Chokwadi iwe, semushandisi weBitcoin, Ether kana chero imwe cryptocurrency, wanga uchinetseka kuti chero munhu angaona kuti mangani emari yaunayo muchikwama chako, wawakaendesa uye kubva kunaani wawakagamuchira. Pane kupokana kwakawanda kwakatenderedza kusazivikanwa cryptocurrencies, asi chinhu chimwe chete chatisingabvumirane nacho ndechekuti Maneja wepurojekiti yeMonero, Riccardo Spagni paakaundi yake yeTwitter: "Ko kana ndisingade kuti muchengeti wechitoro azive kuti imarii yandinayo pamari yangu uye zvandinoshandisa?"
Muchikamu chino tichatarisa tekinoroji yemhando yekusazivikanwa - kuti vanozviita sei, uye kupa muchidimbu nzira dzinonyanya kufarirwa, zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira.
Nhasi kune angangoita gumi nemaviri blockchains anobvumira kusazivikanwa kutengeserana. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune vamwe, kusazivikanwa kwekutamisa kunosungirwa, kune vamwe ndezvekuzvisarudzira, vamwe vanovanza chete vanyoreri uye vanogamuchira, vamwe havabvumiri mapato echitatu kuona kunyange huwandu hwekutamiswa. Hunenge matekinoroji ese atiri kufunga anopa kusazivikanwa kuzere - munhu wekunze haakwanise kuongorora masaramusi, vagamuchiri, kana nhoroondo yekutengeserana. Asi ngatitangei ongororo yedu nemumwe wevaparuri mune ino ndima yekutevera shanduko yemaitiro ekusazivikanwa.
Parizvino tekinoroji yeanonymization inogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: ayo anoenderana nekusanganiswa - uko mari inoshandiswa inosanganiswa nedzimwe mari kubva ku blockchain - uye matekinoroji anoshandisa humbowo hwakavakirwa pamapolynomials. Zvadaro, tichatarisa pane rimwe nerimwe remapoka aya uye tofunga zvakanakira nezvazvakaipira.
Kneading based
CoinJoin
haazivise mazita eshanduro dzemushandisi, asi zvinongokanganisa kutevera kwavo. Asi isu takasarudza kuisa tekinoroji iyi muongororo yedu, sezvo yaive imwe yekutanga kuyedza kuwedzera huwandu hwekuvanzika kwekutengeserana paBitcoin network. Iyi tekinoroji inonakidza mukureruka kwayo uye haidi kushandura mitemo yetiweki, saka inogona kushandiswa nyore nyore mune akawanda blockchains.
Izvo zvakavakirwa papfungwa yakapusa - ko kana vashandisi vakapindira uye vobhadhara mukutengesa kumwe chete? Zvinoitika kuti kana Arnold Schwarzenegger naBarack Obama vakapinda mukati uye vakabhadhara kaviri kuna Charlie Sheen naDonald Trump mune imwe kutengeserana, zvino zvinova zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti ndiani akapa mari pamushandirapamwe wesarudzo waTrump - Arnold kana Barack.
Asi kubva pamukana mukuru weCoinJoin kunouya kukanganisa kwayo kukuru - kuchengetedzeka kusina simba. Nhasi, kune nzira dzekuziva CoinJoin kutengeserana munetiweki uye machisi seti yezvipo kune seti yezvakabuda nekuenzanisa huwandu hwemari yakashandiswa uye yakagadzirwa. Muenzaniso wechishandiso chekuongorora kwakadaro .
Pros:
β’ Kupfava
Cons:
β’ Akaratidza hackability
Monero
Mubatanidzwa wekutanga unomuka paunonzwa mazwi okuti "asingazivikanwe cryptocurrency" ndiMonero. Mari iyi kugadzikana kwayo uye kuvanzika pasi pe microscope yehungwaru masevhisi:
Mune imwe yemazuva ano Isu takatsanangura iyo Monero protocol zvakadzama, uye nhasi tichapfupisa zvakataurwa.
MuMonero protocol, imwe neimwe inobuda mukutengeserana inosanganiswa neinosvika gumi nerimwe (panguva yekunyora) zvakangoerekana zvabuda kubva ku blockchain, nekudaro zvichikanganisa kutamisa girafu retiweki uye kuita kuti basa rekutevera kutengeserana rive rakaomarara. Zvinyorwa zvakasanganiswa zvakasainwa nechikwangwani chemhete, chinovimbisa kuti siginicha yakapihwa nemuridzi weimwe yemari yakasanganiswa, asi hazviiti kuti zvikwanise kuona kuti ndiani.
