Ndine rukudzo kuva pano, asi ndapota musandinyengetedza. Makomputa anotondivenga saka ndoda kuita hushamwari nevanhu vakawanda mumba umu. Ndinoda kuunza kamwe kadiki kubva kubiography yangu iyo inonakidza kune vateereri vekuAmerica. Ndakaberekerwa uye ndakakurira kumaodzanyemba kwenyika, pedyo neGeorgia. Izvi ndezvechokwadi. Chimbomirai, ndakuudzai makombiyuta anondivenga!
Imwe siraidhi yakarasika, asi iyi ndiyo kumaodzanyemba chaiko kweUSSR, kwandakaberekerwa mune republic yaive pedyo neRepublic of Georgia (chinyorwa chemuturikiri: zita redunhu reGeorgia neRepublic yeGeorgia. kurira zvakafanana muchirungu).
Ndichitaura nezvenyika yangu, chinhu chinosetsa ndechekuti bhuku rangu rekupedzisira, Kufunga Kwakadzika, rakanyorwa nezvehungwaru hwekugadzira, nezvezviitiko zvangu pachangu kurwisa makomputa, uye bhuku rakanyorwa makore maviri zvisati zvaitika rainzi Winter is Coming. Yakanga isiri Mutambo Wezvigaro Zvigaro, yaive yaVladimir Putin uye kurwira nyika yemahara, asi pandakaita bhuku rekutanga rwendo, munhu wese aida kundibvunza nezve chess uye IBM Deep Blue komputa. Iye zvino, pandinopa bhuku rinonzi "Deep Thinking", munhu wose anoda kundibvunza pamusoro paPutin. Asi ndiri kuedza kuramba ndiri pamusoro, uye ndine chokwadi kuti pachava nemibvunzo mishomanana mushure meiyi mharidzo yandichafara kupindura. Ini handisi wezvematongerwo enyika, saka handizezi kupindura mibvunzo.
Zvinogona kuita sezvisinganzwisisike kuti mutambo wechess, uyo wakatanga zviuru zvemakore apfuura, Mwari anoziva rini, iri fananidzo yakakwana yehungwaru hwekugadzira, nekuti kana tichitaura nezveAI, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti tsamba yandinomirira njere, uye pane hapana chinoratidza kuti iri nani pane chess.
Vanhu vazhinji vanotenda kuti chess hachisi chinhu kunze kwekunakidzwa kwevanhu vanopinda mumakofi. Kana iwe ukatarisa zvisikwa zveHollywood, munhu wese anotamba chess - vatorwa, X-varume, Wizard, vampires. Firimu yangu yandinofarira, "Casablanca" naHumphrey Bogart, zvakare nezve chess, uye kana ndichiona bhaisikopo iri, ndinogara ndichida kumira munzvimbo yekutarisa mukati meiyo skrini uye kuona bhodhi raBogart. Anotamba kudzivirira kweFrance, iyo yaive yakakurumbira mukutanga 40s. Ini ndinofunga Bogart aive akanaka ane tsika chess mutambi.
Ndinoda kutaura kuti Alfred Binet, mumwe wevakatanga bvunzo dzeIQ mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, akayemura hungwaru hwevatambi ve chess uye akaidzidza kwemakore mazhinji. Naizvozvo, hazvishamise kuti mutambo wechess wakakwezva avo vaida kugadzira michina yakangwara. Zvisinei, zvinowanzoitika kuti michina yakangwara yakadai saVon Kempelen's "Turk" inongova mhirizhonga huru. Asi pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18, muchina uyu chess chaive chishamiso chikuru, chakafamba muEurope neAmerica ndokurwa nevatambi vakasimba uye vasina simba vakadai saFranklin naNapoleon, asi chokwadi zvese zvaive manyepo. "Turk" yakanga isiri muchina chaiwo, yaive yepakutanga mechanical system yekutsvedza mapaneru uye magirazi, mukati umo mutambi akasimba aive akavanda - murume.
Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti zana kana mazana maviri emakore gare gare, mukati memakore makumi maviri apfuura, mamiriro akasiyana akaonekwa - tinoona mumakwikwi kuti vatambi vevanhu vari kuedza kuvanza michina yemakomputa muhomwe dzavo. Saka ikozvino tinofanira kutsvaga komputa yakavanzwa mumuviri wemunhu.
