Kune hombe yemagetsi ekupisa. Inoshanda semazuva ese: inopisa gasi, inogadzira kupisa kwekudziya dzimba uye magetsi kune general network. Basa rekutanga kupisa. Chechipiri ndechekutengesa magetsi ese anogadzirwa pamusika wekutengesa. Dzimwe nguva chando chinooneka kunyange mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora ane denga rakajeka, asi iyi ndiyo mhedzisiro yekushanda kweshongwe dzinotonhorera.
Avhareji yemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi ane gumi nemaviri emagetsi uye boilers. Kana mavhoriyamu anodiwa emagetsi uye chizvarwa chekupisa achinyatsozivikanwa, saka basa rinouya pasi kudzikisa mutengo wemafuta. Muchiitiko ichi, kuverenga kunouya pakusarudza kuumbwa uye muzana yekurodha maturbines uye boilers kuti uwane yakanyanya kunaka kushanda kwemidziyo. Kushanda kwema turbines uye boilers zvakasimba zvinoenderana nerudzi rwemidziyo, nguva yekushanda pasina kugadzirisa, maitiro ekushanda nezvimwe zvakawanda. Pane rimwe dambudziko kana, ukapihwa mitengo inozivikanwa yemagetsi uye mavhoriyamu ekupisa, iwe unofanirwa kusarudza kuti ingani magetsi ekugadzira uye kutengesa kuitira kuti uwane iyo yakawanda purofiti kubva pakushanda pamusika wekutengesa. Ipapo iyo optimization factor - purofiti uye kugona kwemidziyo - haina kunyanya kukosha. Mhedzisiro inogona kunge iri mamiriro ezvinhu apo michina inoshanda zvachose zvisina kunaka, asi huwandu hwese hwemagetsi anogadzirwa hunogona kutengeswa nehupamhi hwepamusoro.
Muchirevo, zvose izvi zvave zvichinyatsojeka uye zvinonzwika zvakanaka. Dambudziko nderekuti ungaita sei izvi mukuita. Takatanga kuenzanisa kuenzanisa kwekushanda kwechidimbu chimwe nechimwe chemidziyo uye chiteshi chose chakazara. Takasvika kumagetsi emagetsi ekupisa uye takatanga kuunganidza zviyero zvezvinhu zvose, kuyera maitiro avo chaiwo uye kuongorora kushanda kwavo nenzira dzakasiyana. Zvichibva pazviri, isu takagadzira mamodheru akakwana ekutevedzera mashandisiro echimedu chimwe nechimwe chemidziyo uye tikaashandisa kuverengera kuverenga. Ndichitarisa kumberi, ndichataura kuti takawana inenge 4% yekubudirira chaiko nekuda kwemasvomhu.
Zvakaitika. Asi ndisati ndatsanangura zvisarudzo zvedu, ini ndichataura pamusoro pekuti CHP inoshanda sei kubva pakuona kwekuita sarudzo.
Basic things
Zvinhu zvikuru zvechigadzirwa chemagetsi ma boilers uye turbines. Ma turbines anofambiswa ne-high-pressure steam, iyo inotenderera majenareta emagetsi, ayo anogadzira magetsi. Simba rehutsi rasara rinoshandiswa pakupisa uye mvura inopisa. Maboilers inzvimbo dzinogadzirwa utsi. Zvinotora nguva yakawanda (maawa) kupisa bhailer uye kumhanyisa turbine yemhepo, uye uku kurasikirwa kwakananga kwemafuta. Izvo zvakafanana zvinoenda kune kuchinja kwekutakura. Unofanira kufanoronga zvinhu izvi.
CHP midziyo ine hushoma hwehunyanzvi, hunosanganisira hushoma, asi hwakasimba hwekushandisa mode, umo zvinokwanisika kupa kupisa kwakakwana kudzimba nevatengi veindasitiri. Kazhinji, huwandu hunodiwa hwekupisa hunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze (kupisa kwemhepo).
Imwe neimwe yuniti ine curve inoshanda uye poindi yehukuru hwekushanda hunoshanda: pane chakadaro uye chakadaro mutoro, chakadaro uye chakadaro boiler uye chakadaro uye chakadaro turbine inopa yakachipa magetsi. Yakachipa - mupfungwa yekushomeka kwemafuta ekushandisa.
