Kare muna 1887, nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuScotland William Thomson akaronga modhi yake yejometri yemagadzirirwo eether, iyo yainzi ndiyo yaipararira, kuzunguzika kwayo kunozviratidza kwatiri semasaisai emagetsi, kusanganisira chiedza. Pasinei nekukundikana kwakakwana kweiyo ether theory, mufananidzo wejometri wakaramba uripo, uye muna 1993, Denis Ware naRobert Phelan vakaronga imwe nzira yepamusoro yegadziriro inokwanisa kuzadza nzvimbo zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Kubva ipapo, iyi modhi yave ichinyanya kufarira masvomhu kana maartist, asi tsvakiridzo yechangobva kuitika yakaratidza kuti inogona kuumba hwaro hwehunyanzvi hwemangwana hunoshandisa chiedza panzvimbo yemagetsi. Chii chinonzi Ware-Phelan furo, chii chinoita kuti risaite, uye ringashandiswa sei kubata chiedza? Tichawana mhinduro kumibvunzo iyi nemimwe mumushumo weboka retsvakurudzo. Enda.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Chaizvoizvo makore zana apfuura munharaunda yesainzi pakanga paine dzidziso inonakidza pamusoro peimwe nyaya yezvose zvakapoteredza. Dzidziso iyi yaive yakanangana nekutsanangura chimiro chemagetsi emagetsi. Zvaitendwa kuti ether inotenderedza zvinhu zvese uye ndiko kunobva masaisai aya. Zvakawanikwa nesainzi zvakatevera dzidziso ye ether zvakaiparadza zvachose.
William Thomson
Zvisinei, muna 1887, apo dzidziso ye<em>ether yakanga izere nesimba nokukurumbira, masayendisiti akawanda akataura pfungwa dzavo pamusoro pokuti chaizvoizvo ether yaigona sei kuzadza nzvimbo yose. William Thomson, anozivikanwawo saLord Kelvin, aivewo akadaro. Akanga achitsvaga chivakwa chaizonyatsozadza nzvimbo yacho kuti pasava nenzvimbo dzisina vanhu. Kutsvaga uku kwakazonzi dambudziko raKelvin.
Muenzaniso wekare: fungidzira bhokisi rine magaba ecola. Pakati pavo, nekuda kwechimiro checylindrical, voids inomuka, i.e. nzvimbo isina kushandiswa.
Thomson, kunze kwekutenda kuti Nyika yakanga isiri makore anopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mana, yakaronga chimiro chitsva chejometri, iyo yakagadziridzwa naDenis Ware naRobert Phelan, semugumisiro waakatumidzwa zita ravo.
Chimiro cheWare-Phelan chakavakirwa pamuzinga unozadza nzvimbo ine polyhedra isina kubatana, ichisiya isina nzvimbo. Muzinga, uyo watinowanzo funga nezvawo semakona matatu tichitenda kumuzinga, unouya mune zvakawanda zvakasiyana. Kune cubic, octahedral, tetrahedral, rhombic dodecahedral, nezvimwe.
Ware-Phelan chimiro
Chinhu chisina kujairika pamusoro peWare-Phelan mizinga yeuchi ndeyekuti inoumbwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzejometri uye zvinhu. Papakati payo, ifuro rakanaka remabhuru akaenzana.
Tateguru wefuro iri ndiye akanga ataurwa naLord Kelvin, taitozivana nesu. Zvisinei, shanduro yake yaisanganisira macubic mazinga euchi akapfupikiswa. Chimiro cheKelvin chaive chizinga chehuchi chakakomberedzwa chakagadzirwa neoctahedron ine zviso zvina, inozadza nzvimbo ye polyhedron (tetradecahedron), ine zviso zvitanhatu masikweya uye zviso zvisere zvine hekisi.
Iyi sarudzo yekuwedzera nzvimbo yekuzadza yaionekwa seyakanaka kweanoda kusvika makore zana, kudzamara Ware naPhelan vavhura chimiro chavo muna 1993.
Pentagondodekahedron uye decahedron
Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pehuchi hweWare-Phelan uye hwakatangira kushandiswa kwemhando mbiri dzezvinhu zvinoumba, izvo, zvisinei, zvine vhoriyamu imwechete: pentagondodecahedron (dodecahedron ine tetrahedral symmetry) uye XNUMXhedron ine cymmetry inotenderera.