Zvisinei, nyaya dzine chokuita nemichina hadzizivikanwi. Yekutanga mishini yekutamba chess yakaonekwa muna 1912, yaitamba ichishandisa chikamu chimwe chemuchina, yaigona kushandura cheki kuita rook, asi yaisadaidzwa kunzi prototype yekombuta yekutanga.
Sezvineiwo, mapiyona ekugadzira komputa akadai saAlan Turing naClaude Shannon vaifarira zvikuru chess. Vaitenda kuti kutamba chess kwaigona kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvehungwaru hwekugadzira. Uye kana rimwe zuva komputa ikarova akajairwa chess mutambi kana nyika chess shasha, ichi chichava chiratidzo chekushanduka kweAI.
Kana iwe uchiyeuka, Alan Turing akasika purogiramu yekutanga yepakombiyuta yekutamba chess muna 1952, uye ichi chaiva kubudirira kukuru, asi chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti pakanga pasina makombiyuta panguva iyoyo. Yaingova algorithm yaaishandisa kutamba chess, uye yaiita senge processor yekombuta yemunhu. Izvo zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti madzibaba ekutanga emakomputa akateya nzira iyo AI yaizogadzira, ichitevera maitiro ekufunga kwevanhu. Nzira yakapesana ndiyo yatinodaidza kuti brute-force attack, kana kukurumidza kutsvaga kwezvinobvira kufamba.
Ndakanga ndisati ndanzwa chero chinhu pamusoro pekukwikwidzana nemakombiyuta muna 1985, asi mumufananidzo uyu unogona kuona mapuranga makumi matatu nemaviri, uye kunyange zvazvo ndaitamba nevanhu, wakanga uri mutambo chaiwo wekurwisana nemakombiyuta. Panguva iyoyo pakanga paine 32 vaitungamira vagadziri vemakomputa echess, ayo achangobva kuvazivisa kupasi. Zvichida vamwe venyu vachine makomputa akadaro; iye zvino zvave zvisingawanzoitiki. Mugadziri wega wega aive ne4 mamodule emakombuta, saka muchokwadi ndakatamba nevashori makumi matatu nevaviri uye ndakakunda mitambo yese.
Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti ichi chaive chisiri chishamiso, asi mhedzisiro yechisikigo, uye pese pandinotarisa iyi foto yekukunda kwangu, ndinorangarira nguva ino sezera regoridhe remichina yechess, pavakange vasina simba uye bvudzi rangu - gobvu. .
Saka akanga ari June 1985, uye makore 12 gare gare ndakanga ndangoridza nekombiyuta imwe chete. Kwakave nemutambo wetsiva muna 1997 nekuti ndakahwina mutambo wekutanga, wakaitwa muna 1996 kuPhiladelphia. Ndakarasikirwa nemutambo uyu, asi kutaura chokwadi, shanduko yemukombuta chess yakaitika kwete muna 1997, asi muna 1996, pandakakunda mutambo, asi ndakarasikirwa nemutambo wekutanga. Ipapo ndakahwina mitambo mitatu, uye zvibodzwa zvakava 3:4 mukufarira kwangu.
Muchokwadi, chinhu chakakosha apa ndechekuti komputa panguva iyoyo yaikwanisa kuve shasha yepasirese chess kana yaitamba mumakwikwi enguva dzose chess. Ini ndakanga ndisingatarisiri kubva kuIBM kuti vaizokwanisa kuita basa rakakura kudaro rehunyanzvi kusimbisa komputa yavo mugore. Asi kukanganisa kwangu kukuru, kunze kwekuwedzera kwakanyanya kwemutengo wezvikamu zveBMM, izvo zvakasvetuka kubva kune zvishoma kusvika kune mabhiriyoni emadhora masvondo maviri mushure memutambo, kwaiva kusakwanisa kuverenga chinyorwa chakanaka. Nekuti rimwe rematambudziko andakaita muna 2 nekombuta yeDeep Blue yaive bhokisi dema kwandiri. Hapana chandaiziva nezvemuvengi wangu, mafungiro aanoita, maitiro aanoshandisa. Kazhinji, kana uchigadzirira mutambo, unodzidza muvengi wako, zvisinei kuti uri mutambo wechess kana mutambo wenhabvu, uye nekutarisa matambiro, unodzidza zano rake. Asi pakanga pasina ruzivo nezve Deep Blue's "playing style".