Kuti uvanze vanogamuchira, imwe neimwe ichangobva kugadzirwa inoshandisa kero yenguva imwe chete, zvichiita kuti zvisakwanisika kune mucherechedzi (zvakaoma sekutyora makiyi ekunyorera, hongu) kubatanidza chero chinobuda nekero yeruzhinji. Uye kubva munaGunyana 2017, Monero akatanga kutsigira protocol (CT) nezvimwe zvekuwedzera, nekudaro zvakare kuvanza huwandu hwekutamisa. Kwapera chinguva, vanogadzira cryptocurrency vakatsiva masiginecha eBorromean neBulletproofs, nekudaro vachidzikisa zvakanyanya saizi yekutengeserana.
Pros:
β’ Nguva-yakaedzwa
β’ Zviri nyore
Cons:
β’ Kuberekwa kweuchapupu uye kuvimbiswa kunononoka kudarika ZK-SNARKs uye ZK-STARKs
β’ Haisi kuramba kubira uchishandisa quantum makomputa
Mimblewimble
Mimblewimble (MW) yakagadzirwa se tekinoroji inokatyamadza yekusazivikanwa kutamiswa paBitcoin network, asi yakawana kushandiswa kwayo seyakazvimiririra blockchain. Inoshandiswa mune cryptocurrencies ΠΈ .
MW inocherechedzwa nekuti haina kero dzeveruzhinji, uye kuti vatumire kutengeserana, vashandisi vanochinjana zvinobuda zvakananga, nokudaro kubvisa kugona kwemucherechedzi wekunze kuongorora kuchinjirwa kubva kune anogamuchira kuenda kune anogamuchira.
Kuvanza huwandu hwezvakaiswa uye zvakabuda, yakajairika protocol yakakurudzirwa naGreg Maxwell muna 2015 inoshandiswa - (CT). Ndiko kuti, mari yacho yakavharidzirwa (kana kuti, ivo vanoshandisa ), uye panzvimbo yavo iyo network inoshanda nezvinonzi zvipikirwa. Kuti kutengeserana kuonekwe sekwakanaka, huwandu hwemari inoshandiswa nekugadzirwa pamwe nekomisheni inofanirwa kuenzana. Sezvo network isingashande zvakananga nenhamba, kuenzana kunovimbiswa uchishandisa equation yezvipikirwa zvakafanana, izvo zvinonzi kuzvipira kune zero.
Mune yepakutanga CT, kuvimbisa kusave negegativity yehukoshi (iyo inonzi humbowo humbowo), vanoshandisa Borromean Siginecha (Borromean ring siginecha), iyo yakatora nzvimbo yakawanda mu blockchain (inenge 6 kilobytes pakubuda. ) Panyaya iyi, kuipa kwemari isingazivikanwe uchishandisa tekinoroji iyi yaisanganisira saizi huru yekutengeserana, asi ikozvino vafunga kusiya masiginecha aya vachifarira tekinoroji yakawanda - Bulletproofs.
Iko hakuna pfungwa yekutengeserana muMW block pachayo, kune chete zvinobuda zvakashandiswa uye zvinogadzirwa mukati mayo. Hapana kutengeserana - hapana dambudziko!
Kudzivirira de-anonymization yeanotora chikamu padanho rekutumira kutengeserana kune network, protocol inoshandiswa. , iyo inoshandisa cheni yetiweki proxy nodes yehurefu husina kufanira iyo inotumira kutengeserana kune mumwe nemumwe isati yanyatsoigovera kune vese vatori vechikamu, nokudaro kukanganisa trajectory yekutengeserana inopinda mumambure.
Pros:
β’ Diki blockchain saizi
β’ Zviri nyore
Cons:
β’ Kuberekwa kweuchapupu uye kuvimbiswa kunononoka kudarika ZK-SNARKs uye ZK-STARKs
β’ Tsigiro yezvinhu zvakaita sezvinyorwa uye masiginecha akawanda zvakaoma kuita
β’ Haisi kuramba kubira uchishandisa quantum makomputa
Uchapupu hwepolynomials
ZK-SNARKs
Zita rakaomarara reiyi tekinoroji inomirira kuti β Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge, "iyo inogona kududzirwa se "Succinct isiri-interactive zero-ruzivo humbowo." Yakave kuenderera mberi kwezerocoin protocol, iyo yakawedzera kushanduka kuita zerocash uye yakatanga kushandiswa muZcash cryptocurrency.
Kazhinji, zero-ruzivo humbowo hunobvumira rimwe bato kuratidza kune rimwe chokwadi chechimwe chirevo chesvomhu pasina kuburitsa chero ruzivo nezvazvo. Panyaya yekristptocurrencies, nzira dzakadaro dzinoshandiswa kuratidza kuti, semuenzaniso, kutengeserana hakubudisi mari yakawanda kupfuura iyo inoshandisa, pasina kuburitsa huwandu hwekutumira.
ZK-SNARKs yakaoma zvikuru kunzwisisa, uye zvingatora zvinopfuura chinyorwa chimwe kutsanangura kuti inoshanda sei. Pane peji repamutemo reZcash, iyo yekutanga mari inoshandisa iyi protocol, tsananguro yekushanda kwayo inopihwa kune. . Naizvozvo, muchitsauko chino tichazviganhurira kune tsananguro yapamusoro chete.
