Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Kwemakore anopfuura zana, imbwa yeanalogi yanga ichikwenya muswe wayo wedhijitari. Kuedza kuwedzera kugona kwemanzwiro edu - kuona, kunzwa, uye kunyange, neimwe nzira, kubata - kwakatungamira mainjiniya nemasainzi kutsvaga zviri nani zvikamu zveteregirafu, nhare, maredhiyo uye radar. Zvakangove nerombo rakanaka kuti kutsvaga uku kwakawana nzira yekugadzirwa kwemhando nyowani dzemakina edhijitari. Uye ndakafunga kutaura nyaya yeiyi nguva dzose , panguva iyo mainjiniya ekufambisa mashoko aipa zvinhu zvemakomputa ekutanga edhijitari, uye dzimwe nguva akatogadzira uye akazvigadzira ivo pachavo.
Asi pakasvika ma1960, iyi batira pamwe inobereka zvibereko yakaguma, uye nayo nhau yangu. Vagadziri vemidziyo yedhijitari havachafanirwa kutarisa kune nyika dzeteregirafu, runhare neredhiyo kune nyowani, yakagadziridzwa switch, sezvo iyo transistor pachayo yakapa isingaperi sosi yekuvandudza. Gore negore vakachera zvakadzika uye zvakadzika, vachigara vachitsvaga nzira dzekuwedzera kukurumidza uye kuderedza mari.
Nekudaro, hapana chimwe cheizvi chingadai chakaitika dai kugadzirwa kweiyo transistor kwakamira .
Kutanga zvishoma
Paive nekufarira kushoma munhau yakakurumbira yekuzivisa kweBell Labs kwekugadzirwa kweiyo transistor. Pana July 1, 1948, The New York Times yakapa ndima nhatu kuchiitiko chacho pazasi pemushumo wayo weRadio News. Uyezve, nhau idzi dzakaonekwa mushure mevamwe, sezviri pachena dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzakanyanya kukosha: semuenzaniso, redhiyo yeawa yakareba "Waltz Time", iyo yaifanira kuonekwa paNBC. Tichitarisa kumashure, tingada kuseka, kana kutotuka vanyori vasingazivikanwe - vakatadza sei kuziva chiitiko chakapidigura nyika?
Asi kuona kumashure kunokanganisa maonero, kuwedzera masaini ayo atinoziva akarasika mugungwa reruzha panguva iyoyo. Iyo transistor ye1948 yakanga yakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune transistors yemakomputa yauri kuverenga ichi chinyorwa (kunze kwekunge wafunga kuchidhinda). Vakasiyana zvakanyanya zvokuti, pasinei nezita rimwe chete, uye mutsara usina kuputsika wenhaka uchivabatanidza, vanofanira kuonekwa semarudzi akasiyana, kana asiri akasiyana genera. Vane zvinyorwa zvakasiyana, zvimiro zvakasiyana, maitiro akasiyana ekushanda, tisingatauri musiyano mukuru muhukuru. Yakanga iri chete kuburikidza nekugara ichigadziridzwa kuti mudziyo wakaoma wakagadzirwa naBardeen naBrattain waigona kushandura nyika nehupenyu hwedu.
Muchokwadi, iyo single-point germanium transistor haina kufanirwa kutariswa kupfuura yayakagamuchira. Yakanga iine hurema hwakawanda hwakagarwa nhaka kubva kune vacuum chubhu. Yaiva, chokwadika, iduku zvikuru kupfuura mwenje wakakomba zvikuru. Kusavapo kwefilament inopisa kwaireva kuti yakabudisa kupisa kushoma, yaipedza simba shoma, haina kupisa, uye yaisada kudziya isati yashandiswa.
Zvisinei, kuunganidzwa kwetsvina pamusoro penzvimbo yekuonana kwakatungamirira kukukundikana uye kuregeredza kukwanisa kwehupenyu hurefu hwebasa; yakapa mucherechedzo mukuru; yakashanda chete pamasimba mashoma uye mune yakamanikana frequency renji; yakakundikana muhupo hwekupisa, kutonhora kana hunyoro; uye yaisagona kugadzirwa zvakafanana. Matransistors akati wandei akagadzirwa nenzira imwechete nevanhu vakafanana angave ane hunhu hwakasiyana hwemagetsi. Uye izvi zvose zvakauya nemutengo wakapetwa kasere werambi remazuva ose.