Ndakaedza kungwara ndikati pamutambo unotevera ndaifanira kuwana mitambo inotambwa naDeep Blue. Vakapindura: "Hongu!", Asi akawedzera mudiki:
"... chete panguva yemakwikwi epamutemo."
Uye izvi zvisinei nekuti Deep Blue haina kutamba kana mutambo mumwe kunze kwemadziro erabhoritari. Saka muna 1997 ndakatamba ndichipesana nebhokisi dema, uye zvese zvakabuda zvakapesana nezvakaitika muna 1996 - ndakahwina mutambo wekutanga, asi ndakakundwa mutambo.
Sezvineiwo, maivepi ma hackers 20 years ago pandaivada kudaro? Chokwadi, pandinotarisa mumitsara yeavo varipo, ndinonzwisisa kuti vazhinji venyu mungave musati mazvarwa.
Kukanganisa kwangu kukuru kwaive kubata Deep Blue match seyedzo huru yesainzi neyemagariro. Ndakafunga kuti angave akanaka nekuti aizowana nzvimbo iyo intuition yemunhu inogona kufananidzwa ne "brute force" yekuverenga komputa. Zvakadaro, Deep Blue, nekumhanya kwayo kusingaite miriyoni maviri chess pasekondi, iyo yanga isina kushata zvachose muna 2, yakanga isiri njere. Zvaakaita hazvina kubatsira pakuzarura chakavanzika chenjere dzevanhu.
Yakanga isisina hungwaru searamu yewachiwo zvayo, asi handinzwi zviri nani pamusoro pokurasikirwa nearamu yearamu yemadhora mamiriyoni gumi.
Ndinorangarira musangano wevatori venhau panguva yekuvhurwa kwemutambo apo murume aitungamira chirongwa cheIBM akati izvi zvaizoratidza kupera kwekuyedza kwesainzi uye kukunda kwesainzi. Sezvo takahwina kamwe chete nekukundwa kumwe, ndaida kutamba mutambo wechitatu kuti ndizive kuti ndiani aive akasimba, asi vakabvisa komputa, sezviri pachena kuti vabvise chapupu chega chisina divi. Ndakaedza kutsvaga kuti chii chakaitika kuna Deep Blue, asi ndakashaya. Ndakazoziva kuti akanga atanga basa idzva uye akanga ava kugadzira sushi mune imwe chiteshi chenhandare yendege yeKennedy.
Ndinoda sushi, asi handidi komputa ipapo. Saka, apa ndipo pakapera nyaya yangu nekombuta chess nekukurumidza. Asi imi munotambawo chess kana mimwe mitambo munoziva kuti tiri panjodzi sei kana tichienzaniswa nemakomputa nekuti isu hatina kugadzikana, kusarura uye kukanganisa. Kunyangwe vatambi vedanho repamusoro vanokanganisa, semuenzaniso panguva yemutambo weshasha paine mafambiro makumi mashanu kana makumi mana nemashanu, kakanganiso kadiki kamwechete hakutadziviriki. Kana paine vanhu chaivo vari kutamba, hazvina basa zvakanyanya, asi kana ukakanganisa uchitamba nemushini, saka haugone kurasikirwa, asi iwe haungahwine kana, nekuti muchina uchakwanisa kudzivirira kukundwa.
Pane imwe nguva ndakaona kuti yaingova nyaya yenguva, nekuti isu hatigone kuwana mwero wakafanana wekusvinurira uye kurongeka kwakakosha kukunda komputa, nekuti muchina wacho wakagadzikana zvisingaite muzviito zvayo. Makore gare gare, takaona michina ichikunda mitambo nguva dzose. Ndinodzokorora zvakare - izvi zvese zvinongoshanda kumutambo we chess, uyo uri panjodzi kune brute-force nzira yekutamba, apo komputa iri kumhanya kukuru inopfuura nemuzhinji sarudzo dzekufamba uye inosarudza iyo yakanyanya kunaka. Haisi intelligence yekugadzira, saka vanhu vanokanganisa kana vachiti mutambi we chess akakundwa nehungwaru hwekugadzira.
