Zvimwe zvinyorwa munhevedzano:
- Nhoroondo yerelay
- Nhoroondo yemakomputa emagetsi
- Nhoroondo ye transistor
- Internet nhoroondo
Nzira yekuenda kune yakasimba-state switch yave yakareba uye yakaoma. Zvakatanga nekuwanikwa kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinobata zvinoshamisa pamberi pemagetsi - kwete sekufungidzira kwaivapo panguva iyoyo. Zvakazotevera yaive nyaya yekuti tekinoroji yakava sei kuwedzera kwesainzi uye masangano chirango muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. MaAmateurs, manovices uye nyanzvi dzakagadzira vasina kana dzidzo yesainzi vakaita zvakakomba mukuvandudza telegraph, telephony neredhiyo. Asi, sezvatichaona, kunenge kufambira mberi kwese munhoroondo yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakasimba zvakabva kumasaenzi akadzidza kumayunivhesiti (uye kazhinji ane PhD mufizikisi) uye akashanda kumayunivhesiti kana marabhoritari emakambani ekutsvagisa.
Chero ani anokwanisa kuwana musangano uye hunyanzvi hwezvinhu zvekutanga anogona kuunganidza relay kubva waya, simbi nehuni. Kugadzira vacuum chubhu kunoda mamwe maturusi ane hunyanzvi anogona kugadzira girobhu regirazi uye kupomba mweya kubva mariri. Midziyo yakasimba-yakanyangarika ichidzika neburi retsuro umo dhijitari haina kuzombodzoka, ichinyura mupasi rose zvinonzwisisika chete masvomhu asinganzwisisike uye anowanikwa chete nerubatsiro rwemidziyo inodhura.
Galena
Mune 1874 gore , imwe nyanzvi yefizikisi ine makore 24 yokuSt. Thomas muLeipzig, akaburitsa yekutanga yeakawanda akakosha mabasa esainzi mubasa rake refu. Iro bepa, "Pakupfuura kweMagetsi Currents kuburikidza neMetal Sulfides," yakagamuchirwa muPogendorff's Annalen, bhuku rine mukurumbira rakatsaurirwa kusainzi yepanyama. Kunyangwe zita rinofinha, bepa raBrown rakatsanangura zvinokatyamadza uye zvinokatyamadza mhedzisiro yekuedza.
Ferdinand Brown
Brown akatanga kufadzwa nemasarufidhi—makristasi emamineral anoumbwa nemishonga yesarufa ine simbi—kuburikidza nebasa rake. . Kare muna 1833, Michael Faraday akacherechedza kuti conductivity yesirivha sulfide inowedzera nekushisa, izvo zvinonyatsopesana nemafambiro emagetsi esimbi. Hittorf akaunganidza rondedzero yehuwandu hwezviyero zveichi chiitiko muma1850s, kune ese ari maviri esirivha nemhangura sulfides. Iye zvino Brown, achishandisa hunyanzvi hwekuyedza setup iyo yakatsikirira waya yesimbi kurwisa sulfide crystal ine chitubu kuti ave nechokwadi chekuonana kwakanaka, akawana chimwe chinhu chaasingazivi. Iko conductivity yemakristasi yaienderana negwara - semuenzaniso, ikozvino yaigona kuyerera zvakanaka munzira imwe, asi kana polarity yebhatiri yakadzoserwa, ikozvino inogona kudonha zvakanyanya. Makristasi aiita semakondakita mune imwe nzira (senge simbi dzakajairwa) uye zvakanyanya senge insulators mune imwe (segirazi kana rabha). Ichi chivakwa chakazozivikanwa sechigadziriso nekuda kwekugona kwayo kutwasanudza "crimped" kuchinjanisa ikozvino kuita "flat" yakananga ikozvino.