Yakanga isiri kusvika 1952 apo Bell Labs (nevamwe vane patent) vakagadzirisa matambudziko ekugadzira zvakakwana kuti single-point transistors ive midziyo inoshanda, uye kunyangwe ipapo havana kupararira zvakanyanya kupfuura musika wekubatsira kunzwa, uko kunzwiwa kwemitengo kwaive kwakaderera. .uye mabhenefiti maererano nehupenyu hwebhatiri akakunda zvipingamupinyi.
Zvisinei, ipapo kuedza kwekutanga kwakanga kwatotanga kushandura transistor kuva chimwe chinhu chiri nani uye chinobatsira. Ivo chaizvoizvo vakatanga kare zvikuru kupfuura nguva apo veruzhinji vakaziva kuvapo kwayo.
Zvishuvo zveShockley
Gore ra1947 rava kunopera, Bill Shockley akatora rwendo rwokuenda kuChicago aine mufaro mukuru. Aive nemazano asina kujeka nezve nzira yekurova Bardeen naBrattain ichangobva kugadzirwa transistor, asi akange asati awana mukana wekuzvigadzira. Saka pachinzvimbo chekunakidzwa nekuzorora pakati pematanho ebasa, akapedza Kisimusi neGore Idzva pahotera, achizadza mapeji makumi maviri ebhuku nemazano ake. Pakati pavo paive nechikumbiro che transistor nyowani ine semiconductor sandwich - chidimbu chep-type germanium pakati pezvidimbu zviviri zven-mhando.
Achikurudzirwa neiyi ace kumusoro wake, Shockley akati kuna Bardeen naBrattain kuti vadzokere kuMurray Hill, vachitora chikwereti chese chekugadzira transistor. Yakanga isiri pfungwa yake yemhedzisiro yemunda yakaita kuti Bardeen naBrattain vapinde murabhoritari? Izvi hazvifanire kuita kuti zvive zvakakodzera kuendesa maruramiro ese kune patent kwaari? Nekudaro, hunyengeri hwaShockley hwakadzoserwa kumashure: Bell Labs magweta patent akawana kuti asingazivikanwe muvambi, , patented a semiconductor field effect amplifier anenge makore makumi maviri apfuura, muna 20. Lilienfeld, hongu, haana kumboshandisa pfungwa yake, achipiwa mamiriro ezvinhu panguva iyoyo, asi njodzi yekupindirana yakanga yakanyanya - zvaive nani kudzivisa zvachose kutaura. mhedzisiro yemumunda mune patent.
Saka, kunyangwe Bell Labs yakapa Shockley chikamu chine rupo chechikwereti chemugadziri, vakangopa zita rekuti Bardeen naBrattain patent. Nekudaro, izvo zvakaitwa hazvigone kuregererwa: zvishuvo zvaShockley zvakaparadza hukama hwake nevaviri vari pasi. Bardeen akamira kushanda pane transistor uye akaisa pfungwa pane superconductivity. Akasiya marabhoritari muna 1951. Brattain akaramba aripo, asi akaramba kushanda naShockley zvakare, uye akasimbirira kuti aendeswe kune rimwe boka.
Nekuda kwekutadza kushanda nevamwe vanhu, Shockley haana kumbofambira mberi mumarabhoritari, saka akabvawo ipapo. Muna 1956, akadzokera kumba kuPalo Alto kuti atange kambani yake ye transistor, Shockley Semiconductor. Asati aenda, akaparadzana nomudzimai wake Jean apo akanga achinaya kugomarara rechibereko, uye akasonganirana naEmmy Lanning, waakaroora nokukurumidza. Asi pamahafu maviri echiroto chake cheCalifornian - kambani nyowani nemukadzi mutsva - imwe chete yakaitika. Muna 1957, mainjiniya ake epamusoro, akatsamwiswa nemaitiro ake ekutungamira uye nzira yaaive achitora kambani, akamusiya kuti atsvage kambani nyowani, Fairchild Semiconductor.