Gare gare ndakatamba mimwe mitambo yakati wandei nemakombiyuta. Ndakamboongorora mitambo iyi ndichishandisa injini dzemazuvano chess uye chaive chiitiko chinorwadza. Rwakanga rwuri rwendo rwekudzoka munguva uye ndakamanikidzwa kubvuma kusaita zvakanaka kwandakaita mumachisi iwayo nekuti ndaingozvipa mhosva pachangu. Nekudaro, panguva iyoyo komputa "dhimoni" yanga isina kusimba zvakanyanya, ungasazvitenda, asi iyo yemahara chess application panharembozha yako yakasimba nhasi kupfuura Deep Blue yaive. Ehe, kana iwe uine chess injini senge asmFish kana Comodo uye yazvino laptop, iyi sisitimu ichave yakanyanya kusimba.
Pandakatamba neDeep Blue, ndinofunga kuti waive mutambo wechishanu, komputa yakaita cheki chisingaperi mumagumo, uye munhu wese akatanga kutaura kuti uku kwaive kukunda kukuru uye kuti komputa yairatidza kunaka kwekutamba. Asi nhasi, nekombuta yemazuva ano, zvinoratidzika kunge zvisina musoro. Mutambo wedu wese unogona kuridzwa mumasekonzi makumi matatu, inokwana miniti zvichienderana nekuita kwelaptop yako. Pakutanga ndakaita chikanganiso, ipapo ndakaedza kuchengetedza mutambo, Deep Blue yakaita akati wandei counter mafambiro ndokukunda. Iyi ndiyo mitemo yemutambo, uye hapana chakaipa pane izvozvo.
Muna 2003 ndakatamba mimwe mitambo miviri ndichipesana nekombuta yeX2D Frintz, ese akapera ari mangange. Vanoronga vakaita kuti ndipfeke magirazi e3-D nekuti komputa yaive ne3-dimensional interface.
Asi chero nyaya yacho yainge yapera ndave kufunga nezveramangwana. Tarisa mufananidzo uyu, wakatorwa pakutanga kwezana rino remakore.
Ukatarisa vana ava unoona kuti vari kutamba nemacomputer asingawanzo. Nhasi vana vangu havatombozvinzwisise kuti chii. Mamwe makiyibhodhi akaomarara anoratidzwa pano, asi iko zvino ivo vanongotsvedza zvigunwe zvavo pachiratidziro chekubata.
Chinokosha ndechekuti michina yakangwara inoita kuti mabasa edu ave nyore. Ini ndakanganisa kutaura izvi nekuti unozviziva zviri nani kupfuura chero ani zvake. Saka, nerubatsiro rwePeppa Nguruve uye matambudziko ehunyanzvi, nzira inocheneswa yekugadzira kwechokwadi.
Ndakafunga nezvekuti ungabatanidza sei simba rekombiyuta uye munhu? Tinogona kutora chess semuenzaniso, nekuti mu chess pane mhinduro. Iwe unonyatsoziva kuti ndedzipi nzvimbo komputa yakasimba uye yakaderera kune munhu. Zvino imwe pfungwa yakauya mumusoro mangu, yandakadaidza kuti "advanced chess."
Kutevera chirevo cheRussia: "kana iwe usingakwanisi kukunda, pinda!", Ndakadana advanced chess mutambo apo munhu mumwe ane kombiyuta anorwisana nemumwe munhu ane kombiyuta.
Muna 1998, ndakatamba neimwe nhengo ye chess elite kubva kuBulgaria, uye chinofadza ndechekuti tese takatadza kutamba zvakanaka nekuti takatadza kuwedzera kushanda pamwe nekombuta. Ndakashamisika kuti sei vatambi vaviri vakuru vaisakwanisa kubatsirwa nekubatana kweAI. Mhinduro yakauya pave paya pakaiswa iya inonzi freestyle ine mapoinzi mashoma kubva pacomputer. Iwe unogona kutamba nekubatanidza kune supercomputer kuburikidza neInternet, kana iwe unogona kushandisa komputa yako wega kana makomputa mazhinji. Ndinoda kucherechedza kuti vaviri vekombuta yemunhu vanogara vachipfuura chero supercomputer. Chikonzero chiri nyore kwazvo - komputa inobhadhara kusavapo kwedu, uye isu tiri pachinzvimbo chakanaka chekuchinja kune komputa nekuti inobvisa kusagadzikana kweimwe komputa inotora mukana weutera hwedu hwevanhu.