Panenge panguva imwe cheteyo, vaongorori vakawana zvimwe zvinoshamisa zvimiro zvemidziyo senge selenium, inogona kunyungudutswa kubva kune mamwe simbi sulfide ores. Kana yakavhenekerwa nechiedza, selenium yakawedzera conductivity uye yakatotanga kugadzira magetsi, uye inogona zvakare kushandiswa kugadzirisa. Paive nekubatana nemakristasi esulfide? Pasina theoretical modhi yekutsanangura zvaiitika, munda wanga uri mukuvhiringika.
Nekudaro, kushaikwa kwedzidziso hakuna kumisa kuyedza kushandisa zvawanikwa. Mukupera kwema1890, Brown akave purofesa paYunivhesiti yeStrasbourg - achangobva kutorwa kubva kuFrance panguva uye akatumidzwa zita rekuti Kaiser Wilhelm University. Ikoko akapinzwa munyika itsva inofadza yeradiotelegraphy. Akabvumirana nechikumbiro kubva kuboka revanamuzvinabhizinesi kuti vagadzire pamwe chete isina waya yekutaurirana system yakavakirwa pakufambiswa kwemafungu eredhiyo kuburikidza nemvura. Nekudaro, iye nevamwe vake vakakurumidza kusiya zano rekutanga vachifarira kusaina kwendege, iyo yakashandiswa naMarconi nevamwe.
Pakati pezvinhu zveredhiyo izvo boka raBrown rakatsvaga kuvandudza yaive iyo yakajairwa yekugamuchira, . Izvo zvaive zvakavakirwa pachokwadi chekuti masaisai eredhiyo akakonzeresa kuti mafirita esimbi abatane, achibvumira ikozvino kubva kubhatiri kuti ipfuure kune yekusaina mudziyo. Yakashanda, asi sisitimu yacho yaingopindura kune zvikwangwani zvine simba, uye yaida kugara ichirova mudziyo kuti iparadze bundu remasaha. Brown akarangarira zviyedzo zvake zvekare nemakristasi esulfide, uye muna 1899 akadzokorora gadziriro yake yekare yekuedza aine chinangwa chitsva - kushanda semudziviriri wemasaini asina waya. Akashandisa gadziriso kushandura kamhepo kekutenderera kemhepo kanogadzirwa nekupfuura masaisai eredhiyo kuita yakananga ikozvino yaigona kugonesa sipika diki iyo inoburitsa inonzwika kudzvanya pane imwe neimwe dot kana dash. Muchina uyu wakazozivikanwa se ""Nekuda kwekuonekwa kwewaya, iyo yaibata nyore pamusoro pekristaro. MuBritish India (uko kune Bangladesh nhasi), musayendisiti uye muvambi Jagadish Bose akavaka mudziyo wakafanana, zvichida kare muna 1894. Vamwe vakabva vatanga kugadzira michina yakafanana yakavakirwa pasilicon uye carborundum (silicon carbide).
Zvisinei, ndizvo chaizvo , lead sulfide, iyo yakanyungudutswa kuti ibudise mutobvu kubvira kare, yazova chinhu chinosanosarudzwa nokuda kwokunzvera makristaro. Dzaive nyore kugadzira uye dzakachipa, uye nekudaro dzakave dzakakurumbira zvakanyanya pakati pechizvarwa chekutanga cheredhiyo amateurs. Uyezve, kusiyana nebhinari coherer (ine sawdust iyo yakabatana kana kuti kwete), crystalline rectifier inogona kuburitsa chiratidzo chinoramba chichienderera. Naizvozvo, aigona kugadzira inzwi uye mimhanzi inonzwika munzeve, uye kwete chete Morse code ine madotsi uye dashes.
Katsi whisker detector yakavakirwa pane galena. Chidimbu chidiki chewaya kuruboshwe indebvu, uye chidimbu chesirivheri pazasi ndiyo galena crystal.