Shockley muna 1956
Saka Shockley akasiya goko risina chinhu rekambani yake ndokutora basa mudhipatimendi reinjiniya yemagetsi kuStanford. Ikoko akapfuurira kuparadzanisa vaaishanda navo (uye shamwari yake yekare, nyanzvi yefizikisi ) dzidziso dzekuparara kwemarudzi dzaimufarira uye - misoro yanga isingafarirwe muUnited States kubva pakupera kwehondo yekupedzisira, kunyanya mumatunhu ezvidzidzo. Aifarira kunyandura gakava, achinyandura nhepfenyuro uye kukonzera kuratidzira. Akafa muna 1989, akaparadzaniswa nevana vake nevaaishanda navo, uye akashanyirwa chete nemukadzi wake wechipiri akazvipira, Emmy.
Kunyange zvazvo kuedza kwake kuita bhizimisi kwakakundikana, Shockley akanga adyara mhodzi muvhu rinobereka zvibereko. Iyo San Francisco Bay Area yakagadzira akawanda madiki mafemu emagetsi, ayo akapushwa nemari kubva kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa munguva yehondo. Fairchild Semiconductor, mwana wetsaona waShockley, akaita makambani matsva mazhinji, akati wandei achiri kuzivikanwa nhasi: Intel uye Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Pakazosvika makore ekuma1970, nzvimbo iyi yakanga yawana zita remadunhurirwa rekuti "Silicon Valley." Asi mira kweminiti - Bardeen naBrattain vakagadzira germanium transistor. Ko silicon yakabva kupi?
Izvi ndizvo zvakasiiwa nzvimbo yeMountain View iyo yaimbogara Shockley Semiconductor yakaita senge muna 2009. Nhasi chivakwa chacho chaputswa.
Kuenda kuSilicon Crossroads
Mhedzisiro yerudzi rutsva rwe transistor, yakagadzirwa naShockley muhotera yekuChicago, yakafara zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo yemuvambi wayo. Izvo zvese nekuda kwechishuwo chemurume mumwechete kukura asina kuroora, akachena semiconductor makristasi. Gordon Teal, chiremba wemakemikari wekuTexas uyo akanga adzidza germanium-isina basa padhigirii rake, akatora basa kuBell Labs muma30s. Sezvo akadzidza nezve transistor, akave nechokwadi chekuti kuvimbika kwayo uye simba zvinogona kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya nekuigadzira kubva kukristaro imwe chete yakachena, kwete kubva mumisanganiswa yepolycrystalline yakazoshandiswa. Shockley akaramba kuedza kwake sekutambisa zviwanikwa.
Zvakadaro, Teal yakaramba ikaita budiriro, nerubatsiro rweinjiniya wemuchina John Little, achigadzira kamudziyo kanobvisa kamhodzi kekristaro kubva mugermanium yakanyungudutswa. Sezvo germanium yaitonhorera yakatenderedza nucleus, yakawedzera chimiro chayo chekristaro, ichigadzira inoenderera uye inenge yakachena semiconducting lattice. Pakazosvika chitubu cha1949, Teal naMudiki vaigona kugadzira makristasi kuti varonge, uye bvunzo dzakaratidza kuti vaive kumashure kwevakwikwidzi vavo vepolycrystalline. Kunyanya, vatakuri vadiki vakawedzerwa kwavari vanogona kurarama mukati kwemazana mamicroseconds kana kunyange kureba (zvichipikisa zvisingapfuure gumi mamicroseconds mune mamwe makristasi samples).
Zvino Teal aikwanisa kuwana zviwanikwa zvakawanda, uye akaunganidza vanhu vakawanda kuchikwata chake, pakati pavo paiva nemumwe chiremba wemakemikari akauya kuBell Labs achibva kuTexas - Morgan Sparks. Vakatanga kushandura kunyunguduka kuti vagadzire p-type kana n-type germanium nekuwedzera mabeads etsvina yakakodzera. Mukati megore, vaive vavandudza tekinoroji zvekuti vaigona kukura germanium npn sandwich zvakananga mukunyungudika. Uye yakashanda chaizvo sezvakafanotaurwa naShockley: chiratidzo chemagetsi kubva ku-p-mhando zvinhu zvakagadzirisa magetsi emagetsi pakati pemakondakita maviri akabatanidzwa kune n-mhando zvidimbu zvakaitenderedza.
