Kare zera reZoom risati rasvika panguva yedenda re coronavirus, vana vakanamatira mukati memadziro mana edzimba dzavo vakamanikidzwa kuenderera mberi nekudzidza. Uye vakabudirira nekuda kwekudzidziswa kwefoni "kudzidzisa-foni".
Ipo denda richipisa, zvikoro zvese muUnited States zvakavharwa, uye vadzidzi vari kunetsekana kuti vaenderere mberi nedzidzo yavo kubva kumba. MuLong Beach, California, boka revadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari rakapayona kushandisa noungwaru ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakakurumbira kuti vawiriranezve nevadzidzisi vavo.
Ndi1919, denda rambotaurwa riri kuitika nekuda kwekudaidzwa. "". Uye tekinoroji yakakurumbira ndeyekukurukurirana kwefoni. Kunyange panguva iyoyo nhaka yaAlexander Graham Bell yakanga yatova nemakore makumi mana [MuItaly anonzi ndiye muvambi wefoni nhasi. / approx. transl.], achiri kushandura nyika zvishoma nezvishoma. Panguva iyoyo, hafu chete yemhuri dzine mari yepakati yaive nerunhare, maererano nebhuku raClaude Fisher rinonzi “America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940.” Vana vechikoro vachishandisa nharembozha pakudzidza yaive pfungwa itsva zvekuti yaitonyorwa nezvayo mumapepanhau.
Nekudaro, uyu muenzaniso hauna kukurumidza kutanga wave kudzidza kure uchishandisa matekinoroji matsva. Mazhinji nharembozha panguva yedenda refuruwenza yeSpain aisakwanisa kubata nezvikumbiro zvevashandisi, uye kunyangwe nezvikumbiro zvekurega kufona kunze kwekunge pane emergency. Zvichida ichi ndicho chikonzero kuyedza kweLong Beach hakuna kushandiswa zvakanyanya. United States yakakwanisa kudzivirira dambudziko rehutano rakafanana uye kuvharwa kwezvikoro kwakapararira kweanopfuura zana kusvika coronavirus yasvika.
Zvisinei, kunyange pasina zviitiko zvakadai sefuruwenza yeSpain, vana vakawanda mukutanga uye pakati pezana remakore rechi1952 havana kuenda kuchikoro nekuda kwekurwara. Nepo isu tichikohwa mabhenefiti ezvakawanda zvakadaro zvakawanikwa mune zvekurapa uye kubudirira, tinokanganwa kuti vangani zvirwere zvinouraya zvaive chokwadi chezuva nezuva kuvabereki vedu navanasekuru. Muna XNUMX, nekuda kwekubuda kwenzvimbo nhamba yenyaya muUnited States yakasvika 58 000. Gore iroro, pasi pehutungamiri hwe Rimwe remajekiseni ekutanga ekudzivirira poriyo rakagadzirwa.
Makumi maviri emakore mushure mekuputika kweSpanish Flu, runhare rwakabuda zvakare sechombo chekudzidza kure. Uye panguva ino - nemigumisiro.
Kwemakore akawanda, zvikoro zvakadzidzisa vana vasingaende kumba nenzira yechinyakare. Vakaunza kudzidza kudzimba dzavo vachibatsirwa nevadzidzisi vanofambira. Zvisinei, nzira iyi yaidhura uye haina kukura zvakanaka. Paive nevadzidzi vakawandisa kune vadzidzisi vashoma. Mumaruwa, kungobvisa mudzidzisi pamusha kuenda kumba kwaipedza yakawanda yenguva yake yokushanda. Chakanakira vadzidzi ndechekuti vaingopedza awa imwe chete kana maviri pasvondo pazvidzidzo.
AT&T nemakambani enhare emuno akashambadza masevhisi avo ekudzidzisa parunhare, achiburitsa izwi kune vangango shandisa uye kuvaka mukurumbira wakanaka.
Muna 1939, Iowa Dhipatimendi reDzidzo yakatungamirira chirongwa chekuedza icho chaiisa vadzidzisi parunhare kwete seri kwevhiri. Izvo zvese zvakatanga muNewton, inonyanya kuzivikanwa nekugadzirwa kwayo kweMaytag kicheni midziyo. Maererano nechinyorwa cha1955 Saturday Evening Post chakanyorwa naWilliam Dutton, vadzidzi vaviri vairwara—Tanya Ryder, musikana ane makore 9 okukura ane arthritis, uye Betty Jean Curnan, ane makore 16 okukura akanga achinaya mukuvhiyiwa—vakatanga kufunda parunhare. Gadziriro yacho, yakavakwa navazvipiri vekambani yenhare yomunzvimbomo, yakava muenzaniso wokutanga weyaizonzi gare gare kudzidzisa-runhare, runhare rwechikoro neimba, kana kuti kungoti “bhokisi remashiripiti.”
