Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Runhare rwakabva rwaoneka. Kana Nemhaka yezana remakore retsvakurudzo yezvinobvira zvekutumira mameseji uchishandisa magetsi, vanhu vakagumburwa parunhare vachitsvaga teregirafu yakavandudzwa. Nokudaro, zviri nyore kugovera zuva rinonzwisisika, kunyange risina chokwadi zvachose, rekugadzirwa kwefoni - gore rezana remakore rekuvambwa kweUnited States, 1876.
Uye hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti foni yakanga isina vaitangira. Kubva 1830, masayendisiti ekutsvagisa anga achitsvaga nzira dzekushandura ruzha kuita magetsi, uye magetsi kuita ruzha.
Inzwi remagetsi
Mune 1837 gore , chiremba uye muongorori mumunda we electromagnetism kubva kuMassachusetts, akagumburwa pane chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa. Akaisa insulated spiral wire pakati pemigumo yegineti yechigarire, ndokuzoisa rumwe rutivi rwewaya mugaba remekiyuri rakabatanidzwa nebhatiri. Pese paaivhura kana kuvhara dunhu, achisimudza magumo ewaya kubva mugaba kana kudzikisa ipapo, magineti aiburitsa ruzha rwainzwika kure nemamita. Peji yakaidaidza kuti galvanic mimhanzi, uye yakataura kuti zvese nezve "molecular disorder" inoitika mumagineti. Peji yakatanga tsvakiridzo muzvikamu zviviri zvekuwanikwa uku: iyo isinganzwisisike pfuma yesimbi zvinhu kuti ichinje chimiro kana iine magineti, uye chizvarwa chiri pachena chekunzwika nemagetsi.
Isu tinonyanya kufarira zvidzidzo zviviri. Yekutanga yakaitwa naJohann Philipp Reis. Reis akadzidzisa masvomhu nesainzi kuvana vechikoro paGarnier Institute pedyo neFrankfurt, asi munguva yake yekusununguka aiita zvekutsvaga magetsi. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, vagadziri vemagetsi vakati wandei vaive vatogadzira vhezheni nyowani dzemimhanzi yegalvanic, asi Reis ndiye akatanga kugona alchemy yekududzira nzira mbiri dzeinzwi mumagetsi uye zvinopesana.
Reis akaziva kuti diaphragm, senge renzeve remunhu, raigona kuvhara nekuvhura dunhu remagetsi kana richizunguzika. Yekutanga prototype yemuchina wefoni, wakavakwa muna 1860, waive nenzeve yakavezwa nemuti ine membrane yakagadzirwa kubva dundira renguruve yakatambanudzwa pamusoro payo. A platinum electrode yakasungirirwa pasi pe membrane, iyo, kana ichidedera, yakazarura uye yakavhara dunhu nebhatiri. Chiposhi chaiva chironda chewaya chakatenderedza tsono yakasungirirwa paviolin. Muviri weviolin wakawedzera kuzunguzika kwechinyoreso chinochinja-chinja sezvo chaive chine magineti uye chisina magineti.
Yakanonoka modhi Reis foni
Reis akauya nekuvandudzwa kwakawanda kune yekutanga prototype, uye pamwe nevamwe vanoedza vakawana kuti kana iwe ukaimba kana kuimba chimwe chinhu mairi, ruzha rwunofambiswa rwunoramba rwuchizivikanwa. Mashoko ainyanya kuoma kusiyanisa, uye kazhinji aikanganiswa uye asinganzwisisike. Mameseji mazhinji ekubudirira kwezwi aishandisa mazwi akajairika akadai sekuti "mangwanani" uye "makadii" uye zvaive nyore kufungidzira. Dambudziko guru rakaramba riri rekuti Reis 'transmitter akangovhura nekuvhara dunhu, asi haana kudzora simba rekurira. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chete frequency ine yakagadziriswa amplitude yaigona kufambiswa, uye izvi hazvigone kutevedzera zvese zvisinganzwisisiki zvezwi remunhu.
Reis aidavira kuti basa rake rinofanira kuzivikanwa nesainzi, asi haana kumbobvira aita izvi. Chishandiso chayo chaive chishuwo chakakurumbira pakati pevakuru vesainzi, uye makopi akaonekwa munzvimbo zhinji dzevakuru ava: muParis, London, Washington. Asi basa rake resainzi rakarambwa nepepanhau raMuzvinafundo Poggendorff rinonzi Annalen der Physik [Annals of Physics], rimwe remagazini ekare esainzi uye bhuku rine simba zvikuru renguva iyoyo. Race kuedza kushambadza nharembozha nemakambani ewaya zvakatadzawo. Aiva nechirwere chetibhii, uye chirwere chake chairamba chichiwedzera chakaita kuti asazoramba achitsvakurudza. Somugumisiro, muna 1873, kurwara kwakatora upenyu hwake uye vavariro. Uye iyi haisi nguva yekupedzisira chirwere ichi chinokanganisa kuvandudzwa kwenhoroondo yefoni.
Race achiri kuvandudza foni yake, akanga ari kupedzisa pakudzidza kwake seminal physiology: "Dzidziso yeAuditory Sensations as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music" [Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage fΓΌr die Theorie der Musik], yakabudiswa muna 1862. Helmholtz, purofesa paYunivhesiti yeHeidelberg, aive hofori yesainzi muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, achishanda pane physiology yekuona, electrodynamics, thermodynamics, nezvimwe.