Morgan Sparks naGordon Teal pabhenji rebasa paBell Labs
Iyi yakakura junction transistor inodarika yayo imwe point yekuonana natateguru munzira dzese. Kunyanya, yaive yakavimbika uye inofanotaurwa, yaiburitsa ruzha rushoma (uye nekudaro yainyanya kunzwisiswa), uye yainyanya kushanda nesimba - ichipedza simba rakapetwa miriyoni pane yakajairika vacuum chubhu. Muna Chikunguru 1951, Bell Labs yakaita mumwe musangano wevatori venhau kuti vazivise chigadzirwa chitsva. Kunyangwe iyo yekutanga transistor isati yakwanisa kusvika pamusika, yaive yatove isingaite.
Asi uku kwaingova kutanga. Muna 1952, General Electric (GE) yakazivisa kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro matsva ekugadzira majunction transistors, nzira yekusanganisa. Muchimiro chayo, mabhora maviri e indium (p-type donor) akasanganiswa pamativi ese echidimbu chitete che n-type germanium. Maitiro aya aive akareruka uye akachipa pane kukura majunisheni mune alloy; transistor yakadai yakapa kushomeka kwekupokana uye yakatsigira yakakwirira frequency.
Yakakura uye yakasanganiswa transistors
Gore rakatevera racho, Gordon Teal akasarudza kudzokera kunyika yake ndokutora basa kuTexas Instruments (TI) muDallas. Iyo kambani yakavambwa seGeophysical Services, Inc., uye yakatanga kugadzira michina yekuongorora oiri, TI yakanga yavhura chikamu chemagetsi panguva yehondo, uye yakanga yava kupinda mumusika wetransistor pasi perezinesi kubva kuWestern Electric (chikamu chekugadzira cheBell Labs).
Teal akauya naye hunyanzvi hutsva hwakadzidzwa mumarabhoritari: kugona kukura uye silicon monocrystals. Kunyanya kushaya simba kwegermanium kwaive kunzwa kwayo kune tembiricha. Kana akaiswa mukupisa, maatomu egermanium ari mukristaro anokurumidza kudurura maerekitironi emahara, uye akawedzera kushanduka kuita conductor. Patembiricha ye77 Β°C yakamira kushanda zvachose senge transistor. Chinangwa chikuru chekutengesa transistor chaive mauto - angangoita mutengi ane mutengo wakaderera kunzwisiswa uye kudiwa kukuru kwekugadzikana, kwakavimbika uye compact zvemagetsi zvikamu. Nekudaro, tembiricha-inonzwa germanium yaisazobatsira mune zvakawanda zvekushandisa zvechiuto, kunyanya mumunda wemuchadenga.
Silicon yaive yakanyanya kugadzikana, asi yakauya nemutengo wenzvimbo yakakwira yekunyungudika, inofananidzwa neyesimbi. Izvi zvakakonzera matambudziko makuru, zvichipihwa kuti makristasi akachena kwazvo aidiwa kugadzira emhando yepamusoro transistors. Silicon yakanyungudutswa inopisa yaizotora zvinosvibisa kubva kune chero crucible yaive mairi. Teel nechikwata chake kuTI vakakwanisa kukunda matambudziko aya vachishandisa ultra-pure silicon samples kubva kuDuPont. Muna Chivabvu 1954, pamusangano weInstitute of Radio Engineering muDayton, Ohio, Teal akaratidza kuti michina mitsva yesilicon yaigadzirwa murabhoritari yake yakaramba ichishanda kunyangwe yakanyudzwa mumafuta anopisa.
Kubudirira kusimudzira
Pakupedzisira, anenge makore manomwe pashure pokunge transistor yatanga kugadzirwa, yaigona kugadzirwa kubva pachinhu chayakanga yava zvakafanana nacho. Uye inenge yakaenzana nguva ichapfuura isati yaonekwa ye transistors inenge yakafanana nechimiro chinoshandiswa mune yedu microprocessors uye memory chips.
