Paunenge uchibhururuka parwendo rwebhizinesi kana pazororo, wakambozvibvunza here kuti zvakachengeteka sei munyika yemazuva ano yekutyisidzira kwedhijitari? Dzimwe ndege dzemazuva ano dzinonzi makombiyuta ane mapapiro, chiyero chekupinda kwekombiyuta yekombiyuta yakakwirira kwazvo. Vanozvidzivirira sei kubva kune hacks? Chii chingaitwa nevatyairi vendege munyaya iyi? Ndeapi mamwe masisitimu angave ari panjodzi? Mutyairi wendege anoshanda, kaputeni weBoeing 737 ane anopfuura zviuru gumi maawa ekubhururuka, akataura nezvazvo pachiteshi chake cheMenTour Pilot.
Saka, kubira muhurongwa hwendege. Mumakore achangopfuura, dambudziko iri rave richikurumidzira. Sezvo ndege dzichiwedzera kuve nemakomputa uye huwandu hwe data hwakatsinhaniswa pakati pavo uye masevhisi epasi hunowedzera, mukana wevanorwisa vanoedza kurwiswa kwakasiyana unowedzera. Vagadziri vendege vakaziva nezveizvi kwemakore mazhinji, asi kare ruzivo urwu haruna kunyanya kuendeswa kwatiri isu vatyairi vendege. Nekudaro, zvinoita sekunge nyaya idzi dzanga dzichiri kugadziriswa padanho remakambani.
Unonzwei ipapo?..
Kare muna 2015, Dhipatimendi reUnited States reHomeland Security rakaburitsa chirevo chekuti vakakwanisa kubaya masisitimu eBoeing 757 yavo ichiri pasi. Kubira kwacho kwaisanganisira kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvinowanikwa zvakanyanya zvinogona kutakurwa zvakapfuura zvidzoreso zvekuchengetedza. Kupinda kwacho kwakawanikwa kuburikidza neredhiyo yekutaurirana system. Sezvingatarisirwa, havana kutaura kuti ndeapi masisitimu avakakwanisa kubira. Kutaura idi, havana kana chavakazivisa, kunze kwokuti vakakwanisa kupinda mundege.
Zvakare muna 2017, pakanga paine meseji kubva kune yakazvimirira hacker Ruben Santamarta. Akashuma kuti kuburikidza nekugadzira transceiver duku uye kuisa antenna pachivanze chake, akakwanisa kupinda mumitambo yevaraidzo yendege dzaibhururuka pamusoro pake.
Zvose izvi zvinotisvitsa pakuti pachine ngozi. Saka ndezvipi zvingawanikwa nembavha uye zvavasingakwanisi? Kuti tinzwisise izvi, ngatitangei kunzwisisa kuti makombiyuta endege anoshanda sei. Chinhu chekutanga kucherechedzwa ndechekuti ndege dzechizvino-zvino zvakare ndidzo dzakanyanya kombiyuta. Pa-board makomputa anoita zvinenge zvese mashandiro, kubva pakumisikidza kudzora nzvimbo (zvidzoreso, slats, flaps ...) kutumira ruzivo rwendege.
Asi zvinofanirwa kunzwisiswa kuti vagadziri vendege vanonyatsoziva nezve dhizaini iyi yemazuva ano ndege, uye saka vakavaka cybersecurity mukugadzira kwavo. Naizvozvo, masisitimu aunowana kubva kumashure kwechigaro pamberi uye masisitimu anodzora kubhururuka akaparadzana zvachose. Ivo vakapatsanurwa mumuviri munzvimbo, vakapatsanurwa zvivakwa, vanoshandisa masisitimu akasiyana, mitauro yakasiyana-siyana yekuronga - kazhinji, zvachose. Izvi zvinoitirwa kuti usasiye chero mukana wekuwana mukana wekutonga masisitimu kuburikidza ne-on-board varaidzo system. Saka izvi zvinogona kunge zvisiri dambudziko pandege dzemazuva ano. Boeing, Airbus, Embraer vanonyatsoziva nezve kutyisidzira uku uye vari kuramba vachishanda kuti vagare nhanho imwe pamberi pematsotsi.