Basa raHelmholtz rinongoreva muchidimbu nhoroondo yedu, asi zvingave zvinosiririsa kupotsa. MuDzidziso yeAuditory Sensations, Helmholtz akaitira mimhanzi zvakaitwa naNewton kuchiedza - airatidza kuti manzwiro anoita senge akasarudzika anogona kupatsanurwa sei muzvikamu zvawo. Akaratidza kuti kusiyana kwetimbres, kubva kune violin kusvika kune bassoon, kunouya chete kubva mukusiyana kwesimba rakaenzana rematoni avo (toni paviri, katatu, etc. frequencies maererano nechesi chinyorwa). Asi kune yedu nyaya, chinhu chinonyanya kufadza nezvebasa rake chiri muchinhu chinoshamisa chaakagadzira chekuratidzira:
Helmholtz synthesizer musiyano
Helmholtz akaraira mudziyo wekutanga kubva kuCologne workshop. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, yaive synthesizer inokwanisa kuburitsa manzwi anoenderana nekuumbwa kwematoni akareruka. Kugona kwake kunoshamisa zvikuru kwaiva kugona kusingatsananguriki kuburitsa mavhawero ayo munhu wose akanga ajaira kunzwa achingobuda mumuromo wemunhu.
Iyo synthesizer yakashanda kubva pakurohwa kweforogo huru yekugadzira, iyo yakadengenyeka pachinyorwa chepasi, ichivhara nekuvhura dunhu, ichinyudza waya yeplatinamu mumudziyo wemekiyuri. Maforogo masere ane magineti ekugadzirisa, imwe neimwe ichibvunda nepamusoro payo, yakazorora pakati pemagumo emagetsi emagetsi akabatana nedunhu. Kuvharwa kwese kwese kwese kwaibatidza magineti emagetsi uye kwakachengeta maforogo ekugadzirisa ari mumamiriro ekudedera. Pedyo neforogo yetuning yega yega paive necylindrical resonator inokwanisa kukwidziridza ruzha rwayo kusvika padanho rinonzwika. Mumamiriro emazuva ese, chivharo cherisonator chaive chakavharwa uye chakavhara ruzha rweforogo yekugadzira. Kana ukafambisa chivharo parutivi, unogona kunzwa izwi rinopfuura iri, uye nokudaro βkuridzaβ kurira kwehwamanda, piyano, kana vara revhawero βoβ.
Chishandiso ichi chichaita basa diki mukugadzira rudzi rutsva rwefoni.
Harmonic telegraph
Imwe yezviyero zvevagadziri vehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore re1870 yaive multitelegraph. Kuwanda kwemasaini eteregirafu achigona kudzvanyirirwa muwaya imwe chete, ndiko kuwedzera kushanda kweiyo telegraph network. Nekutanga kwemaXNUMX, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzeduplex telegraphy (kutumira masaini maviri munzira dzakapesana panguva imwe chete) dzaizivikanwa. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Thomas Edison akavandudza pavari nekugadzira quadruplex, kubatanidza duplex uye diplex (kutumira masaini maviri mune imwe nzira panguva imwe chete), kuitira kuti waya inogona kushandiswa zvakapetwa kana zvakanyanya.
Asi nhamba yezviratidzo ingawedzerwazve here? Ronga imwe mhando ye octoruplex, kana zvimwe? Idi rokuti masaisai eruzha aigona kuchinjwa kuva magetsi uye kudzoka zvakare yakapa mukana unofadza. Ko kana tikashandisa toni dzemhando dzakasiyana-siyana kugadzira acoustic, harmonic, kana, kutaura nhetembo, teregirafu yemimhanzi? Kana kudengenyeka kwemuviri kwakasiyana-siyana kuchigona kushandurwa kuita kuzunguzika kwemagetsi zvobva zvabatanidzwazve mumafafitera awo ekutanga kune rimwe divi, zvino zvinokwanisika kutumira masaini akawanda panguva imwe chete pasina kupindirana. Inzwi pacharo raizongova nzira yokugumisa nayo, svikiro repakati rinoumba mafungu kuitira kuti zviratidzo zvinoverengeka zvivepo muwaya imwe. Kuti zvive nyore, ini ndichanongedzera kune iyi pfungwa se harmonic telegraph, kunyangwe akasiyana akasiyana emazwi akashandiswa panguva iyoyo.
Iyi yanga isiri iyo nzira chete yekugadzira masaini akawanda. MuFrance [mushure meiyo iyo unit yekufananidzira inomhanya inodanwa - baud / approx. transl.] pakasvika 1874 akauya nemuchina une chinotenderera chinotenderera chakatora masaini kubva kune akati wandei eteregirafu. Mazuvano taidaidza iyi kuti multiplex yakakamurwa nenguva kwete nema frequency. Asi nzira iyi yaive nedambudziko - yaisazotungamira mukusikwa kwefoni.
Panguva iyoyo, telegraphy yekuAmerica yaive yakadzorwa neWestern Union, iyo yaive yaumba mu1850s mukuyedza kubvisa makwikwi asina kunaka pakati pemakambani mashoma makuru etelegraph-tsananguro yaigona kushandiswa nyore kururamisa kubatana kwakadaro kusati kwauya mitemo yeantitrust. Mumwe wevatambi vari munyaya yedu akaitsanangura se "zvichida mubatanidzwa mukuru kwazvo wakambovapo." Kuve nezviuru zvemakiromita emawaya uye kushandisa mari yakawanda mukuvaka nekuchengetedza network, Western Union yakatevera zviitiko mumunda wemultiplex telegraphy nechido chikuru.