Mubasa ratiri kufunga nhasi, masayendisiti kubva kuPrinceton University vakasarudza kushandisa Ware-Phelan foam mumafotonics. Kutanga, zvaive zvakafanira kuziva kana mafuro akadaro ane mabhandi ephotonic gaps (PBGs), ayo anovhara kupararira kwechiedza kumativi ese uye kune ese mapolarizations pamusoro pehuwandu hwakawanda hwemafrequency.
Muchidzidzo chavo, masayendisiti akaratidza kuti 16,9D photonic network yakavakirwa paWare-Phelan foam inotungamira kune yakakosha PBG (XNUMX%) ine dhigirii repamusoro. isotropy*, iyo inokosha pfuma ye photonic circuits.
Isotropy* - zvakafanana zvemuviri zvimiro mumativi ese.
Kelvin foam uye C15 foam yakaitawo zvakanaka maererano nePBG, asi yakanga yakaderera kune Ware-Phelan chimiro panyaya iyi.
Zvidzidzo zvakafanana zvakaitwa kare, asi zvakatarisa kune maviri-dimensional yakaoma furo. Zvakazoonekwa kuti maviri-dimensional amorphous yakaoma furo anoratidza PBG chete chinjikira magetsi polarization. Dambudziko nderekuti kune maviri polarizations mu XNUMXD foam.
Kunyangwe paine matambudziko anogona kuitika, 30D foam inogona kutorwa sechinhu chinovimbisa mumunda wephotonics, sekureva kwevaongorori. Pane chikonzero cheizvi: Mitemo yePlateau inovimbisa kuti mipendero inoumba tetrahedral vertices chete. Uye iyi yakakura yekuwedzera kune photonic network. Muenzaniso unoshamisa weizvi idhaimondi rine PBG yeXNUMX%.
Furo rine tetrahedral pfuma yedhaimani lattice coordinates, asi rinosiyana pakuti rine mativi akakombama uye hurefu husina kuenzana hwebhondi. Izvo zvinongosara kuziva kuti sei uye kusvika papi misiyano yakadaro inokanganisa photonic properties.
Kana mbabvu dze 17D dzakaoma furo dzakaita kukora, zvinokwanisika kugadzira mafotonic network (mifananidzo iri pazasi) inotaridza yakadudzwa mafotonic PBGs anosvika XNUMX%, anofananidzwa kana akakwirira kune ayo emhando dzemienzaniso yeanozvibatanidza ega mafotonic makristasi.
Mufananidzo #1: Photonic foam network inowanikwa nekukora micheto yeWare-Phelan chimiro (kuruboshwe), Kelvin chimiro (pakati) uye C15 foam (kurudyi).
Kuti ushandise muenzaniso wakadaro mukuita, furo rakaoma rinofanira kutanga rave rakanatswa uye rozoputirwa ne dielectric material. Nomuzvarirwo, iyo PBG yefuro ichave yakaderera pane iyo yephotonic crystal, asi ichi chinokanganisa chinogona kukundwa nehuwandu hwezvakanakira. Kutanga, kuzvironga kwefuro kunogona kubvumira kukurumidza kugadzirwa kwemasampuli makuru. Kechipiri, photonic foam heterostructures, zvichibva patsvagiridzo yapfuura, inogona kuve nehupamhi hwekushandisa.
Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga
Chokutanga pane zvose, zvaive zvakakodzera kudzidza furo rakaoma, iro rinotsanangurwa se minima yemunharaunda yenharaunda yepakati tessellation* zvichienderana nekumanikidzwa kwevhoriyamu, kuitira kuti iyo yekupedzisira geometry iteerere mitemo yePlateau.
Tessellation* - kupatsanura ndege muzvikamu zvinovhara zvachose ndege yose pasina kusiya mapeji.
Kuvaka iyo Ware-Phelan, Kelvin, uye C15 foams, masayendisiti akatanga neakaremerwa Voronoi tessellations yeBCC, A15, kana C15 makristasi, zvichiteerana.
Voronoi diagram
Iyo parameter yakasarudzwa nenzira yekuti maseru ekuparadzanisa ese aive nevhoriyamu imwechete.
Mambure akaumbwa kubva kumapendero akakomberedzwa emafuro uye kubva pakatwasuka tessellation mipendero yevakatangira akadzidzwa. Kuongorora iyo topology yemhando dzese dzefuro, nhamba dzemhete*.