Chinyorwa cheMuturikiri: pakanga paine mishumo yekuti vagadziri veBoeing 787 vachiri kuda kusanganisa masisitimu aya uye kugadzira kupatsanurwa chaiko kwemanetiweki. Izvi zvaizochengetedza huremu (pane-bhodhi maseva) uye kuderedza huwandu hwetambo. Zvisinei, zviremera zvinodzorwa zvakaramba kugamuchira iyi pfungwa ndokumanikidzira βtsikaβ yokuparadzana kwomuviri kuti ichengetwe.
Mufananidzo wakazara unotaridzika zvishoma kana tikatora huwandu hwese hwendege. Hupenyu hwebasa rendege hunosvika makore 20-30. Uye kana tikatarisa kumashure pakombiyuta teknolojia 20-30 makore apfuura, ichava yakasiyana zvachose. Zvakafanana nekuona madhinosaurs achifamba-famba. Saka pandege dzakaita se737 yandinobhururuka, kana Airbus 320, chokwadi pachange paine macomputer masisitimu asina kunyatsogadzirwa kuti akwanise kumirisana nema hackers necyber-attacks. Asi kune divi rakajeka - vaive vasina komputa uye kusanganiswa semichina yemazuva ano. Saka masisitimu atakaisa pa737 (ini handikwanise kutaura nezve Airbus, nekuti ini handisati ndajairana nawo) anonyanya kugadzirirwa kutumira data rekufambisa kwatiri. Isu hatina . Pane yedu 737s helm ichiri yakabatana kune yekudzora nzvimbo. Saka hongu, zvinogona kuitika kuti vanorwisa vapesvedze kugadziridzwa kwedata mumasevhisi edu ekufambisa, semuenzaniso, asi isu taizoona izvi nekukurumidza.
Isu tinodzora ndege kwete chete zvichibva pa-bhodhi GPS, isu tinoshandisa zvekare masisitimu ekufambisa, isu tinogara tichienzanisa data kubva kwakasiyana masosi. Pamusoro peGPS, aya zvakare ari pasi-based radio mabhekoni uye kureba kwavari. Isu tine system pabhodhi inonzi IRS. Chaizvoizvo, aya ma laser gyroscopes anogamuchira data munguva chaiyo uye achienzanisa neGPS. Saka kana kamwe kamwe chimwe chinhu chikatadza neimwe yehurongwa huripo hwekurwiswa, isu tinozviona nekukurumidza uye tochinja kune imwe.
Pa-bhodhi masisitimu
Ndezvipi zvimwe zvingangovavarirwa zvinouya mupfungwa? Yekutanga uye yakanyatsojeka ndeye mu-ndege varaidzo system. Mune dzimwe ndege, zviri kuburikidza nazvo iwe unotenga kuwana Wi-Fi, kuodha chikafu, nezvimwe. Zvakare, Wi-Fi pachayo pabhodhi inogona kuve yakanangana nevanorwisa; mune izvi, inogona kufananidzwa kune chero yeruzhinji hotspot. Iwe unogona kunge uchiziva kuti kana iwe ukashandisa veruzhinji network pasina VPN, zvinokwanisika kuwana yako data - yako pachako data, mapikicha, akachengetwa eWi-Fi mapassword, pamwe nemamwe mapassword, data rebhangi kadhi, zvichingodaro. Hazvizove zvakaoma kune ane ruzivo hacker kuti asvike kune iyi ruzivo.