Mumwe mutambi aive akamirirawo mabhindauko mubhizimusi reteregirafu. , gweta rekuBoston uye muzvinabhizimusi, aive mumwe wevatsigiri vaitungamira mukuunza teregirafu yekuAmerica pasi pehurumende yemubatanidzwa. Hubbard aitenda kuti materegiramu anogona kunge akachipa semavara, uye akange akatsunga kukanganisa zvaaiona seWestern Union's cynical and extortionist monopoly. Bhiri raHubbard harina kukurudzira kuti makambani eteregirafu aripo, sezvakaita masimba ese eEurope, asi aizotanga basa reteregirafu rinotsigirwa nehurumende pasi pebazi rePost Office. Asi mhedzisiro yacho ingangove yakafanana, uye Western Union ingadai yakasiya bhizinesi iri. Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1870, kufambira mberi kwemutemo kwakange kwakamira, asi Hubbard aive nechivimbo chekuti kutonga kweiyo yakakosha teregirafu patent kwaigona kumupa mukana wekusundidzira chikumbiro chake kuburikidza neCongress.
Gardiner Green Hubbard
Pane zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana muUnited States: chekutanga, chiyero chekondinendi cheWestern Union. Hapana sangano reEuropean telegraph raive nemitsara yakareba kudaro, uye, saka, hapana chikonzero chekugadzira multiplex telegraphy. Chechipiri, pane mubvunzo wakavhurika wekutonga kwehurumende pamusoro peteregirafu. Nhare yekupedzisira yeEurope yaive Britain, iyo yakagadzira telegraph muna 1870. Mushure meizvi, pakanga pasina nzvimbo dzakasiiwa chero kupi zvako kunze kweUnited States uko tarisiro inoedza yekugadzira budiriro yetekinoroji uye kukanganisa hutongi hwakanga hwamuka. Zvichida nekuda kweizvi, basa rakawanda pateregirafu yeharmonic rakaitwa muUnited States.
Painyanya kukwikwidza mubairo uyu. Vaviri vavo vanga vatove vanoremekedzwa vagadziri - ΠΈ . Wechitatu aiva purofesa wekutaura uye mudzidzisi wematsi ainzi Bell.
Gireyi
Elisha Grey akakurira papurazi muOhio. Kufanana nevakawanda vepanguva yake, aitamba neteregirafu achiri pwere, asi pazera ramakore 12, apo baba vake vakafa, akatanga kutsvaka basa raigona kumutsigira. Akamboita nguva achidzidzira somupfuri wesimbi, akazova muvezi wengarava, uye pazera remakore 22 akadzidza kuti aigona kuwana dzidzo paOberlin College achiri kushanda somuvezi. Mushure memakore mashanu ekudzidza, akapinda mubasa semuvambi mumunda wetelegraphy. Patent yake yekutanga yaive yekuzvigadzirisa relay, iyo, nekushandisa yechipiri electromagnet pachinzvimbo chechitubu kudzorera armature, yakabvisa kudikanwa kwekugadzirisa kunzwisiswa kweiyo relay zvichienderana nesimba razvino mudunhu.
Elisha Grey, ca. 1878
Pakazosvika 1870, akanga atove mushandirwi mukambani inogadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, uye akashanda ikoko sainjiniya mukuru. Muna 1872, iye nemumwe wake vakatamisa kambani kuChicago ndokuitumidza kuti Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Western Electric yakakurumidza kuve mutengesi mukuru wemidziyo yeteregirafu kuWestern Union. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ichasiya chiratidzo chinocherechedzwa munhoroondo yerunhare.
Mukutanga kwa1874, Grey akanzwa ruzha rusinganzwisisike kubva muimba yake yekugezera. Yaiita senge kurira kweredhiyo, yaingosimba chete. The reotome (chaizvoizvo "stream breaker") yaive mudziyo wemagetsi waizivikanwa waishandisa rurimi rwesimbi kukurumidza kuvhura nekuvhara dunhu. Achitarisa muimba yekugezera, Grey akaona mwanakomana wake akabata induction coil yakabatana ne rheotome mune rumwe ruoko, uye nerumwe ruoko achikwiza zinc coating yebhavhu, iyo yairira panguva imwecheteyo. Grey, akafadzwa nemikana, akasiya basa rake rezuva kuWestern Electric kuti adzokere pakugadzira. Pakazosvika chirimo, akanga agadzira teregirafu yemimhanzi yakazara-octave, yaaigona kuridza nayo manzwi padiaphragm yakagadzirwa kubva mubheseni resimbi nekudzvanya makiyi ekhibhodi.
Transmitter
Receiver
Teregirafu yemumhanzi yaive nyowani isina kukosha kwekutengesa kuri pachena. Asi Grey akaziva kuti kugona kutumira manzwi ematoni akasiyana pawaya imwe kwakamupa sarudzo mbiri. Iine transmitter yeimwe dhizaini, inokwanisa kutora ruzha kubva kumhepo, izwi telegraph rinogona kugadzirwa. Neimwe inogamuchira inokwanisa kupatsanura chiratidzo chakabatanidzwa muzvikamu zvayo, zvaigoneka kuita harmonic telegraphy - ndiko kuti, multiplex telegraphy zvichienderana nezwi. Akafunga kuisa pfungwa pane yechipiri sarudzo, sezvo indasitiri yetelegraph yaive nezvinodiwa zvakajeka. Akasimbiswa muchisarudzo chake mushure mekudzidza nezvenharembozha yaRace, yaiita setoyi yehuzivi.