Mazhinji emagetsi edu akabatanidzwa ekupisa uye masimba emagetsi muRussia ane hukama hwakafanana, apo mabhailer ese anoshanda pane imwe muunganidzi weutsi uye ese maturbines anofambiswawo nemuunganidzi mumwe. Izvi zvinowedzera kuchinjika kana uchirodha zvishandiso, asi zvakanyanya kuomesa maverengero. Izvo zvinoitikawo kuti chiteshi chiteshi chakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvinoshanda pane vakasiyana vateresi vane akasiyana dhizaini. Uye kana iwe ukawedzera mari yezvido zvemukati - kushanda kwepombi, mafeni, shongwe dzinotonhorera uye, ngative vakatendeseka, saunas kunze kwefenzi yemagetsi ekupisa - ipapo makumbo edhiyabhorosi achatyoka.
Hunhu hwemidziyo yese haina mutsara. Chikwata chega chega chine curve ine mazoni uko kushanda kwakakwirira nekudzika. Izvo zvinoenderana nemutoro: pa70% kubudirira kuchava imwe, pa30% ichave yakasiyana.
Midziyo yacho inosiyana nehunhu. Kune mitsva uye yekare turbines uye boilers, uye kune mayuniti emhando dzakasiyana. Nekusarudza nemazvo michina uye nekuiisa zvakanaka pamapoinzi ekushanda zvakanyanya, unogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta, izvo zvinotungamira kukuchengetedza mutengo kana migero yakakura.
Ko chirimwa cheCHP chinoziva sei kuti isimba rakawanda sei rinoda kugadzira?
Kuronga kunoitwa mazuva matatu pachine nguva: mukati memazuva matatu kuumbwa kwakarongwa kwemidziyo kunozivikanwa. Aya ndiwo ma turbines nema boilers anozobatidzwa. Zvichienderana, isu tinoziva kuti ma boilers mashanu uye gumi turbines achashanda nhasi. Isu hatigone kubatidza mimwe michina kana kudzima yakarongwa, asi isu tinogona kushandura mutoro kune yega yega boiler kubva pahushoma kusvika pahukuru, uye kuwedzera uye kuderedza simba rema turbines. Nhanho kubva pahukuru kusvika pashoma kubva pamaminitsi gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu, zvichienderana nechidimbu chemudziyo. Basa riri pano rakareruka: sarudza iwo akanyanya modes uye uvachengetedze, uchifunga nezve mashandiro ekugadzirisa.
Kuumbwa kwemidziyo iyi kwakabvepi? Yakatemerwa zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekutengesa pamusika wekutengesa. Pane musika wemagetsi nemagetsi. Mumusika wekutengesa, vagadziri vanoendesa chikumbiro: "Kune chakadaro uye chakadaro, aya ndiwo mashoma uye epamusoro hunyanzvi, tichifunga nezvekubuda kwakarongwa kwekugadzirisa. Tinogona kuendesa 150 MW nemutengo uyu, 200 MW pamutengo uyu, uye mazana matatu MW pamutengo uyu. Izvi zvikumbiro zvenguva refu. Kune rimwe divi, vatengi vakakura vanotumirawo zvikumbiro: "Tinoda simba rakawanda." Mitengo chaiyo inotarwa pamharadzano yezvipi zvinopihwa nevagadziri vemagetsi uye izvo vatengi vanoda kutora. Aya masimba anotarirwa awa yega yega yezuva.
Kazhinji, chinopisa chemagetsi chinotakura mutoro wakafanana mwaka wese: munguva yechando chigadzirwa chekutanga kupisa, uye muzhizha magetsi. Kutsauka kwakasimba kunowanzoitika kune imwe mhando yetsaona pachiteshi pachayo kana padyo nemagetsi emagetsi munzvimbo imwechete yemutengo wemusika wekutengesa. Asi pane nguva dzose kuchinja, uye kuchinja uku kunokanganisa zvikuru kubudirira kwehupfumi hwechirimwa. Simba rinodiwa rinogona kutorwa nemabhoilers matatu ane mutoro we50% kana maviri ane mutoro we75% uye ona kuti ndeipi inonyanya kushanda.
Marginality inoenderana nemitengo yemusika uye mutengo wekugadzira magetsi. Pamusika, mitengo inogona kunge yakaita kuti ibatsire kupisa mafuta, asi zvakanaka kutengesa magetsi. Kana kuti zvingave kuti pane imwe awa iwe unofanirwa kuenda kune hushoma hwehunyanzvi uye kuderedza kurasikirwa. Iwe zvakare unofanirwa kuyeuka nezve matura uye mutengo wemafuta: gasi rechisikigo rinowanzoganhurwa, uye pamusoro-yepamusoro-gasi inodhura zvakanyanya, tisingatauri mafuta emafuta. Zvese izvi zvinoda chaiwo masvomhu mamodheru kuti unzwisise kuti ndeapi maapplication ekutumira uye mapinduriro ekuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu.