Ichishandisa algebraic polynomials, ZK-SNARKs inoratidza kuti mutumiri wekubhadhara ndiye muridzi wemari yaari kushandisa uye kuti mari yakashandiswa haipfuuri huwandu hwemari inogadzirwa.
Iyi protocol yakagadzirwa nechinangwa chekudzikisa ukuru hwehumbowo hwechokwadi chechirevo uye panguva imwe chete nekukurumidza kuisimbisa. Hongu, maererano Zooko Wilcox, CEO weZcash, saizi yehumbowo ndeye 200 bytes chete, uye kurongeka kwayo kunogona kusimbiswa mugumi milliseconds. Uyezve, mune yazvino vhezheni yeZcash, vagadziri vakakwanisa kudzikisa humbowo chizvarwa nguva kusvika masekonzi maviri.
Nekudaro, usati washandisa tekinoroji iyi, nzira yakaoma yakavimbika yekumisikidza ye "public parameters" inodiwa, iyo inonzi "mhemberero" () Dambudziko rose nderekuti panguva yekuiswa kwezviyero izvi, hapana bato rine makiyi ega ega akasiirwa, anonzi "marara ane chepfu", zvikasadaro achakwanisa kugadzira mari nyowani. Iwe unogona kudzidza kuti maitiro aya anoitika sei kubva pavhidhiyo .
Pros:
β’ Humbowo hudiki saizi
β’ Kukurumidza kuona
β’ Zvine kukurumidza kuratidza kugadzirwa
Cons:
β’ Maitirwo akaomarara ekuseta ruzhinji parameters
β’ tsvina ine muchetura
β’ Hukama hwakaoma hwehunyanzvi
β’ Haisi kuramba kubira uchishandisa quantum makomputa
ZK-STARKs
Vanyori vematekinoroji maviri ekupedzisira akanaka pakutamba nemaacronyms, uye acronym inotevera inomirira "Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent ARguments of Knowledge." Iyi nzira yaive nechinangwa chekugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvaivepo zveZK-SNARKs panguva iyoyo: kudiwa kwekutendwa kwekugadzika kweruzhinji parameter, kuvapo kwemarara ane muchetura, kusagadzikana kweiyo cryptography yekubira uchishandisa quantum algorithms, uye kusakwana kukurumidza kukurumidza kugadzirwa. Nekudaro, ivo vagadziri veZK-SNARK vakabata neiyo yekupedzisira drawback.
ZK-STARKs zvakare inoshandisa polynomial-based proofs. Iyo tekinoroji haishandise yeruzhinji kiyi cryptography, ichitsamira panzvimbo pane hashing uye kutapurirana dzidziso. Kubvisa idzi cryptographic nzira kunoita kuti tekinoroji isarambe kune quantum algorithms. Asi izvi zvinouya pamutengo - humbowo hunogona kusvika mazana emazana kilobytes muhukuru.
Parizvino, ZK-STARK haina kuita mune chero cryptocurrencies, asi iripo chete seraibhurari . Nekudaro, ivo vanogadzira vane zvirongwa zvayo zvinoenda kure kupfuura blockchains (mune yavo vanyori vanopa muenzaniso wehumbowo hweDNA mudura remapurisa). Nechinangwa ichi chakagadzirwa , iyo pakupera kwe2018 yakaunganidza mari kubva kumakambani makuru muindastiri.
Iwe unogona kuverenga zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti ZK-STARK inoshanda sei muzvinyorwa zveVitalik Buterin (, , ).
Pros:
β’ Kuramba kubirwa nemakomputa equantum
β’ Zvine kukurumidza kuratidza kugadzirwa
β’ Zvine kukurumidza humbowo verification
β’ Hapana tsvina ine chepfu
Cons:
β’ Kuoma kwe teknolojia
β’ Hukuru humbowo saizi
mhedziso
Blockchain uye kudiwa kuri kukura kwekusazivikanwa kunoisa zvitsva pa cryptography. Saka, bazi recryptography rakatanga pakati pemakore ekuma1980 - zero-ruzivo humbowo - rakazadzikiswa nemitoo mitsva, ine simba inovandudza mumakore mashoma.
Nekudaro, kutiza kwekufunga kwesainzi kwaita kuti CoinJoin isashande, uye MimbleWimble muuyi anovimbisa ane pfungwa nyowani. Monero inoramba iri hofori isingazununguki mukuchengetedza zvakavanzika zvedu. Uye SNARKs uye STARKs, kunyange zvazvo vane zvikanganiso, vanogona kuva vatungamiri mumunda. Zvichida mumakore anotevera, mapoinzi atakaratidza mu "Cons" column yetekinoroji yega yega achave asina basa.
Source: www.habr.com