Nekudaro, sekushungurudzika kweredhiyo amateurs zvakakurumidza kuwanikwa, zvinogona kutora maminetsi kana maawa kuti uwane iyo yemashiripiti pamusoro pekristaro iyo yaizopa kugadzirisa kwakanaka. Uye masaini asina amplification aive asina simba uye aine ruzha rwesimbi. Pakazosvika ma1920s, vacuum chubhu inogamuchira ine triode amplifiers yakanga yatoita kuti makiristaro aonekwe asisashandike pese pese. Chavaingoyevedza kwaiva kudhura kwavo.
Ichi chitarisiko chipfupi munhandare yeredhiyo chaiita sechinogumira chekushandisa kwezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvemagetsi zvezvinhu zvakawanikwa naBrown nevamwe.
Copper oxide
Zvino muma1920, imwe nyanzvi yefizikisi inonzi Lars Grondahl akawana chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa negadziriro yake yokuedza. Grondahl, wekutanga wetambo yevarume vakangwara uye vasina kugadzikana munhoroondo yeAmerican West, aive mwanakomana weinjiniya. Baba vake, avo vakatama kubva kuNorway mu1880, vakashanda kwemakumi emakore akati wandei panjanji muCalifornia, Oregon neWashington. Pakutanga, Grondahl aiita seakatsunga kusiya nyika yababa vake yeinjiniya kumashure, achienda kuJohns Hopkins kuti awane doctorate mufizikisi kuti aite nzira yedzidzo. Asi akabva apinda mubhizinesi renjanji uye akatora chinzvimbo semutungamiriri wezvekutsvagisa kuUnion Switch uye Signal, chikamu chehofori yemaindasitiri. , iyo yaigovera michina yeindasitiri yezvitima.
Zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidza zvikonzero zvinopikisana zvekukurudzira kwaGrondahl pakutsvakurudza kwake, asi zvingava zvakadaro, akatanga kuedza nema disks emhangura aipisa kune rumwe rutivi kuti agadzire chidimbu che oxidized. Paaishanda navo, akacherechedza asymmetry yemazuva ano - kupikisa mune imwe nzira kwaive kwakakura katatu pane imwe. Dhisiki remhangura nemhangura oxide yakagadzirisa ikozvino, secrystal yesulfide.
Copper Oxide Rectifier Circuit
Grondahl akapedza makore matanhatu akatevera achigadzira gadziriso yekutengeserana yakagadzirira-kushandisa zvichienderana nechiitiko ichi, achitsvaga rubatsiro rwemumwe muongorori weU.S., Paul Geiger, asati aendesa chikumbiro chemvumo uye kuzivisa kuwanikwa kwake kuAmerican Physical Society muna 1926. pakarepo yakava yezvokutengeserana hit. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemafilaments asina kusimba, yaive yakavimbika zvakanyanya kupfuura vacuum tube rectifier yakavakirwa paFleming valve principle, uye yaive yakachipa kugadzira. Kusiyana neBrown rectifier crystals, yakashanda pakuedza kwekutanga, uye nekuda kwenzvimbo yakakura yekubatanidza pakati pesimbi neoxyde, yakashanda nehukuru hukuru hwemhepo uye voltages. Inogona kuchaja mabhatiri, kuona masaini mumasisitimu emagetsi akasiyana-siyana, uye kuita sechinhu chinodzivirira mumajenareta ane simba. Kana yakashandiswa se photocell, ma discs aigona kuita semamita akareruka, uye ainyanya kubatsira mukutora mifananidzo. Vamwe vaongorori vakatenderedza panguva imwe chete vakagadzira selenium rectifiers vakawana maapplication akafanana.
Paki yezvigadziriso zvinoenderana necopper oxide. Kuungana kwema disks akawanda kwakawedzera reverse resistance, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuvashandisa ne high voltage.
Makore mashomanana gare gare, vaviri Bell Labs fizikisi, Joseph Becker uye , vakasarudza kudzidza mutemo wekushanda we copper rectifier - vaifarira kudzidza kuti yakashanda sei uye kuti ingashandiswa sei paBell System.