Nhamba dzemhete (nhamba dzemhete)*Ongororo yehunhu hwepamusoro hwezvinhu zvenetiweki (zvinwiwa, crystalline kana amorphous masisitimu) inowanzobva padzidziso yegirafu vachishandisa nodhi dzeatomu nemabhondi ekubatanidza kweinteratomic. Kusavapo kana kuvepo kwekubatana pakati pemanodhi maviri kunotsanangurwa nekuongorora mashandiro eiyo yakazara uye chikamu cheradial kugovera kwehurongwa. Munetiweki zvinhu, kutevedzana kwemanodhi uye zvinongedzo zvakabatanidzwa munhevedzano pasina kupindirana kunonzi nzira. Kutevera tsanangudzo iyi, mhete inongova nzira yakavharwa. Kana iwe ukanyatsoongorora imwe network node, unogona kuona kuti iyi node inogona kutora chikamu mumarin'i akawanda. Imwe neimwe yezvindori izvi inoratidzirwa nehukuru hwayo uye inogona kukamurwa zvichienderana nehukama pakati pemanodhi uye malink anoigadzira.
Nzira yekutanga yekutsanangura mhete yakapihwa naShirley W. King. Kudzidza kubatana kwegirazi SiO2, anotsanangura rin'i senzira ipfupi pakati pevavakidzani vaviri vepedyo venode yakapihwa.
Muchiitiko chekudzidza kuri kutariswa, maverengero akaitwa nhamba yezvindori zvipfupi pane vertex mune imwe unit cell.
Sero rimwe mumuenzaniso weKelvin rine masikweya maviri nemahexagoni mana pavhetikisi, asi TCP (tetrahedral close-packed) furo rine zviso zvepentagonal uye hexagonal chete (avhareji: 2 uye 4 muWare-Phelan furo; 5.2 uye 0.78 muC5.3 furo). Voronoi tessellations A0.71 uye C15 zvimiro zveTCP zvine nhamba huru uye diki yemapendero (f) pasero rimwe chete. Saka, iyo Ware-Phelan chimiro chine huwandu hukuru hwezviso (f = 13 + 1/2), uye C15 ndiyo nhamba diki yezviso (f = 13 + 1/3).
Sezvo vapedza kugadzirira kwavo dzidziso, masayendisiti akatanga kuenzanisira photonic network yakavakirwa pamabvu akaoma furo, i.e. foam-photon network. Zvakaonekwa kuti paPBG kukosha kwe20% system performance inowedzerwa, asi pa15% iyo Ware-Phelan furo inova isina kugadzikana. Nechikonzero ichi, masayendisiti haana kufunga furo rakanyorova, uko miganhu yePlateau ine tricuspid muchinjiko-zvikamu. Pane kudaro, kutarisa kwaive kune yakaoma furo zvimiro, uko masayendisiti aigona kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kukora kwembabvu.
Pamusoro pezvo, mupendero wega wega ndiyo yepakati axis ye spherocylinder (capsule), uko radius iri tuning parameter.
Vatsvagiri vanotiyeuchidza kuti mambure efoam akadaro haasi furo mupfungwa chaiyo, asi nekuda kwekureruka mumushumo wavo vanozonzi "foam" kana "foam network."
Munguva yekufananidza, iyo parameter yakatorwa ɛ (dielectric kusiyana) - chiyero che dielectric constants yezvinhu zvine yakakwirira uye yakaderera insulation values. Dielectric mutsauko unofungidzirwa kuva pakati pe13 ne1, iyo inowanzoshandiswa mumabhuku seyero kana ichienzanisa kushanda kweakasiyana photonic material design.
Kune yega yega network, radius yemupendero (spherocylinders) inogadziridzwa chiyero chepamusoro chebhendi gap nepakati: ∆ω/ωm, kupi ∆ω ndiyo frequency band wide, uye ωm - frequency mukati menzvimbo.
Mufananidzo #2: Photonic zonal structure yeWare-Phelan foam (tsvuku), Kelvin foam (blue), uye C15 foam (girinhi).
Zvadaro, hukuru hwePBG hwakayerwa uye hwakawanikwa huri: 7.7% yeKelvin foam, 13.0% yeC15 foam uye 16.9% yeWare-Phelan furo. Kuderedza nzvimbo kunowedzera saizi yePBG ne0.7%, 0.3 kana 1.3%.
Sezvo zvakava pachena kubva pakuongorora, TCP network ine yakakura zvikuru PBG saizi kupfuura Kelvin network. Pakati pemaTCP network, Ware-Phelan foam ine saizi yakakura kwazvo yebhendi, iyo inofungidzirwa nekuda kwekuchinja kudiki mukureba kwekubatanidza. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti kusiyana kwekureba kwezvisungo kunogona kuva chikonzero chikuru nei muhurongwa hwavo, i.e. muWare-Phelan furo, PBG ishoma pane mudhaimani (31.6%) kana muLaves system (28.3%).