Grey akagadzira iyo harmonic telegraph inogamuchira kubva kune seti yemagetsi emagetsi akabatanidzwa kune simbi mitsetse. Imwe neimwe tambo yakarongedzwa kune yakatarwa frequency, uye yakarira kana bhatani rinoenderana pane transmitter rakatsikiswa. Iyo transmitter yakashanda pamusimboti mumwechete semumhanzi telegraph.
Grey akavandudza mudziyo wake mumakore maviri akatevera ndokuenda nawo kuchiratidziro. Zviri pamutemo chiitiko ichi chakanzi "". Yakanga iri shoo yekutanga yenyika yakaitwa muUnited States, uye yakabatana nekupemberera kwezana remakore renyika, uye saka yaisanganisira inonzi. "Centennial Exhibition" Zvakaitika muPhiladelphia muzhizha ra1876. Ikoko, Grey akaratidza kubatana kwe "octruplex" (kureva, kufambiswa kwemashoko masere panguva imwe chete) pamutsetse weteregirafu wakagadzirirwa kubva kuNew York. Kubudirira uku kwakarumbidzwa zvikuru nevatongi veshoo yacho, asi kwakakurumidza kuvharwa nechishamiso chakatokura.
Edison
, purezidhendi weWestern Union, akakurumidza kuziva nezvokufambira mberi kwaGrey, izvo zvakaita kuti atye zvikuru. Zvakanakisa, kana Grey akabudirira, mamiriro acho anozokonzera kudhura zvakanyanya patent rezinesi. Pakuipisisa, Grey patent yaizova hwaro hwekusikwa kwekambani inokwikwidza yaizopikisa hutongi hweWestern Union.
Saka muna Chikunguru 1875, Orton akaburitsa ace kumusoro wake: Thomas Edison. Edison akakurira neteregirafu, akapedza makore akati wandei ari telegraph opareta, uye akazova muvambi. Kukunda kwake kukuru panguva iyoyo kwaive kutaurirana kwequadruplex, yakagadzirwa nemari yeWestern Union gore rakapfuura. Iye zvino Orton aitarisira kuti aizovandudza kugadzirwa kwake uye kukunda izvo Grey akanga akwanisa kuita. Akapa Edison tsananguro yefoni yeRace; Edison akadzidzawo bhuku raHelmholtz, rakanga richangobva kushandurirwa muchiRungu.
Edison akanga ari pamusoro pechimiro chake, uye mazano matsva aiyerera kubva kwaari sepfarivari kubva kune anvil. Mugore rakatevera akaratidza nzira mbiri dzakasiyana dzeacoustic telegraphy - yekutanga yaive yakafanana neGrey telegraph, uye akashandisa tuning forogo kana tsanga dzinozunguza kugadzira kana kunzwa frequency yaidiwa. Edison haana kukwanisa kuwana mudziyo wakadaro kuti ushande pamwero unogamuchirwa.
Nzira yechipiri, yaakadana kuti "acoustic transmitter", yakanga yakasiyana zvachose. Panzvimbo pekushandisa tsanga dzinozunguzika kufambisa mafambiro akasiyana, akaashandisa kufambisa mhepo panguva dzakasiyana. Yakapatsanura kushandiswa kwewaya pakati pevanotumira nenguva kwete ne frequency. Izvi zvaida kuwiriranisa kwakaringana kwemavibrations mune yega yega inogamuchira-transmitter pair kuitira kuti masaini asapindirane. Pakazosvika Nyamavhuvhu 1876, akange aine quadruplex ichishanda pamusimboti uyu, kunyangwe ari chinhambwe chemamaira anopfuura zana chiratidzo chakashaya basa. Aivewo nemazano ekuvandudza nhare yaRace, yaakamboisa parutivi.
Uye ipapo Edison akanzwa nezve kunzwa kwakagadzirwa paCentennial Exposition muPhiladelphia nemurume anonzi Bell.
Bell
akaberekerwa muEdinburgh, Scotland, uye akakurira muLondon achitungamirirwa zvakasimba nasekuru vake. Kufanana naGrey naEdison, akaratidza kufarira telegraph semukomana, asi akazotevera mumakwara ababa vake uye sekuru, achisarudza kutaura kwevanhu sechido chake chikuru. Sekuru vake, Alexander, vakaita mukurumbira pachikuva ndokubva vatanga kudzidzisa kutaura paruzhinji. Baba vake, Alexander Melville, vaivawo mudzidzisi, uye vakatogadzira uye vakabudisa hurongwa hwefonetiki, hwavakadana "kutaura kunooneka." Alexander muduku (Alec, sokudanwa kwaaiita mumhuri), akasarudza sebasa rake rokudzidzisa kutaura kumatsi.