Muna 1955, Bell Labs masayendisiti akabudirira kudzidza kugadzira silicon transistors nehunyanzvi hwekuita doping - pachinzvimbo chekuwedzera mabhora akasimba etsvina pakunyunguduka kwemvura, vakaunza gasi rinowedzera mune yakasimba pamusoro pe semiconductor.) Nekunyatso kudzora tembiricha, kudzvanywa uye nguva yemaitiro, ivo vakawana kudzika kwaidiwa uye dhigirii redoping. Kutonga kukuru pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwekugadzira kwakapa hukuru hukuru pamusoro pemagetsi emagetsi echigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, kupararira kwekupisa kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira chigadzirwa mumabhechi-iwe unogona kudhodha sirabhu hombe yesilicon wozoicheka kuita transistors. Mauto akapa mari kuBell Laboratories nekuti kumisikidza kugadzira kwaida mari yepamusoro. Ivo vaida chigadzirwa chitsva chekupedzisira-chakakwirira frequency yambiro radar link (""), nhevedzano yezviteshi zveradar zveArctic zvakagadzirirwa kuona mabhomba eSoviet ari kubhururuka kubva kuNorth Pole, uye vakanga vachida kubvisa $100 per transistor (aya akanga ari mazuva apo motokari itsva yaigona kutengwa ne $2000 XNUMX).
Kusanganiswa ne , iyo yaidzora nzvimbo yetsvina, yakazarura mukana wekuisa dunhu rose zvachose pane imwe semiconductor substrate - izvi zvakafungwa panguva imwe chete naFairchild Semiconductor neTexas Instruments muna 1959." kubva kuFairchild yakashandisa kemikari yekuisa mafirimu esimbi anobatanidza mabatirwo emagetsi e transistor. Yakabvisa kukosha kwekugadzira manyore wiring, kuderedzwa kwemitengo yekugadzira uye kuwedzera kuvimbika.
Pakupedzisira, muna 1960, mainjiniya maviri eBell Labs (John Atalla naDavon Kahn) vakashandisa pfungwa yekutanga yaShockley ye transistor yemunda. Mutsara wakaonda weokisidhi pamusoro pe semiconductor wakakwanisa kudzvanyirira zvimiro zvepasi, zvichiita kuti munda wemagetsi kubva kugedhi realuminium upinde mukati mesilicon. Saka yakazvarwa iyo MOSFET [simbi-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor] (kana MOS chimiro, kubva kusimbi-oxide-semiconductor), iyo yakazova nyore kuita miniaturize, uye ichiri kushandiswa munenge ese emazuvano makomputa (zvinonakidza. , Atalla aibva kuEgypt, uye Kang anobva kuSouth Korea, uye mainjiniya maviri chete kubva munhoroondo yedu haana midzi yekuEurope).
Pakupedzisira, makore gumi nematatu mushure mekugadzirwa kwekutanga transistor, chimwe chinhu chakaita se transistor mukombuta yako chakaonekwa. Zvaive nyore kugadzira uye kushandisa simba shoma pane junction transistor, asi yainonoka kupindura kumasaini. Yakanga iri chete nekupararira kwezvikamu zvakakura zvakabatanidzwa, nemazana kana zviuru zvezvikamu zviri pane imwe chip, izvo zvakanakira zvemunda-effect transistors zvakauya mberi.
Mufananidzo kubva kumunda maitiro transistor patent
Mhedzisiro yemumunda yaive Bell Labs 'yekupedzisira mupiro mukuru mukuvandudza kweiyo transistor. Vagadziri vemagetsi makuru akadai seBell Laboratories (neWestern Electric yavo), General Electric, Sylvania neWestinghouse vakaunganidza huwandu hunokatyamadza hwesemiconductor research. Kubva 1952 kusvika 1965, Bell Laboratories chete yakanyoresa anopfuura mazana maviri patents pamusoro penyaya iyi. Zvakadaro musika wekutengesa wakakurumidza kuwira mumaoko evatambi vatsva vakaita seTexas Instruments, Transitron, uye Fairchild.
Musika wekutanga wetransistor waive mudiki zvekukwezva kutarisa kwevatambi vakuru: mari inosvika madhora gumi nemasere pagore pakati pemakore ekuma18, zvichienzaniswa nemusika wemagetsi wemadhora mabhiriyoni maviri. uko masayendisiti madiki aigona kutora ruzivo rwesemiconductor asati aenderera mberi nekutengesa masevhisi avo kumafemu madiki. Apo musika wemagetsi wechubhu pawakatanga kudzikira zvakakomba pakati pemakore ekuma1950, kwakange kwanyanya kunonoka kuti Bell Labs, Westinghouse nevamwe vese vakwikwidze nevekumusoro.