Brattain mukukwegura - approx. 1950
Brattain aibva kunzvimbo imwe chete neGrondal, kuPacific Northwest, kwaakakurira papurazi makiromita mashomanana kubva kumuganhu weCanada. Muchikoro chesekondari, akatanga kufarira physics, achiratidza unyanzvi mundima, uye pakupedzisira akawana doctorate kubva kuYunivhesiti yeMinnesota mukupera kwema1920, uye akatora basa paBell Laboratories muna 1929. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, payunivhesiti yaakadzidza. ichangoburwa theoretical fizikisi, iyo yakanga ichiwana mukurumbira muEurope, uye ichizivikanwa se quantum mechanics (muchengeti wayo aive , uyo akadzidzisawo John Atanasoff).
Quantum Revolution
A new theoretical platform yakagadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma mumakore makumi matatu apfuura, uye nenguva yakafanira ichakwanisa kutsanangura zvese zvinoshamisa zviitiko zvakaonekwa kwemakore muzvinhu zvakadai se galena, selenium uye copper oxide. Boka rese revazhinji vechidiki vefizikisi, kunyanya kubva kuGermany nenyika dzakavakidzana, vakakonzera shanduko yehuwandu mufizikisi. Kwose kwose kwavaitarira, havana kuwana nyika yakatsetseka uye inopfuurira yavakanga vadzidziswa, asi mapundu echienzi, akajeka.
Zvose zvakatanga muma1890. Max Planck, purofesa ane mukurumbira paYunivhesiti yeBerlin, akasarudza kushanda nedambudziko rinonyatsozivikanwa risina kugadziriswa: sei “"(chinhu chakanaka chinotora simba rose uye chisingariratidze) chinoburitsa mwaranzi mumagetsi emagetsi? Mhando dzakasiyana dzakaedzwa, hapana kana imwe yaienderana nemhedzisiro yekuyedza - yakakundikana kune imwe magumo eiyo spectrum kana imwe. Planck akawana kuti kana tikafungidzira kuti simba rinobudiswa nemuviri mu "mapakiti" maduku ehuwandu hwakasiyana, saka tinogona kunyora pasi mutemo wakajeka wehukama pakati pehuwandu uye simba, rinonyatsoenderana nemigumisiro yemagetsi.
Nenguva isipi, Einstein akawana kuti chinhu chimwe chete chakaitika nekutorwa kwechiedza (yekutanga pikicha yemafotoni), uye J. J. Thomson akaratidza kuti magetsi akanga akatakurwawo kwete nemvura inoramba iripo kana masaisai, asi nezvidimbu zvakasiyana - maerekitironi. Niels Bohr akabva agadzira modhi yekutsanangura mafaro anoita maatomu anoburitsa mwaranzi nekuisa maerekitironi kune imwe neimwe orbits muatomu, imwe neimwe iine simba rayo. Zvisinei, zita iri rinotsausa nokuti haazvibati zvachose sematenderedzwa emapuraneti - mumuenzaniso weBohr, maerekitironi akabva asvetuka kubva kune imwe orbit, kana kuti simba, kuenda kune imwe, pasina kupfuura nepakati penyika. Pakupedzisira, muma1920s, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born nevamwe vakagadzira chikuva chesvomhu chakajairika chinozivikanwa se quantum mechanics, ichibatanidza ese akakosha emhando dzemhando dzakagadzirwa mumakore makumi maviri apfuura.
Panguva ino, mafizikiki akanga atova nechivimbo chokuti zvinhu zvakadai se selenium uye galena, izvo zvakaratidza photovoltaic uye kugadzirisa zvinhu, zvaiva zveboka rakasiyana rezvinhu, izvo zvavakadana semiconductors. Kusarudzwa kwacho kwakatora nguva yakareba nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Chekutanga, iwo mapoka e "conductor" uye "insulators" ivo pachavo vaive vakapamhama. T.N. "Makondakita" akasiyana zvakanyanya mukufambiswa, uye zvakafanana (kusvika padiki) zvaive zvechokwadi nezvezvidziviriri, uye zvaive zvisiri pachena kuti chero muitisi angaiswa sei mune chero yeaya makirasi. Uyezve, kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX zvakanga zvisingabviri kuwana kana kugadzira zvinhu zvakachena, uye chero zvisinganzwisisiki mukufambiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvinogona kugara zvichikonzerwa nekusvibiswa.