Asi hapana chinofadza pamusoro peizvi. Manzwiro aive ekuti vakahwina mumakwikwi vaive vasiri vepamusoro-kirasi vatambi, asi vasina kusimba chess vatambi vane makomputa akajairwa, asi vakakwanisa kugadzira nzira yekudyidzana. Izvi zvakaoma kutaura nekuti zvinonzwika zvinokatyamadza: mutambi asina simba pamwe nekombuta yakajairwa pamwe nemaitiro akavandudzwa anokunda mutambi ane simba ane komputa ine simba asi isina kusimba yekudyidzana. Iyo interface ndeye zvese!
Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti haudi mutambi akasimba zvachose, haudi Garry Kasparov, kuitira kuti uve parutivi rwemuchina kuti uwane kufamba kwakanakisa, uye pane mhinduro iri nyore kune iyi. Kana nhasi tikafunga nezvesimba rehukama hwevanhu nemakomputa, tinogona kupfuura chess, asi ngatitangei navo, nekuti chess ine manhamba. Saka, nguva yangu yese chess rating yaive 2851 kusvika ndarasikirwa naMagnus Carlsen, uye pakupera kwebasa rangu chess yaive 2812. Nhasi Magnus Carlsen anotungamira chinzvimbo aine anopfuura 2800 mapoinzi. Vatambi vangangoita makumi mashanu vane zviyero pakati pe50 ne2700 mapoinzi. Uyu ndiye elite yenyika chess. Mazuva ano, simba rekombuta riri mukati me2800 mapoinzi, uye nehunyanzvi software, chiyero chayo chinogona kusvika 3200-3300 mapoinzi.
Zvino unonzwisisa here kuti sei usingade mutambi akasimba? Nekuti mutambi wenhanho yangu anoedza kusundira komputa kuti iite mune imwe nzira kana imwe, pane kuve mushandisi ari nyore nayo. Naizvozvo, mutambi asina simba wechess asina "kuzvikudza" kwakadaro uye manyawi akadai semukwikwidzi wechess achabatana nekombuta zvinobudirira uye kugadzira musanganiswa unobudirira we "munhu-kombuta".
Ndinofunga kuti ichi chinhu chakakosha kuwana kwete chess chete, asiwo, semuenzaniso, wemishonga. Sezvinozivikanwa, makomputa muzviitiko zvakawanda anokwanisa kuita kuongororwa kwakaringana kupfuura vanachiremba vakanakisa. Saka chii chaungade zvimwe: chiremba akanaka anomiririrwa nekombuta kana mukoti akanaka anongotevera mirairo uye kunyora kabhuku kadiki maererano nezvakakurudzirwa nemuchina?
Handizivi nhamba chaidzo, ngatiti 60-65% yevanhu vachasarudza chiremba uye 85% vachaenda kune kombiyuta, asi mupfungwa, kana iwe uri chiremba akanaka, haungakwanisi kugamuchira izvi. Kana iwe ukatarisa kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, tinogona kutaura kuti makomputa anoita chirwere chechokwadi mu80 - 85 - 90% yezviitiko, asi 10% inoramba ichiripo kuvanhu! Uye izvi zvinogona kuita mutsauko mukuru, nekuti kana bara rikatsauswa nedhigirii 1 chete parinopfurwa, rinogona kubhururuka mazana emamita kure kubva pane chakanangana. Mubvunzo une chekuita kana tichigona kufambisa simba rakazara rekombuta.
Naizvozvo, ndichiri kutenda kuti kutya kwese kuti michina ichakurumidza kutsiva isu tose, uye uku kuchava kuguma kwenyika, Amagedhoni, runyerekupe chete. Nekuti, sezvandambotaura, izvi ndezvekusika kwevanhu, uye chinhu chakasiyana nezvehungwaru hwekombuta ndechekuti inongowedzera hunyanzvi hwedu, kuiburitsa uye inotitaurira mashandisiro akanakisa.
