Source: www.habr.com