Pakupera kwema1860 aive achidzidza anatomy uye physiology paUniversity College London. Mudzidzi Marie Eccleston akadzidza naye, waakaronga kuroora. Asi ipapo akasiya zvose zviri zviviri kudzidza norudo. Vakoma vake vaviri vakafa nechirwere cherurindi, uye baba vaAlec vakarayira kuti iye nemhuri yake yakanga yasara vatamire kuNyika Itsva kuti vachengetedze utano hwomwanakomana wavo mumwe chete. Bell akateerera, kunyange zvazvo akazviramba uye akazvishora, ndokuenda nechikepe muna 1870.
Pashure penguva pfupi yokubiridzira muOntario, Alexander, achishandisa shamwari dzababa vake, akawana basa somudzidzisi pachikoro chematsi muBoston. Imomo shinda dzeramangwana rake dzakatanga kurukwa.
Kutanga aive nemudzidzi, Mabel Hubbard, akatadza kunzwa aine makore mashanu nekuda kwescarlet fever. Bell akaenderera mberi nekudzidzisa ari ega kunyangwe mushure mekuve purofesa wevocal physiology uye kutaura paruzhinji paBoston University, uye Mabel aive mumwe wevadzidzi vake vekutanga. Panguva yekudzidziswa, aingova pasi pemakore gumi nematanhatu, makore gumi ari mudiki kuna Bell, uye mukati memwedzi mishoma akange adanana nemusikana uyu. Tichazodzokera kunyaya yake gare gare.
Muna 1872 Bell akamutsidzira kufarira kwake telegraphy. Makore mashoma akanga apfuura, achiri muLondon, Bell akaziva nezvekuongorora kwakaitwa naHelmholtz. Asi Bell haana kunzwisisa kubudirira kwaHelmholtz, achitenda kuti haana kungosika chete, asiwo akatumira manzwi akaoma achishandisa magetsi. Saka Bell akatanga kufarira harmonic telegraphy - kushandiswa kwakasanganiswa kwewaya ine masaini akati wandei anofambiswa pane akati wandei. Zvichida akafuridzirwa nemashoko ekuti Western Union yakanga yawana duplex telegraph pfungwa kubva kune mumwe Bostonian Joseph Stearns, Bell akafunga zvakare mazano ake uye, saEdison naGrey, akatanga kuedza kuashandisa.
Rimwe zuva, achishanyira Mabel, akabata shinda yechipiri yezvaaizoitika - akamira pedyo nepiyano, akaratidza mhuri yake chikiribidi chaakadzidza achiri mudiki. Kana ukaimba noti yakachena papiyano, tambo inoenderana nayo inorira yoridzazve kwauri. Akaudza baba vaMabel kuti chiratidziro cheteregirafu chinogona kuita zvakafanana, uye akatsanangura mashandisirwo angaitwa mumultiplex telegraphy. Uye Bell angadai asina kuwana mutereri anoenderana nenyaya yake: akatamba nemufaro uye pakarepo akanzwisisa pfungwa huru: "kune mweya mumwe kune wese munhu, uye waya imwe chete inodiwa," ndiko kuti, kupararira kwemafungu ezvino mukati. waya inogona, mudiki, kukopa kupararira mumasaisai emhepo anogadzirwa neruzha rwakaoma. Muteereri waBell aiva Gardiner Hubbard.
runhare
Uye zvino nyaya yacho iri kuvhiringa zvakanyanya, saka ndinotya kuedza kushivirira kwevaverengi. Ini ndichaedza kuteedzera maitiro makuru ndisingabatike pasi mune ruzivo.
Bell, achitsigirwa naHubbard uye baba vemumwe wevadzidzi vake, akashanda nesimba paharmonic telegraph pasina kuzivisa kufambira mberi kwake. Akachinjanisa basa rehasha nenguva dzekuzorora apo utano hwake hwakamuomera, paaiedza kuita mabasa ake okuyunivhesiti, kusimudzira gadziriro yababa vake yeβkutaura kunoonekaβ uye kushanda somuperekedzi. Akahaya mubatsiri mutsva , makanika ane ruzivo kubva kuBoston mechanical workshop yaCharles Williams - vanhu vanofarira magetsi vakaungana ipapo. Hubbard akakurudzira Bell, uye akanga asinganyari kunyange kushandisa ruoko rwemwanasikana wake sechirudziro, achiramba kumuroora kusvikira Bell avandudza telegraph yake.
Muzhizha ra1874, ndiri pazororo padyo neimba yemhuri muOntario, Bell aive aine epiphany. Pfungwa dzinoverengeka dzaive mundangariro dzake dzakabatanidzwa kuita imwe - runhare. Pfungwa dzake dzainge dzakanganiswa - mudziyo wekutanga wepasirese wekurekodha wakapenda masaisai eruzha pagirazi rinopfungaira. Izvi zvakaita kuti Bell abvume kuti ruzha rwekunetsa kupi nekupi rwaigona kudzikiswa kusvika pakufamba kwenzvimbo iri muchadenga, sekufamba kwezvino kuburikidza newaya. Isu hatizogara pane zvehunyanzvi ruzivo, nekuti ivo havana chekuita nemafoni akagadzirwa uye kuita kwekushandisa kwavo hakuna mubvunzo. Asi vakatora kufunga kwaBell kune imwe nzira.
Concept sketch yenhare yekutanga yeBell ine "harmonics" (yakange isina kuvakwa)
Bell akaisa pfungwa iyi parutivi kwechinguva kuitira kuti atevere, sezvaitarisirwa nevaaishanda navo, chinangwa chekugadzira teregirafu yeharmonic.