Zvakaitwa sei tisati tasvika
Zvinenge pamapepa, zvichibva pane zvisiri izvo zvakanyatsojeka maitiro emidziyo, iyo yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kune chaiyo. Pakarepo mushure mekuedza zvishandiso, zvakanyanya, ivo vanozowedzera kana kubvisa 2% yechokwadi, uye mushure megore - kuwedzera kana kubvisa 7-8%. Miedzo inoitwa makore mashanu ega ega, kazhinji zvishoma.
Chinhu chinotevera ndechekuti maverengero ese anoitwa mureferensi mafuta. MuUSSR, chirongwa chakagamuchirwa apo imwe mafuta yakajairika yaionekwa sekuenzanisa zviteshi zvakasiyana uchishandisa mafuta emafuta, marasha, gasi, chizvarwa chenyukireya, zvichingodaro. Zvaive zvakakodzera kuti unzwisise kushanda zvakanaka mumaparrots ejenareta imwe neimwe, uye mafuta anowanzoita ndiyo puroti. Inotaridzirwa nekorific kukosha kwemafuta: tani imwe yemafuta akaenzana inenge yakaenzana netani imwe yemarasha. Kune matafura ekushandura emhando dzakasiyana dzemafuta. Semuenzaniso, kune marasha ebrown zviratidzo zvinenge zvakapetwa kaviri. Asi calorie yemukati haina hukama nemaruble. Zvakafanana nepetroli uye dizeli: haisi chokwadi chokuti kana dizeli inodhura 35 rubles, uye 92 inodhura 32 rubles, ipapo dizeli ichave yakanyatsoshanda maererano nekoriori yehuwandu.
Chinhu chechitatu ndiko kuoma kwekuverenga. Kubvumirana, zvichibva pane zvakaitika kune mushandi, zvingasarudzwa zviviri kana zvitatu zvinoverengwa, uye kazhinji nzira yakanakisisa inosarudzwa kubva munhoroondo yenguva dzakapfuura dzemitoro yakafanana uye mamiriro ekunze. Nomuzvarirwo, vashandi vanotenda kuti vari kusarudza yakanyanya kunaka modhi, uye vanotenda kuti hapana yemasvomhu modhi ichazombovapfuura.
Tiri kuuya. Kuti tigadzirise dambudziko, tiri kugadzirira mapatya edhijitari - muenzaniso wekufananidza wechiteshi. Apa ndipo apo, tichishandisa nzira dzakakosha, isu tinotevedzera ese tekinoroji maitiro echinhu chimwe nechimwe chemidziyo, kusanganisa chiutsi-mvura uye zviyero zvesimba uye kuwana iyo chaiyo modhi yekushanda kwesimba rinopisa.
Kugadzira iyo modhi yatinoshandisa:
- Dhizaini uye zvakatemwa zvemidziyo.
- Hunhu hunoenderana nemhedzisiro yeazvino michina bvunzo: makore mashanu ega ega chiteshi chinoedza uye nekunatsa hunhu hwemidziyo.
- Dhata mudura reotomatiki process control system uye accounting masisitimu kune ese aripo tekinoroji zviratidzo, mutengo uye kupisa uye magetsi kugadzirwa. Kunyanya, data kubva ku metering masisitimu ekupisa uye magetsi ekupa, pamwe nekubva kune telemechanics masisitimu.
- Dhata kubva pamapepa mitsetse uye pie machati. Ehe, nzira dzakadaro dzeanalogue dzekurekodha zvishandiso zvekushandisa paramita dzichiri kushandiswa pamagetsi emagetsi eRussia, uye isu tiri kuita digitizing.
- Mapepa matanda pazviteshi uko iwo makuru ma paramita emamodhi anogara achirekodhwa, kusanganisira ayo asina kunyorwa nema sensors e automated process control system. Iyo lineman inofamba-famba maawa mana oga oga, inonyorazve kuverenga uye inonyora zvose pasi mulogi.