Vefizikisi zvino vaive nemidziyo yemasvomhu yequantum mechanics uye kirasi nyowani yezvinhu zvavaigona kuisirwa. British theorist ndiye akatanga kuzviisa pamwe chete uye kuvaka muenzaniso wesemiconductors uye mashandiro avanoita muna 1931.
Pakutanga, Wilson akapokana kuti zvinhu zvinoitisa zvakasiyana kubva kune dielectrics mumamiriro emabhendi avo esimba. Quantum mechanics inotaura kuti maerekitironi anogona kuvapo muhuwandu hushoma hwemazinga esimba anowanikwa mumabhomba, kana orbitals, emaatomu ega ega. Kana iwe ukasvina maatomu aya pamwechete muchimiro chechinhu, zvingava zvakanyanya kufungidzira nharaunda dzesimba dzinoramba dzichipfuura nemo. Kune nzvimbo dzisina chinhu mumakondakita mumabhandi emagetsi akakwira, uye munda wemagetsi unogona kufambisa maerekitironi zvakasununguka ipapo. Mune insulators, nzvimbo dzakazadzwa, uye kureba kukwira kusvika pakakwirira, inoitisa nzvimbo, iyo zviri nyore kuti magetsi afambe.
Izvi zvakamuita kuti agumise kuti kusvibiswa—maatomu okune imwe nyika muchimiro chechinhu—chinofanira kupawo kuzvinhu zvacho semiconductor. Vanogona kupa mamwe maerekitironi, ayo anopukunyuka nyore nyore mubhendi rekufambisa, kana maburi-kushaikwa kwemaerekitironi zvichienderana nezvimwe zvese-izvo zvinogadzira nzvimbo dzisina simba dzisina maerekitironi dzinogona kufamba. Sarudzo yekutanga yakazonzi n-mhando (kana yemagetsi) semiconductors nekuda kweiyo yakawandisa yakaipa charge, uye yechipiri - p-mhando kana gomba semiconductors nekuda kwekuwanda kwechaji yakanaka.
Pakupedzisira, Wilson akakurudzira kuti ikozvino kugadziriswa nemasemiconductors kunogona kutsanangurwa muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwemashoko. , kusvetuka kweerekitironi kamwe kamwe pachinhu chitete chemagetsi. Dzidziso yacho yaiita seine musoro, asi yakafanotaura kuti mukugadzirisa ikozvino inofanira kuyerera kubva kune oxide kuenda kumhangura, kunyange zvazvo chaizvoizvo yaiva imwe nzira yakapoteredza.
Saka, kunyangwe zvese zvakabudirira kwaWilson, semiconductors yakaramba yakaoma kutsanangura. Sezvo zvakava pachena zvishoma nezvishoma, shanduko yemicroscopic muchimiro chekristaro uye kusangana kwetsvina zvakakanganisa maitiro avo emagetsi macroscopic. Tichifuratira kushaikwa kwekunzwisisa—nekuti hapana aigona kutsanangura ongororo dzakaitwa naBrown makore 60 akanga apfuura—Bratteyn naBecker vakagadzira nzira inobudirira yokugadzira yecopper-oxide rectifiers kumushandirwi wavo. Iyo Bell System yakakurumidza kutanga kutsiva vacuum chubhu rectifiers mukati mehurongwa nechinhu chitsva icho mainjiniya avo akadana. , sezvo kuramba kwayo kwakasiyana zvichienderana negwara.