Asi akakurumidza kuneta nemaitiro ekugadzirisa zviridzwa zvakanaka, uye moyo wake, waneta nezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvinoshanda zvakamira munzira yemuenzaniso wekushanda kune inoshanda sisitimu, ichiwedzera kukwevera kunhare. Izwi remunhu ndiro raakatanga kufarira. Muzhizha ra1875, akawana kuti tsanga dzinodedera hadzingogoni kuvhara nekukasira kuvhura dunhu nenzira yekiyi yetelegraph, asi zvakare kugadzira mafungu anoenderera seazvino sezvaaifamba mundima yemagineti. Akataura pfungwa yake yerunhare kuna Watson, uye pamwe chete vakavaka yekutanga modhi yefoni pamusimboti uyu - diaphragm inodedera mumunda wemagetsi emagetsi yakafadza wave-sezvino mumhepo yemagineti. Mudziyo uyu waikwanisa kufambisa mamwe manzwi asinganzwisisike. Hubbard haana kufadzwa nemudziyo uye akarayira Bell kuti adzokere kumatambudziko chaiwo.
Bell's vestigial gallows foni kubva muzhizha ra1875
Asi Bell ichiri kugonesa Hubbard nevamwe vadyidzani kuti pfungwa iyi inofanirwa kuve nemvumo, sezvo ichigona kushandiswa mumultiplex telegraphy. Uye kana ukanyorera patent, hapana anokurambidza kutaura mairi mukana wekushandisa mudziyo wekutaurirana nezwi. Zvino muna Ndira, Bell yakawedzera nzira nyowani yekugadzira wave ikozvino kune patent dhizaini: kusiyanisa kuramba. Aida kubatanidza diaphragm inodedera, iyo yakagamuchira ruzha, ine platinamu yekubata, yakaderedzwa uye yakasimudzwa kubva mumudziyo une acid, umo maive neimwe, yakamira kuonana. Kana iyo yekufambisa yakanyura zvakadzika, nzvimbo yakakura yepamusoro yakasangana neasidhi, iyo yakaderedza kushorwa kune yazvino inoyerera pakati pevanobatika - uye zvinopesana.
Bell's sketch yepfungwa ye liquid variable resistance transmitter
Hubbard, achiziva kuti Grey aipisa pazvitsitsinho zvaBell, akatumira wave ikozvino patent application kuhofisi yepatent mangwanani e14 Kukadzi, pasina kumirira kusimbiswa kwekupedzisira kubva kuBell. Uye masikati ezuva rimwe chetero, gweta raGray rakasvika nemvumo yake. Yakanga iinewo chirevo chekugadzira wave ikozvino uchishandisa liquid variable resistance. Yakataurawo mukana wekushandisa kugadzirwa kwesese telegraph uye kutapurirana kwezwi. Asi akanonoka maawa akawanda kuitira kuti avhiringidze patent yeBell. Dai kurongeka kwekuuya kwakange kwakasiyana, pangadai pakave nekunzwa kwekutanga kwenguva refu patent isati yapihwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, muna Kurume 7, Bell yakapihwa patent nhamba 174, "Improvements in Telegraphy," iyo yakaisa dombo repakona rekutonga kweramangwana reBell system.
Asi iyi nyaya inoshamisa haina kuseka. Nokuti musi waKukadzi 14, 1876, hapana Bell kana Grey vakanga vavaka muenzaniso wekushanda wefoni. Hapana akatomboedza izvi, kunze kwekuedza kupfupi kwaBell muna Chikunguru apfuura, umo makanga musina kuramba kuchinjika. Naizvozvo, patents hazvifanirwe kutariswa sezvikuru munhoroondo yehunyanzvi. Iyi nguva yakaoma mukusimudzira runhare sebhizinesi bhizinesi yaive isina chekuita nerunhare semudziyo.
Yakanga ichingove mushure mekutumira patent iyo Bell naWatson vakawana mukana wekudzokera kurunhare, kunyangwe Hubbard aigara achida kuti aenderere mberi nebasa pamultiplex telegraph. Bell naWatson vakapedza mwedzi yakati wandei vachiedza kuita kuti iyo liquid variable resistance idea ishande, uye runhare rwakavakwa pamusimboti uyu rwakashandiswa kufambisa mutsara unozivikanwa: "VaWatson, huyai kuno, ndinoda kukuonai."
Asi vagadziri vacho vaigara vaine matambudziko nekuvimbika kweaya ma transmitters. Saka Bell naWatson vakatanga kushanda pamagetsi matsva vachishandisa magneto musimboti wavakamboedza nawo muchirimo cha1875-vachishandisa kufamba kwe diaphragm mundima yemagineti kuti inakidze yazvino. Zvazvakanakira zvaive nyore uye kuvimbika. Chainetsa ndechekuti kuderera kwesimba renharembozha kwaive mhedzisiro yekudengenyeka kwemhepo kwakagadzirwa nezwi remutauri. Izvi zvakaganhurira chinhambwe chekushanda chemagneto transmitter. Uye mumudziyo unopikisa zvakasiyana, izwi rakagadzirisa ikozvino yakagadzirwa nebhatiri, iyo inogona kuitwa yakasimba sezvaidiwa.