Shanduko yemakomputa kune transistors
Mumakore ekuma1950, transistors akapinda munyika yemagetsi munzvimbo ina huru. Iwo maviri ekutanga aive ekubatsira kunzwa uye anotakurika maredhiyo, uko kushomeka kwesimba uye kukonzeresa hupenyu hwebhatiri hurefu hwakapfuura zvimwe zvinofungwa. Chechitatu kwaiva kushandiswa muchiuto. Mauto eUS aive netarisiro huru yematransistors seakavimbika, akakwana zvikamu izvo zvaigona kushandiswa mune zvese kubva kumaredhiyo emumunda kusvika kune zvinokandwa. Nekudaro, mumazuva ekutanga, mashandisiro avaiita matransistors aiita senge kubheja kune ramangwana retekinoroji pane kusimbiswa kwekukosha kwavo panguva iyoyo. Uye pakupedzisira, pakanga pane zvakare digital computing.
Mundima yekombiyuta, kukanganisa kwevacuum tube switches kwainyatsozivikanwa, nevamwe vasina chokwadi hondo isati yatanga kunyange kutenda kuti komputa yemagetsi haigone kuitwa mudziyo unoshanda. Apo zviuru zvemarambi zvakaunganidzwa mumudziyo mumwe, zvakadya magetsi, zvichibudisa huwandu hwakawanda hwekupisa, uye maererano nekuvimbika, munhu aigona kuvimba chete nekuneta kwavo kwenguva dzose. Naizvozvo, iyo yakaderera-simba, inotonhorera, uye isina thread transistor yakava muponesi wevagadziri vemakombuta. Kuipa kwayo seamplifier (noisier kubuda, semuenzaniso) yanga isiri dambudziko rakadaro kana yakashandiswa sechinjo. Chipingamupinyi chimwe chete chakanga chiri mutengo, uye munguva yakafanira yaizotanga kuderera zvikuru.
Zvese zvekuzama kwekutanga kweAmerica nemakomputa anochinja-chinja zvakaitika pamharadzano yechishuwo chemauto chekuongorora zvingangoita tekinoroji nyowani inovimbisa uye chishuwo chemainjiniya kuenda kune akavandudzwa switch.
Bell Labs yakavaka TRADIC yeU.S. Air Force muna 1954 kuti vaone kana transistors yaizogonesa komputa yedhijitari kuti iiswe mubhomba, kutsiva analog navigation uye kubatsira mukutsvaga zvinangwa. MIT Lincoln Laboratory yakagadzira kombiyuta yeTX-0 sechikamu chepurojekiti yakakura yekudzivirira mhepo muna 1956. Muchina uyu wakashandisa imwe yakasiyana-siyana yepamusoro-soro ye transistor, yakanyatsokodzera kukurumidza-speed computing. Philco akavaka kombiyuta yake yeSOLO pasi pechibvumirano neNavy (asi chaizvoizvo pakukumbira kweNSA), achiipedza muna 1958 (achishandisa imwe mutsauko wepamusoro barrier transistor).
MuWestern Europe, isina kupiwa zviwanikwa munguva yeHondo Yemashoko, nyaya yacho yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru. Machina akaita seManchester Transistor Computer, (rimwe zita rakafuridzirwa neprojekti yeENIAC, uye yakanyorwa kumashure), uye Austrian aive mapurojekiti epadivi aishandisa zviwanikwa izvo vagadziri vavo vaigona kukwenya pamwechete-kusanganisira chizvarwa chekutanga single-point transistors.
Pane kukakavara kwakawanda pamusoro pezita rekutanga komputa kushandisa transistors. Izvo zvese zvinodzika, hongu, pakusarudza tsananguro dzakakodzera dzemazwi senge "kutanga," "transistor," uye "kombuta." Chero zvazvingava, tinoziva panoperera nyaya yacho. Kutengeserana kwemakomputa etransistorized kwakatanga pakare ipapo. Gore negore, makombiyuta emutengo mumwe chete akawedzera simba, uye makombiyuta esimba rimwe chete akazova akachipa, uye izvi zvaiita sezvisingachinjiki zvokuti zvakakwidziridzwa kusvika pachinzvimbo chemutemo, pedyo negiravhiti uye kuchengetedzwa kwesimba. Toda kuita nharo here kuti ihurungudo yakatanga kudonha?