Dzimwe nguva, kuti uwane mhinduro kumubvunzo, zvakakosha kuti uende kure nenyika yesainzi uye uchipinda munyika yehunyanzvi. Ndakambowana gangaidzo guru rakataurwa nemuimbi mukuru Pablo Picasso: βMakomputa haana basa. Chinhu bedzi chavanogona kuita kupa mhinduro.β Ini ndinofunga mune hungwaru hukuru mune izvi uye aya mazwi anonzwika anokurudzira nekuti michina inopa mhinduro, uye idzi mhinduro dzakazara!
Nekudaro, Picasso haana kugutsikana nemhinduro dzakakwana nekuti aive muimbi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuramba tichifungazve nezvehunyanzvi, izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvatinogara tichiita - kubvunza mibvunzo. Ko makombiyuta anogona kubvunza mibvunzo here?
Ndakamboshanyira hedge fund Bridgewater Associates kuti nditaure naDave Ferrucci, mumwe wevagadziri veBMM's Watson supercomputer. Takanga tichitaura nezvokuti michina ingabvunza mibvunzo here, uye Dave akati, βHongu, makombiyuta anogona kubvunza mibvunzo, asi havazivi kuti mibvunzo ipi inonyanya kukosha.β Ndiyo nyaya yacho. Saka tichiri mumutambo uye tine mukana wekuenderera mberi nekuti mutambo wemurume nekombuta hausati wapera.
Pane iyi siraidhi unoona akati wandei mafoto enzvimbo dzinobvira dzekushandiswa kwemakomputa anozvimiririra, michina inogona kuzvironga pachayo, kureva kugona kudzidza.
Imwe yemifananidzo inoratidza Demis Hassabis ane yake yekudzidzira neural network AlphaGo. Muchokwadi, uyu ungangove muchina wekutanga unogona kunzi prototype yehungwaru hwekugadzira.
Sezvandambotaura, Deep Blue i brute-force overkill, Watson angangove a transitional link, asi haisati yave AI. AlphaGo chirongwa chakadzama chekudzidza chinozvinatsiridza nekutsvaga mapatani akakodzera nekutamba mamirioni nemamiriyoni emitambo.
Ndinogona kutaura kuti neAlphaGo isu tiri kubata nebhokisi dema chairo kekutanga. Nekuti, semuenzaniso, kana tikapedza makore zana tichidzidza zviuru zvemamaira eDeep Blue mutambo matanda, isu tinozopedzisira tasvika kune yekutanga pfungwa yekuti sei imwe sarudzo yakaitwa uye kumwe kutama kwakaitwa. Kana iri AlphaGo, ndine chokwadi chekuti kunyangwe Demis Hassabis pachake haakwanise kutaura kuti nei vhezheni 6 iri nani pane vhezheni 9, kana zvinopesana, tichifunga nezvesarudzo yakaitwa nemuchina uyu.
Kune rumwe rutivi, uku kubudirira kukuru, asi kune rumwe rutivi, zvinogona kuva dambudziko nokuti kana muchina ukakanganisa, haugoni kuziva nezvazvo. Nekudaro, chero zvazvingava, iyi ifambiro yekugadzira chaiyo AI.
Ndakambotaura kuGoogle headquarters, uye vakandipa rwendo rweGoogle X. Izvi zvaifadza zvikuru nokuti kambani iyi inofamba nechivimbo munzira yekugadzira AI, kugadzirisa matambudziko ekugadzira motokari inotyaira kana drones inozvimiririra inoendesa yakasununguka. zvinhu. Nekudaro, hapana diki dambudziko pane tsigiro yehunyanzvi yeAI idambudziko rekugadzirisa mabasa ayo. Vanhu vari kutaura nezvekuti AI yaigona sei kuvatsiva zvachose uye kuvabvisa pabasa. Zvisinei, ngatishevedzei nhoroondo yebudiriro yevanhu kuti tibatsirwe - izvi zvakaitika kwemazana nezviuru zvemakore!
24:35 min
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Source: www.habr.com