Nenguva isipi vamwe vakakumbanira Tanya naBetty. Muna 1939, Dorothy Rose Cave weMarcus, Iowa, akaita kondirakiti , chirwere chemapfupa chisingawanzoitiki chakamusiya akarara kwemakore. Vanachiremba vakangowanikwa muma1940s kuti yaigona kurapwa zvinobudirira. . Chinyorwa cha1942 cheSioux City Journal chakarangarira mafambisirwo akaitwa kambani yenhare netambo dzenhare mamaira manomwe kubatanidza purazi rake nechikoro chiri pedyo. Akashandisa foni kwete pakudzidza chete, asiwo kuteerera makonzati aipiwa nevaaidzidza navo nemitambo yavo yebasketball.
Pakasvika 1946, vadzidzi 83 veIowa vakanga vachidzidziswa norunhare, uye pfungwa yacho yakapararira kune dzimwe nyika. Somuenzaniso, muna 1942, Frank Huettner weBloomer, Wisconsin, akaremara mitezo apo bhazi rechikoro raakanga akatasva richibva mukukakavadzana rakapidiguka. Pashure pokunge apedza mazuva 100 ari muchipatara ndokuzowana vaaidzidza navo muzvidzidzo zvose, akawana imwe nyaya yaitaura nezvepurogiramu yokudzidzisa norunhare muIowa. Vabereki vake vakanyengetedza koreji yomunzvimbomo kuti iise midziyo yose inodiwa. Huettner akave nemukurumbira semunhu wekutanga kubudirira kupedza koreji uyezve chikoro chemutemo nekudzidza parunhare.
Pakazosvika 1953, matunhu makumi mana nematatu akange atora tekinoroji yekudzidza kure. Pavakangobvumidza mudzidzi, ivo vaiwanzovhara inenge mutengo wese wemasevhisi efoni. Muna 43, yaive pakati pemadhora gumi nematatu nemadhora makumi maviri neshanu pamwedzi, iyo muna 1960 inoturikira kumitengo iri pakati pemadhora zana nemakumi maviri nemazana matatu nemakumi maviri nesere. Kunyangwe dzimwe nguva masangano akaita seElks neUnited Cerebral Palsy akabatsira kubhadhara mabhiri.
Kuvandudza tekinoroji yekudzidzisa-foni
Sezvinongoita zvikoro zvemazuva ano zvakatora Zoom, sevhisi yakatanga kugadzirirwa mabhizinesi ekutengesa, masystem ekutanga ekudzidzisa-foni akangodzokororwa kubva kuchangobva kuunzwa muhofisi intercom inonzi Flash-A-Call. Nekudaro, vashandisi vakasangana neruzha panguva yekufona pakati pezvikoro nedzimba dzevadzidzi. Uyezve, sekunyora kwakaita Dutton muSaturday Evening Post, “zvidzidzo zvemasvomhu dzimwe nguva zvaivhiringwa nemanzwi emadzimai epamba vaishevedzera kuti vaise maodha egirosari.”
Matambudziko akadaro ehunyanzvi akafuridzira iyo Bell System nekambani yezvekutaurirana zvekushandisa Executone kugadzira yakakosha michina yekutaurirana-kumba-kumba. Somuuyo, vadzidzi vari pamba (uye dzimwe nguva muchipatara) vakagamuchira gajeti yakafanana neredhiyo yepatafura, ine bhatani raigona kudzvanywa kuti ritaure. Yakabatana netambo yerunhare yakatsaurirwa kune imwe mudziyo mukirasi, iyo yakanzwa manzwi emudzidzisi nevadzidzi uye yaaendesa kumwana ari kure. Madhiri ekuchikoro akaitwa kuti atakurwe uye aiwanzotakurwa kubva mukirasi kuenda kune kirasi nevazvipiri vevadzidzi mukati mezuva rechikoro.