Chinhu chakakosha zvakaenzana mufotonics isotropy yePBG, iyo inobvumira kugadzirwa kwemawaveguides ezvimiro zvekupokana. Photonic quasicrystals, pamwe neamorphous photonic network, yakawanda isotropic kupfuura classical photonic crystals.
Iyo foam-photonic chimiro pasi pechidzidzo zvakare ine yakakwira dhigirii ye isotropy. Pazasi pane formula yekuona iyo anisotropy coefficient (kureva, dhigirii remutsauko mumidziyo yeimwe nharaunda) PBG (А):
A: = (√Var[ωHDB]+Var[ωLAB]) / ωm
C15 foam yakawanikwa iine anisotropy yakaderera (1.0%), inoteverwa neWeir-Phelan foam (1.2%). Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvimiro izvi zvakanyanya isotropic.
Asi chimiro cheKelvin chinoratidza anisotropy coefficient ye3.5%, iri padyo neiyo yeLaves system (3.4%) nedhaimondi (4.2%). Nekudaro, kunyangwe zviratidzo izvi hazvisi izvo zvakaipisisa, nekuti kune zvakare nyore cubic masisitimu ane anisotropy coefficient ye8.8% uye hexagonal diamond network ine 9.7%.
Mukuita, kana zvichidikanwa kuti uwane iyo yakakura PBG kukosha, dzimwe nguva zvinodikanwa kushandura mamwe emuviri ma parameter echimiro. Muchiitiko ichi, iyi parameter ndiyo radius ye spherocylinders. Masayendisiti akaita masvomhu masvomhu umo vakasarudza hukama pakati peiyo photonic bhendi gap nehupamhi hwayo sebasa. ɛ. Kune yega yega yakakosha kukosha, radius yakagadziridzwa kuti iwedzere ∆ω/ωm.
Mufananidzo No. 3: kuenzanisa kwe ∆ω / ωm yezvidzidzo zvefoam network (C15, Kelvin, Weir-Phelan) nezvimwe zvivako (diamond, hexagonal diamond, Laves, SC - cubic nguva dzose).
Weir-Phelan furo rinochengetedza hukuru hwePBG hunogamuchirwa hwe8% kusvika kune dielectric kusiyana ɛ≈9, uye radius yakawedzerwa kuti iwane huwandu hwePBG hunokosha hwe15%. PBGs inonyangarika kana ɛ <6.5. Sezvinotarisirwa, chimiro chedhaimani chine hombe PBG pakati pezvimiro zvese zvakadzidzwa.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama rwema nuances echidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa и kwaari.
Epilogue
Chikonzero chikuru chekuitisa chidzidzo ichi chido chekupindura mubvunzo wekuti foam network inogona kuratidza yakazara PBG. Kushandura mipendero yezvakaoma foam zvimiro kuita photonic network zvakaratidza kuti vanogona.
Parizvino, furo haisi kunyanya kudzidza chimiro. Ehe, kune zvidzidzo zvinopa mhedzisiro yakanaka maererano neamorphous network, asi zvakaitwa pazvinhu zvidiki zvakanyanya. Kuti system yacho ichaita sei sezvo hukuru hwayo huchiwedzera hazvisati zvanyatsojeka.
Maererano nevanyori vezvidzidzo, basa ravo rinovhura mikana yakawanda yezvigadzirwa zvemangwana. Foam yakajairika muchisikigo uye iri nyore kugadzira, zvichiita kuti chimiro ichi chitaridzike kune anoshanda maapplication.
Masayendisiti anodaidza iyo Internet imwe yeanonyanya kuda mashandisirwo ekutsvaga kwavo. Sezvo vatsvakurudzi pachavo vanotaura, kutumira data pamusoro pe fiber optical haisi itsva, asi chiedza chichiri kuchinjwa kuva magetsi kwachiri kuenda. Photonic bandgap zvinhu zvinogona kunanga mwenje zvakanyanya kupfuura zvakajairwa fiber optic tambo uye inogona kushanda se optical transistors inoita masvomhu vachishandisa mwenje.
Pasinei nokuti zvirongwa zvacho zvakakura sei, pachine basa rakawanda rinofanira kuitwa. Nekudaro, kana kuomarara kwekuita tsvakiridzo kana kuomarara kwekuita zviedzo zvinogona kukunda kufarira kwesainzi uye chishuwo chavo chekuvandudza nyika yehunyanzvi.
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! 🙂
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