Iwo magineti matsva akashanda zvirinani kupfuura aya kubva zhizha rapfuura, uye Gardiner akafunga kuti panogona kunge paine chimwe chinhu kufoni zano mushure mezvose. Pakati pezvimwe zviitiko, akashanda paMassachusetts Dzidzo neSainzi Exposition Committee yekusvika Centennial Exposition. Akashandisa pesvedzero yake kuwana Bell nzvimbo mukuratidzira uye kukwikwidza uko vatongi vakatonga zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi.
Bell/Watson magneto transmitter. Simbi inozunguzika diaphragm D inofamba mugineti remagineti H uye inonakidza ikozvino mudunhu.
Receiver
Vatongi vakauya kuBell pakarepo mushure mekudzidza Grey's harmonic telegraph. Akavasiya painogamuchira ndokuenda kune imwe yema transmitter yaive zana remamita kumberi kudivi re gallery. Vaitaura naBell vakashamisika vachimunzwa achiimba nemashoko aibuda mubhokisi diki resimbi. Mumwe wevatongi aiva mumwe waBell wekuScot (uyo akazopihwa zita rekuti Lord Kelvin). Mukufara kwomufaro, akamhanya nepamusoro pehoro achienda kuBell kunomuudza kuti akanga anzwa mashoko ake, uye gare gare akataura runhare βchinhu chinoshamisa zvikuru chaakanga aona muAmerica.β Mambo weBrazil akanga aripowo, uyo akatanga aisa bhokisi panzeve yake, uye ipapo akasvetuka pachigaro chake achidanidzira kuti: βNdiri kunzwa, ndinonzwa!β
Kushambadzirwa kweBell kwakagadzirwa pachiratidziro kwakatungamira Edison kuti aite pfungwa dzake dzekare dzekufambisa runhare. Akabva arwisa hombe kudhirowa kwemudziyo weBell - iyo isina simba magneto transmitter. Kubva pakuedza kwake ne quadruplex, aiziva kuti kuramba kwemachipisi emarasha kwakachinja nekuchinja mukumanikidza. Mushure mekuedza kwakawanda nemagadzirirwo akasiyana, akagadzira inosiyana yekupokana ichishanda pane iyi musimboti. Panzvimbo pekubatana kunofamba mumvura, masaisai ekumanikidza ezwi remutauri akamanikidza kabhoni "bhatani", achichinja kuramba kwayo, uye nekudaro simba razvino mudunhu. Izvi zvaive zvakanyanya kuvimbika uye zviri nyore kuita kupfuura madhiri emvura akaumbwa naBell naGrey, uye yaive mupiro wakajeka mukubudirira kwenguva refu kwerunhare.
Asi Bell aive achiri wekutanga kugadzira runhare, kunyangwe mabhenefiti ari pachena mune ruzivo uye hunyanzvi hwaive nevakwikwidzi vake. Aive wekutanga kwete nekuti aive nenjere iyo vamwe vaive vasina kusvika - vakafungawo nezvenhare, asi vaiiona isingakoshi kana ichienzaniswa neteregirafu yakavandudzwa. Bell ndiye aive wekutanga nekuti aifarira izwi remunhu kupfuura teregirafu, zvekuti airamba zvishuwo zvevaanoshanda navo kusvika akwanisa kuratidza kushanda kwefoni yake.
Zvakadini neharmonic telegraph, iyo Gray, Edison naBell vakapedzera simba rakawanda uye kufunga? Kusvika parizvino hapana chabuda. Kuchengeta ma mechanical vibrators kumativi ese ewaya mukurongeka kwakaringana kwakaratidza kuoma kwazvo, uye hapana aiziva nzira yekukudza chiratidzo chakabatanidzwa kuti chishande madaro marefu. Kwaingove pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, mushure mekunge tekinoroji yemagetsi yatanga neredhiyo yakatenderwa kunyatsoita frequency tuning uye yakaderera-ruzha amplification, iyo pfungwa yekuisa masaini akawanda ekutapurirana pawaya imwe yakave yechokwadi.
Kwaziwai Bell
Pasinei nekubudirira kwefoni pakuratidzira, Hubbard akanga asingafariri kuvaka nharembozha. Munguva yechando yakatevera, akakurudzira William Orton, purezidhendi weWestern Union, kutenga maruramiro ose orunhare pasi pemvumo yaBell yemadhora zviuru zana. Basa raEdison parunhare.uyewo kutenda kuti runhare, kana ruchienzaniswa neteregirafu, rwaireva zvishoma. Kumwe kuyedza kutengesa zano refoni kwakundikana, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekutya mutengo wakakura wematare pamusoro pekodzero dzepatent kana ichitengeswa. Naizvozvo, muna Chikunguru 100, Bell nevamwe vake vakatanga Kambani Yenharembozha yeBell kuti varonge yavo yerunhare. Mwedzi iwoyo, Bell akazoroora Mabel Gardiner kumba kwemhuri yake, achibudirira zvakakwana kuti awane chikomborero chababa vake.