Ndiko kuti, isu takagadzirazve data seti pane zvakashanda mune ipi modhi, yakawanda sei mafuta akapihwa, kuti tembiricha uye kushandiswa kweutsi kwaive kwakadii, uye yakawanda sei yekupisa nemagetsi simba rakawanikwa pakubuda. Kubva kuzviuru zvemaseti akadaro, zvaive zvakafanira kuunganidza maitiro eimwe node. Sezvineiwo, takakwanisa kutamba iyi Data Mining mutambo kwenguva yakareba.
Kutsanangura zvinhu zvakaoma kudaro uchishandisa mhando yemasvomhu kwakaoma zvakanyanya. Uye zvakatonyanya kuoma kuratidza kumukuru weinjiniya kuti modhi yedu inonyatso kuverengera nzira dzechiteshi. Naizvozvo, isu takatora nzira yekushandisa yakasarudzika mainjiniya masisitimu ayo anotitendera kuunganidza uye kugadzirisa modhi yeanopisa magetsi chirimwa zvichibva pakugadzira uye tekinoroji maitiro emidziyo. Isu takasarudza Termoflow software kubva kuAmerican kambani TermoFlex. Iye zvino maRussia analogues akaonekwa, asi panguva iyoyo pasuru iyi yaive yakanakisa mukirasi yayo.
Kune imwe neimwe unit, magadzirirwo ayo uye hukuru hwetekinoroji maitiro anosarudzwa. Iyo sisitimu inokubvumira kuti utsanangure zvese zvakadzama padanho rinonzwisisika uye remuviri, zvichidzika kusvika pakuratidza dhipoziti mumachubhu ekupisa.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, muenzaniso weiyo thermal circuit yechiteshi inotsanangurwa zvinooneka maererano nemagetsi technologists. Tekinoroji havanzwisisi hurongwa, masvomhu uye modhi, asi ivo vanogona kusarudza dhizaini yeyuniti, izvo zvinopinda uye zvinobuda zvemayuniti uye kutsanangura maparameter avo. Ipapo sisitimu yacho pachayo inosarudza iyo yakanyanya kufanirwa paramita, uye tekinoroji inonatsiridza kuti iwane yakanyanya kurongeka yemhando yese yemaitiro ekushandisa. Isu takazvimisira chinangwa - kuve nechokwadi chechokwadi chemuenzaniso we2% kune iyo huru tekinoroji paramita uye takawana izvi.
Izvi zvakazove zvisiri nyore kuita: iyo yekutanga data yakanga isina kunyatsojeka, saka kwemwedzi mishoma yekutanga takafamba tichitenderedza magetsi emagetsi uye tichiverenga nemaoko zviratidziro zvazvino kubva kugeji yekumanikidza uye takarongedza modhi kune iyo. mamiriro chaiwo. Kutanga takagadzira mhando dze turbines uye boilers. Imwe neimwe turbine uye boiler yakasimbiswa. Kuti uedze muenzaniso, boka rekushanda rakagadzirwa uye vamiririri vemagetsi ekupisa vakaiswa mairi.
Ipapo takaunganidza zvishandiso zvese muchirongwa chakajairwa uye takagadzirisa iyo CHP modhi yakazara. Ndaifanira kuita rimwe basa nekuti maive nedata rakawanda raipokana mudura. Semuyenzaniso, takawana mamodhi ane hunyanzvi hwese hwe105%.
Paunounganidza dunhu rakazara, iyo system inogara ichifunga iyo yakaenzana modhi: zvinhu, magetsi uye ethermal zviyero zvinounganidzwa. Tevere, isu tinoongorora kuti zvese zvakaunganidzwa zvinoenderana sei neiyo chaiyo paramita yemodhi zvinoenderana nezviratidzo kubva kune zviridzwa.
Chii chaitika
Nekuda kweizvozvo, takagamuchira muenzaniso wakarurama weiyo thermal power plant's technical process, zvichibva pane chaiwo maitiro emidziyo uye nhoroondo data. Izvi zvakabvumira kufanotaura kuve kwakaringana pane kubva pabvunzo maitiro chete. Mhedzisiro ndeye simulator yezvidyarwa chaiyo maitiro, dijitari mapatya emagetsi ekupisa.
Iyi simulator yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuongorora "ko kana ..." mamiriro ezvinhu akavakirwa pane zvakapihwa zviratidzo. Iyi modhi yakashandiswawo kugadzirisa dambudziko rekugadzirisa kushanda kwechiteshi chaicho.
Zvaikwanisika kuita mana optimization kuverenga:
- Iye chiteshi chekuchinja maneja anoziva hurongwa hwekupisa kupisa, mirairo yeanoshanda system inozivikanwa, uye hurongwa hwekugovera magetsi hunozivikanwa: ndeipi michina ichatora mitoro kuti iwane migero yakawanda.