menduru yegoridhe
Mervyn Kelly, nyanzvi yefizikisi uye aimbove mukuru weBell Labs 'vacuum tube department, akafarira zvikuru budiriro iyi. Mukufamba kwemakumi emakore, vacuum chubhu akapa Bell basa rinokosha, uye vakakwanisa kuita mabasa akanga asingagoneki nezera rekare remakanika uye electromechanical zvikamu. Asi dzaimhanya dzichipisa, dzichigara dzichipisa, dzaipedza simba rakawanda, uye dzakanga dzakaoma kuchengetedza. Kelly aida kuvaka patsva sisitimu yeBell ine mamwe akavimbika uye akasimba-akasimba-nyika emagetsi zvikamu, senge varistors, izvo zvaisada akavharwa, akazadzwa negasi kana asina chinhu makesi kana kupisa filaments. Muna 1936, akave mukuru weBell Labs 'dhipatimendi rekutsvagisa, uye akatanga kutungamira sangano munzira itsva.
Mushure mekuwana solid-state rectifier, nhanho yaitevera yaive yekugadzira yakasimba-state amplifier. Nomuzvarirwo, sechubhu amplifier, mudziyo wakadaro unogona zvakare kushanda sedhijitari switch. Izvi zvainyanya kufarira kambani yeBell, sezvo nharembozha dzichiri kushandisa nhamba huru yemagetsi emagetsi edhijitari. Iyo kambani yaitsvaga yakavimbika, diki, simba-inoshanda uye inotonhorera kutsiva yevacuum chubhu mumasevhisi enhare, maredhiyo, radar uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zveanalogi, kwazvaishandiswa kukwidziridza masaini asina kusimba kusvika kumazinga ayo nzeve yemunhu yaigona kunzwa.
Muna 1936, Bell Laboratories yakazosimudza chando chekubhadhara chakaiswa panguva . Kelly akabva atanga kuunganidza quantum mechanics nyanzvi kuti dzibatsire kutanga chirongwa chake chakasimba chekutsvagisa, kusanganisira , mumwe chizvarwa cheWest Coast, anobva kuPalo Alto, California. Musoro weiyo ichangoburwa MIT dissertation yakanyatsoenderana nezvinodiwa naKelly: "Electron Bands muSodium Chloride."
Brattain naBecker vakaenderera mberi netsvagiridzo yavo pacopper oxide rectifier panguva iyi, vachitsvaga yakagadziridzwa yakasimba-state amplifier. Nzira yakanyatsojeka yekuzviita yaive yekutevera fananidzo ine vacuum chubhu. Sezvakaita Lee de Forest akatora chubhu amp uye pakati pecathode neanode, uye Brattain naBecker vakafungidzira kuti mesh yaigona sei kuiswa panosangana mhangura nemhangura oxide, paifanirwa kugadziridzwa. Zvisinei, nekuda kwehudiki hudiki hwemutsetse, vakaona zvisingaiti kuita izvi, uye havana kubudirira mune izvi.
Zvichakadaro, zvimwe zviitiko zvakaratidza kuti Bell Labs yakanga isiri iyo yega kambani inofarira solid-state zvemagetsi. Muna 1938, Rudolf Hilsch naRobert Pohl vakaburitsa mhedzisiro yeongororo yakaitwa paYunivhesiti yeGöttingen pane inoshanda yakasimba-state amplifier yakagadzirwa nekuunza grid mu potassium bromide crystal. Muchina wemurabhoritari uyu wakanga usina kukosha, zvikuru nokuti waishanda pamwero usingapfuure 1 Hz. Uye zvakadaro, kubudirira uku hakugone asi kufadza munhu wese anofarira solid-state zvemagetsi. Gore rimwe chetero, Kelly akapa Shockley kuboka idzva rakazvimirira rakasimba-nyika rekutsvagisa mudziyo ndokumupa iye nevamwe vake Foster Nix naDean Woolridge carte blanche kuti vaongorore kugona kwavo.