Alec nemudzimai wake Mabel nevana vaviri vasara - vanakomana vake vaviri vakafa vachiri vacheche (c. 1885)
Gore rakatevera, Orton akachinja pfungwa dzake pamusoro pefoni uye akagadzira kambani yake, American Talk Telephone Company, achitarisira kuti zvibvumirano zveEdison, Grey nevamwe vaizodzivirira kambani kubva pakurwiswa kwepamutemo kwaBell. Akava tyisidziro yekufa kune zvido zvaBell. Western Union yaive nemabhenefiti maviri makuru. Chekutanga, hombe zvemari zviwanikwa. Kambani yeBell yaida mari nekuti yairenda midziyo kune vatengi vayo, izvo zvakatora mwedzi yakawanda kuzvibhadharira. Chechipiri, kuwana Edison's yakagadziridzwa transmitter. Chero ani aienzanisa transmitter yake nemudziyo weBell haana chaaigona kuita asi kucherechedza kujeka kuri nani uye vhoriyamu yezwi rekare. Kambani yeBell yakanga isisina sarudzo kunze kwekumhan'arira waikwikwidzana nayo nekuda kwekutyora patent.
Dai Western Union iine kodzero dzakajeka kune iyo chete yemhando yepamusoro transmitter iripo, yaizove nesimba rakasimba rekusvika pachibvumirano. Asi timu yaBell yakafukunura yekare patent yemudziyo wakafanana, wakawanikwa nemumwe mutorwa wekuGerman , uye akaitenga. Mushure memakore mazhinji ehondo dzemutemo ndipo patent yaEdison yakapihwa pekutanga. Vachiona kuti nyaya yacho haina kubudirira, muna Mbudzi 1879 Western Union yakabvuma kuendesa kodzero dzese dzepatent kunharembozha, midziyo, uye nzvimbo yevanyoreri iripo (55 vanhu) kukambani yeBell. Mukutsinhana, vakakumbira chete 000% yekurenda runhare kwemakore gumi nemanomwe anotevera, uye zvakare kuti Bell arambe ari kunze kwebhizinesi retelegraph.
Kambani yeBell yakakurumidza kutsiva midziyo yeBell nemhando dzakavandudzwa dzakabva pakutanga patent yeBerliner uyezve pamatendi akawanikwa kubva kuWestern Union. Nenguva iyo mhosva yakapera, basa guru raBell rakanga riri kupupura mumatare emvumo, ayo akanga ane zvakawanda. Pakazosvika 1881 akanga apedza basa zvachose. SaMorse, uye kusiyana naEdison, anga asiri musiki wehurongwa. Theodore Vail, maneja akasimba uyo Gardiner akanga atsausa kubva kubasa reposvo, akatora kutonga kwekambani iyi ndokuitungamirira kuchinzvimbo chikuru munyika.
Pakutanga, network yenharembozha yakakura zvakasiyana neiyo telegraph network. Iyo yekupedzisira yakagadziridzwa mukusvetuka uye miganhu kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekutengesa kuenda kune imwe, inovhara 150 km panguva, ichitsvaga iyo yakanyanya kuwanda kwevatengi vakakosha, uye chete ipapo kuzadza network nekubatanidza kune madiki emisika misika. Nharembozha dzenhare dzakakura semakristasi kubva kunzvimbo diki dzekukura, kubva kune vashoma vatengi vari mumasumbu akazvimirira muguta rega rega nenzvimbo yakatenderedza, uye zvishoma nezvishoma, kwemakumi emakore, akabatanidzwa mumatunhu uye enyika zvimiro.
Paiva nezvipingamupinyi zviviri kunhare huru. Kutanga, pakanga pane chinetso chedaro. Kunyangwe neakakwidziridzwa akasiyana-resistance transmitters zvichibva pane pfungwa yaEdison, mashandiro enharembozha nenhare aive asingaenzaniswi. Iyo yakanyanya kuomesesa nharembozha yainyanya kubatwa neruzha, uye magetsi emagetsi ekuchinja-chinja mafungu aive asinganyanyi kuzivikanwa kupfuura iwo eiyo yakananga ikozvino inoshandiswa muteregirafu.
Chechipiri, paive nedambudziko rekutaurirana. Nharembozha yaBell yaive imwe-kune-imwe yekutaurirana; yaigona kubatanidza mapoinzi maviri pamusoro pewaya imwe. Zveteregirafu izvi zvaisava dambudziko. Hofisi imwe yaigona kushandira vatengi vazhinji, uye meseji yaigona kufambiswa zviri nyore kubva kuhofisi yepakati pamusoro pemumwe mutsetse. Asi pakanga pasina nzira iri nyore yokutumira kurukurirano yorunhare. Mukutanga kuitiswa kwerunhare, vanhu vechitatu nevekutevera vaigona kungobatana nevanhu vaviri vachitaura kuburikidza neiyo yaizodaidzwa kuti "runhare rwepairi." Ndokunge, kana ese madhizaini ekunyorera akabatana kune imwe mutsara, ipapo mumwe nemumwe wavo aigona kutaura (kana kuteerera) nevamwe.
Tichadzokera kudambudziko redaro nenguva yakafanira. IN Isu tichaongorora dambudziko rekubatanidza uye nemhedzisiro yaro, iyo yakave nemhedzisiro pakuvandudzwa kweiyo relay.
Zvekuverenga
- Robert V. Bruce, Bell: Alexander Graham Bell uye Kukunda kweSolitude (1973)
- David A. Hounshell, "Elisha Grey neTerefoni: Pazvakaipira Kuva Nyanzvi," Technology uye Tsika (1975).
- Paul Israel, Edison: Hupenyu hweInvention (1998)
- George B. Prescott, The Talking Telephone, Talking Phonograph, uye Zvimwe Zvitsva (1878)
Source: www.habr.com