Uye zvakadaro, ruzha rwekunze rwakagadzira matambudziko. “Kunzwika kwakaderera, kwepamusoro-soro kunowedzera kusimba, uye kurira kwepenzura iri kuputsika pedyo nekamuri rechikoro kunonzwika muimba yaRuffin sekurira kwepfuti,” Blaine Freeland akanyora muCedar Rapids Gazette muna 1948 pamusoro paNed Ruffin, ane makore 16. -mugari wekare weIowa anotambura kubva .
Zvikoro zvakawana ruzivo rwekushanda nehunyanzvi hwekudzidzisa-foni uye zvakadzidza kusimba kwayo uye kusasimba kwayo. Mutauro wekuzvarwa waigona kudzidziswa zviri nyore neinzwi rimwe chete. Masvomhu ainyanya kunetsa kuburitsa - zvimwe zvinhu zvaifanira kunyorwa pabhodhi. Asi zvikoro zvakaomerwa nekushandisa kudzidza parunhare. Muna 1948, bepanhau reIowa rinonzi Ottumwa Daily Courier rakanyora kuti mumwe mudzidzi weko, Martha Jean Meyer, airwara nechirwere cherheumatic fever, akanga aine maikorosikopu akaunzwa kumba kwake kuti adzidze biology.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvikoro kazhinji zvakasarudza kudzidzisa vari kure vana vasiri pasi pegiredhi rechina. Zvaitendwa kuti vana vadiki vaive vasina kutsungirira kwakakwana - ichi ndicho chiitiko chakatarisana nevadzidzisi vese vekukireshi vakaedza kubata vari kure vana vane makore mashanu gore rino. Panguva imwecheteyo, kushanya kumba kwevadzidzisi hakuna kusiiwa zvachose; ichi charatidza kuva chishandiso chekutsigira chinobatsira, kunyanya bvunzo dzinonetsa kuita uri kure.
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha munyaya yekudzidzisa-foni kwaiva kushanda kwekombiyuta iyi. Ongororo yakaitwa muna 1961 yakaratidza kuti chikamu che98% chevadzidzi vakashandisa tekinoroji iyi vakapasa bvunzo, zvichienzaniswa neavhareji yenyika chete ye85% yevadzidzi vakaita izvi. Vanyori vegwaro iri vakagumisa kuti vadzidzi vakafonera chikoro ichi vaive nechido chechikoro uye vaine nguva yakawanda yekudzidza kupfuura vamwe vavo vane hutano, vasina hanya navo.
Zvichienderana nezvakanakira dzidzo, hurongwa uhu hwakabatsirawo mukudzoreredza hukama hwakanga husingasvikike kuvana vakaramba vari pamba nekuda kwehurwere. “Kukurukurirana norunhare nechikoro kunopa vadzidzi vanenge vachidzokera kumba kunzwa kwokuva munharaunda,” akanyora kudaro Norris Millington muna 1959 muFamily Weekly. "Kamuri remudzidzi rinovhurika kune nyika yese, kusangana nayo isingapere nekupera kwemakirasi." Gore rakatevera racho, imwe nyaya yakabudiswa nezvemumwe mudzidzi wokuNewkirk, Oklahoma, anonzi Gene Richards, aiva nechirwere cheitsvo. Aigara achibatidza yake yekudzidzisa-foni hafu yeawa makirasi asati atanga kutaura neshamwari dzake dzekuchikoro.
Maguta makuru
Kunyange zvazvo kudzidzisa-foni yakaberekerwa kumaruwa, yakazopedzisira yawana nzira yayo munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda. Zvimwe zvirongwa zvekudzidza zviri kure mumaguta makuru zvakapfuura kungobatanidza vana vari kumba kumakirasi echinyakare. Vakatanga kupa makirasi akazara chaiwo, mudzidzi wese achitora chikamu kure. Muna 1964, pakanga paine 15 teleeducation nzvimbo muLos Angeles, imwe neimwe yaishandira vadzidzi 15-20. Vadzidzisi vakashandisa nharembozha dzeauto-dialer uye dzaifona kudzimba dzevadzidzi kuburikidza nemitsara yakatsaurirwa nzira imwe chete. Vadzidzi vakapinda mukudzidziswa vachishandisa maspeakerphone, kuroja kwaiita madhora manomwe neshanu/mwedzi.