Vamwe vaviri vakagadzira vakakwanisa kugadzira solid-state amplifiers Hondo Yenyika II isati yasvika. Muna 1922, Soviet fizikisi uye muvambi akabudisa migumisiro yekuedza kwakabudirira ne zincite semiconductors, asi basa rake harina kuonekwa neveWestern community; Muna 1926, muvambi weAmerica Julius Lillenfield akanyorera patent yeakasimba-state amplifier, asi hapana humbowo hwekuti kugadzirwa kwake kwakashanda.
Kunzwisisa kukuru kwekutanga kwaShockley munzvimbo yake itsva kwakaitika achiverenga bhuku reBritish physics Neville Moth ra1938, Theory of Crystalline Rectifiers, iro rakazotsanangura musimboti wekushanda kweGrondahl copper oxide rectifier. Mott akashandisa masvomhu e quantum mechanics kutsanangura kuumbwa kwemunda wemagetsi panosangana simbi inoitisa uye semiconducting oxide, uye kuti maerekitironi "anosvetuka" sei pamusoro pechivharo chemagetsi ichi, pane kuita tunnel sezvakarongwa naWilson. Current inoyerera zviri nyore kubva kusimbi kuenda kune semiconductor pane vice versa nekuti simbi ine akawanda akasununguka maerekitironi.
Izvi zvakatungamira Shockley kune iyo pfungwa chaiyo iyo Brattain naBecker vakafunga uye vakaramba makore apfuura - kugadzira yakasimba-state amplifier nekuisa copper oxide mesh pakati pemhangura necopper oxide. Aitarisira kuti ikozvino inoyerera kuburikidza negridi yaizowedzera chipingamupinyi chinodzikamisa kuyerera kwazvino kubva kumhangura kuenda kune oxide, ichigadzira inverted, yakawedzera vhezheni yechiratidzo pane grid. Kuedza kwake kwekutanga kwakashata kwakakundikana zvachose, saka akatendeukira kumurume ane hunyanzvi hwemurabhoritari hwakakwenenzverwa uye kujairana nevagadziri: Walter Brattain. Uye, kunyangwe akange asina kupokana nezvemhedzisiro, Brattain akabvuma kugutsa kuda kuziva kwaShockley, uye akagadzira imwe yakaoma vhezheni ye "grid" amplifier. Akarambawo kushanda.
Ipapo hondo yakapindira, ichisiya chirongwa chitsva chaKelly chekutsvagisa chisina kunaka. Kelly akave mukuru weboka rinoshanda radar paBell Labs, achitsigirwa nenzvimbo huru yekuUS radar yekutsvagisa kuMIT. Brattain akamushandira kwenguva pfupi, ndokuzoenderera mberi nekutsvaga magineti ekuonekwa kwezvikepe zvepasi pemvura zvemugungwa. Woolridge yakashanda pamasisitimu ekudzora moto, Nix akashanda pakuparadzira gasi kuManhattan Project, uye Shockley akapinda mukuita tsvagiridzo yekushanda, akatanga achishanda pakurwisa mauto epasi pegungwa muAtlantic uyezve pakubhomba kwakadzikama muPacific.
Asi pasinei nekupindira uku, hondo haina kumisa kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ehurumende. Kusiyana neizvi, yakaronga kuisirwa kukuru kwezviwanikwa mumunda, uye yakatungamira mukusangana kwekutsvagisa pazvinhu zviviri: germanium nesilicon.
Chii chimwe chekuverenga
Ernest Bruan naStuart MacDonald, Revolution in Miniature (1978)
Friedrich Kurylo naCharles Susskind, Ferdinand Braun (1981)
G. L. Pearson naWH Brattain, "Nhoroondo yeSemiconductor Research," Proceedings of the IRE (Zvita 1955).
Michael Riordan naLillian Hoddeson, Crystal Fire (1997)
Source: www.habr.com