Mutemo waMoore unobvepi?
Sezvo isu tava kusvika kumagumo eiyo switch, zvakakodzera kubvunza: chii chakaita kuti kudonha uku kuitike? Sei mutemo waMoore uripo (kana uripo - tichakakavadzana nezvazvo imwe nguva)? Iko hakuna mutemo waMoore wendege kana vacuum cleaners, sezvakangoita pasina imwe yevacuum chubhu kana relay.
Mhinduro ine zvikamu zviviri:
- Zvinonzwisisika zvekuchinja sechikamu chekugadzira.
- Iko kugona kushandisa chete makemikari maitiro kugadzira transistors.
Kutanga, pamusoro pechinhu chekuchinja. Zvimiro zvezvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zvinofanirwa kugutsa huwandu hwakasiyana hwekusaregerera hwemuviri zvipingaidzo. Ndege inotakura vanhu inofanira kutsigira huremu hwakasanganiswa hwevanhu vakawanda. Vacuum cleaner inofanira kukwanisa kuyamwa tsvina yakati mune imwe nguva kubva pane imwe nzvimbo yemuviri. Ndege uye vacuum cleaners zvingave zvisina basa kana zvakaderedzwa kusvika nanoscale.
Switch, inochinjisa otomatiki isina kumbobatwa neruoko rwemunhu, ine ganhuriro shomanene dzemuviri. Inofanirwa kunge iine nyika mbiri dzakasiyana, uye inofanirwa kukwanisa kutaurirana kune dzimwe shanduko dzakafanana kana nyika dzadzo dzachinja. Ndiko kuti, zvese zvazvinofanira kukwanisa kuita kuvhura nekudzima. Chii chakakosha nezve transistors? Sei mamwe marudzi edhijitari switch asina kuwana exponential kuvandudzwa kwakadaro?
Pano tasvika kune chokwadi chechipiri. Transistors inogona kugadzirwa uchishandisa makemikari maitiro pasina kupindira kwemakanika. Kubva pakutanga, chinhu chakakosha chekugadzirwa kwetransistor kwaive kushandiswa kwetsvina yemakemikari. Ipapo kwakauya chirongwa chepurani, icho chakabvisa danho rokupedzisira rokugadzira kubva mukugadzirwaβkubatanidza waya. Nekuda kweizvozvo, akabvisa yekupedzisira kuganhurwa kwemuviri pane miniaturization. Transistors haichadi kuti ive yakakura zvakakwana kune zvigunwe zvemunhu-kana chero mudziyo wemuchina. Zvese zvakaitwa nekemesitiri yakapfava, padiki risingafungidzirwe: asidhi yekumisikidza, mwenje wekudzora kuti ndeapi mativi epamusoro angaramba etching, uye mhute yekuunza tsvina nemafirimu esimbi mumakwara akaiswa.
Sei miniaturization ichidikanwa zvachose? Kuderedza saizi kwakapa galaxy yese yezvinofadza mhedzisiro: yakawedzera switching kasi, kuderedzwa kwesimba rekushandisa uye mutengo wemakopi ega. Izvi zvinokurudzira zvine simba zvakaita kuti munhu wese atsvage nzira dzekuwedzera kudzikisira switch. Uye indasitiri yesemiconductor yabva pakugadzira maswichi saizi yechipikiri kuenda kurongedza makumi emamiriyoni ekuchinja pa square millimeter muhupenyu hwemurume mumwechete. Kubva pakukumbira madhora masere pakuchinja kumwe kusvika pakupa mamirioni makumi maviri ekuchinja kwedhora.
Intel 1103 memory chip kubva 1971. Ma transistors ega ega, makumi chete ema micrometer muhukuru, haasisiri kuonekwa neziso. Uye kubvira ipapo vakadererazve zvine chiuru.
Zvimwe zvekuverenga:
- Ernest Bruan naStuart MacDonald, Revolution in Miniature (1978)
- Michael Riordan naLillian Hoddeson, Crystal Fire (1997)
- Joel Shurkin, Genius Yakaputsika (1997)
Source: www.habr.com