- Kusarudza kuumbwa kwemidziyo zvichienderana nemutengo wemusika wekufanotaura: kwezuva rakapihwa, tichifunga nezveyekuremerwa hurongwa uye fungidziro yekunze kwemhepo tembiricha, tinoona iyo yakakwana kuumbwa kwemidziyo.
- Kuendesa zvikumbiro pamusika zuva risati rasvika: kana kuumbwa kwemidziyo kuchizivikanwa uye paine fungidziro yemutengo. Isu tinoverenga uye tinotumira application.
- Musika wekuyeresa watove mukati mezuva ranhasi, kana masheti emagetsi neanopisa agadziriswa, asi kakawanda pazuva, maawa mana ega ega, kutengeserana kunotangwa pamusika wekuenzanisa, uye unogona kuendesa chikumbiro: "Ndinokukumbira kuti uwedzere. 5 MW kumutoro wangu.β Isu tinofanirwa kutsvaga migove yekuwedzera kurodha kana kurodha kana izvi zvichipa iyo yakanyanya margin.
Miedzo
Kuti tiedze chaizvo, taifanira kuenzanisa akajairwa ekurodha modhi yemidziyo yechiteshi neakaverengerwa kurudziro pasi pemamiriro akafanana: kuumbwa kwemidziyo, masheti emutoro uye mamiriro ekunze. Mukati memwedzi mishomanene, taisarudza nguva dzemaawa mana kusvika kumatanhatu ezuva nepurogiramu yakagadzikana. Vakauya kuchiteshi (kazhinji usiku), vakamirira kuti chiteshi chisvike pakushandisa mode, uye chete ipapo vakaiverenga mumuenzaniso wekufananidza. Kana mutariri wechiteshi akagutsikana nezvose, ipapo vashandi vekushanda vakatumirwa kushandura mavharuvhu uye kuchinja maitiro emidziyo.
Zviratidzo zvisati zvaitika uye shure zvakaenzaniswa mushure mechokwadi. Munguva dzepamusoro, masikati neusiku, kupera kwevhiki uye pakati pevhiki. Mune imwe neimwe modhi, isu takawana kuchengetedza pamafuta (mune basa iri, muganho unoenderana nekushandiswa kwemafuta). Ipapo takachinjira zvachose kune hutongi hutsva. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti chiteshi chakakurumidza kutenda mukushanda kwezvikumbiro zvedu, uye takananga kumagumo emiedzo takawedzera kuona kuti michina yaishanda mumodhi dzatakanga taverenga.
Mhedzisiro yeprojekiti
Nzvimbo: CHP ine muchinjiko wekubatanidza, 600 MW yemagetsi emagetsi, 2 Gcal yesimba rinopisa.
Chikwata: CROC - vanhu vanomwe (nyanzvi dzehunyanzvi, vaongorori, mainjiniya), CHPP - vanhu vashanu (nyanzvi dzebhizinesi, vashandisi vakakosha, nyanzvi).
Nguva yekushandisa: 16 mwedzi.
Mhinduro:
- Isu takaita otomatiki maitiro ebhizinesi ekuchengetedza hurumende uye kushanda pamusika wekutengesa.
- Yakaitwa bvunzo dzakakwana dzichisimbisa mamiriro ehupfumi.
- Isu takachengetedza 1,2% yemafuta nekuda kwekugovaniswazve kwemitoro panguva yekushanda.
- Yakachengetedzwa 1% yemafuta nekuda kwekuronga kwenguva pfupi kwemidziyo.
- Isu takakwenenzvera kuverengerwa kwematanho ekunyorera paDAM zvichienderana nedanho rekuwedzera purofiti.
Mhedzisiro yekupedzisira ndeye 4%.
Iyo inofungidzirwa yekubhadhara nguva yeprojekti (ROI) ndeye 1-1,5 makore.
Ehe, kuti tiite uye tiedze zvese izvi, taifanira kushandura maitiro mazhinji uye kushanda pamwe chete nehutungamiriri hwechigadzirwa chemagetsi chinopisa uye kambani inogadzira yakazara. Asi mugumisiro wacho wakanga wakakodzera. Zvaigoneka kugadzira mapatya edhijitari echiteshi, kuvandudza maitiro ekugadzirisa uye kuwana chaiyo yehupfumi mhedzisiro.
Source: www.habr.com