Zvikoro zvakare zvakapindirana makirasi efoni nemamwe matekinoroji ekudzidzira kure. MuNew York, vadzidzi vaiteerera kutepfenyura kweredhiyo kwainzi “High School Live” uye ipapo vakakurukura zvavakanzwa parunhare. Paive zvakare neimwe inonakidza sisitimu yakagadzirwa paGTE, yavakadaidza kuti "bhodhi newaya." Mudzidzisi aigona kunyora manotsi nechinyoreso chemagetsi pahwendefa, uye miuyo yacho yaitumirwa newaya kumakirikirini eterevhizheni ari kure. Haisi chete tekinoroji yaive muponesi wevanhu vakavharirwa mukati, asi yakavimbisawo "kubatanidza makirasi evarombo nevadzidzisi vakangwara, mamaira kure," sekushamisika kweAP muna 1966. Zvakadaro, tekinoroji haina kugamuchirwa zvakanyanya-sezvinongoita tekinoroji nyowani dzekudzidzira kure dzatadza kuzadzisa zvivimbiso zvadzo.
Dzidziso dzechinhambwe dzaibatsira zvekuti dzakaramba dziripo kusvika kumakore ekuma1980 nema1990 nenzira imwe chete sezvadzakanga dzakaita mumakumi emakore apfuura. Mukupera kwema1970 uye kutanga kwema1980, mushandisi anozivikanwa kwazvo wetekinoroji iyi aive , "bubble boy" anobva kuHouston ane hutachiona hwakanyanya hwakabatana hwakamutadzisa kubuda kunze kwekamuri rekudzivirira rakaiswa mumba make. Aiva nefoni yekudzidzisa, yaaiwanzofonera zvikoro zvaiva pedyo, zvichiita kuti upenyu hwake huve hwakati kuti hwemazuva ose kusvikira afa muna 1984 ava nemakore 12.
Sezvo zana remakore rechi18 richiswedera, chidimbu chitsva chetekinoroji chazochinja kudzidza kure kure zvachose: kutapurirana kwevhidhiyo. Pakutanga, musangano wevhidhiyo wekudzidzisa waida midziyo yaidhura inodarika zviuru gumi nezvisere zvemadhora uye yakapfuura neIDSN, nzira yekutanga yebroadband kumashure apo dzimba zhinji nezvikoro zvakange zvakabatana kuburikidza. . Sangano reTalia Seidman Foundation, rakavambwa nevabereki vemusikana akafa nechirwere chegomarara reuropi aine makore manomwe nehafu, ratanga kusimudzira tekinoroji uye kubhadhara mutengo wemidziyo kuitira kuti zvikoro zvidzidzise vadzidzi vasingakwanise kuenda kuchikoro ivo pachavo.
Nhasi, masevhisi akadai seZoom, Matimu eMicrosoft uye Google Sangana, uye malaptop ane vhidhiyo makamera akaita kuti kure kure kudzidziswa kwevhidhiyo kuwanikwe zvakanyanya. Kune makumi emamiriyoni evadzidzi vanomanikidzwa nekoronavirus kuti vadzidze kumba, matekinoroji aya ari kuve akakosha. Uyezve, pfungwa iyi ichine simba guru rekusimudzira. Zvimwe zvikoro zvave kutoshandisa marobhoti kuvapo kure, seaya anobva kuVGo. Midziyo iyi inodzorwa kure nemavhiri, ine makamera akavakirwa mukati uye masikirini evhidhiyo, inogona kushanda semaziso nenzeve zvomudzidzi asingagoni kufamba pachake. Kusiyana nemabhokisi ekare ekudzidzisa-foni, marobhoti epa telepresence anogona kudyidzana nevaanodzidza navo uye kutenderedza makamuri pamadiro, kunyange kutora chikamu mukwaya kana kuenda kunokwira nekirasi.
Asi, zvisinei nezvakanaka zvavo zvese, izvo zvakatora marobhoti aya kure nemasisitimu enhare ezana ramakore re80, ivo vachiri, muchokwadi, mafoni evhidhiyo pamavhiri. Vanopa vadzidzi vanogara pamba mukana wekudzidza uye kutevedzera, uye kubatsira vana kukunda matambudziko akaoma, vachideredza kusurukirwa kwemamiriro avo ezvinhu akaoma. Kune veIowa avo vaive pakati pevekutanga kushandisa kudzidzisa-foni makore anopfuura XNUMX apfuura, marobhoti akadaro angaita sengano yesainzi, asi panguva imwe chete ivo vaizoonga kugona kwavo uye mabhenefiti.
Source: www.habr.com