Iyo yakavakirwa-mukati yevaraidzo system pachayo yakasiyana mune izvi, nekuti ... iyo yakazvimiririra seti ye Hardware zvikamu. Uye aya makomputa, ndinoda kukuyeuchidza zvakare, haana kana nzira yakabatana kana kupindirana nehurongwa hwekudzora ndege. Nekudaro, izvi hazvireve kuti kubira hurongwa hwevaraidzo hakugone kuunza matambudziko akakomba. Semuenzaniso, munhu anorwisa anogona kutumira zviziviso kune vese vafambi mucabin, achizivisa, semuenzaniso, kuti kutonga kwendege kwabatwa. Izvi zvichagadzira kutya. Kana zviziviso nezve matambudziko nendege, kana chero mamwe mashoko asiri iwo. Zvechokwadi zvichakatyamadza uye zvinotyisa, asi hazvizovi nengozi munzira ipi neipi. Sezvo mukana wakadaro uripo, vagadziri vanotora matanho ese anobvira nekuisa firewall uye maprotocol anodiwa kudzivirira matambudziko akadai.
Saka, pamwe vanonyanya kutambudzika ndeye mu-ndege varaidzo system uye Wi-Fi. Nekudaro, Wi-Fi inowanzopihwa neyekunze opareta, uye kwete nendege pachayo. Uye ndiye anotarisira cybersecurity yebasa raanopa.
Chinhu chinotevera chinouya mupfungwa dzangu mahwendefa endege evatyairi vendege. Pandakatanga kubhururuka, mabhuku edu ose aiva mapepa. Semuenzaniso, bhuku rekushandisa rine mitemo yese, maitiro anodiwa, bhuku rekufambisa rine nzira mumhepo kana tikavakanganwa, kufambisa uye machati ekutaura munzvimbo yeairport, mepu dzendege - zvese zvaive mupepa. Uye kana chimwe chinhu chachinja, waifanira kutsvaga peji rekurudyi, woribvarura, woritsiva neimwe yakagadziridzwa, nyora kuti yatsiviwa. Kazhinji, basa rakawanda. Saka patakatanga kuwana mapedhi endege, zvaingoshamisa. Nekudzvanya kamwe chete, zvese izvi zvinogona kudhawunirodhwa nekukasira, nezvese zvichangobva kuitika, chero nguva. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvaive zvichikwanisika kugamuchira mamiriro ekunze, zvirongwa zvitsva zvendege - zvese zvinogona kutumirwa piritsi.
Asi. Pese paunobatana pane imwe nzvimbo, pane mukana wechitatu bato kupinda. Vendege vari kuziva nezvemamiriro ezvinhu, sezvakaita vakuru vendege. Ndosaka tisingabvumidzwe kuita zvese nemagetsi. Tinofanira kuva nemapepa ekubhururuka kwendege (zvisinei, ichi chinodiwa chinosiyana kubva kundege kuenda kune ndege) uye isu tinofanirwa kuve ne backup kopi yazvo. Pamusoro pezvo, hapana chero mamiriro ezvinhu atibvumidzwe kuisa chero chimwe chinhu kunze kwezvakatenderwa uye zvakatenderwa maapplication patablet yako. Dzimwe ndege dzinoshandisa iPads, dzimwe dzinoshandisa zvishandiso zvakatsaurirwa (zvose zvine zvazvakanakira nezvazvakaipira). Chero zvazvingava, izvi zvose zvakanyatsodzorwa, uye vatyairi havagoni kupindira chero nzira ipi zvayo nekushanda kwemapiritsi. Ichi ndicho chekutanga. Chechipiri, hatibvumidzwe kuvabatanidza kune chero chinhu isu tiri mumhepo. Isu (pamwe pandege yangu) hatigone kubatana neiyo onboard Wi-Fi mushure mekusimuka. Isu hatigone kushandisa iyo iPad yakavakirwa-mukati GPS. Patinongovhara magonhi, tinoshandura mapiritsi kuti tiende mumhepo, uye kubva panguva iyoyo hapafaniri kuva nesarudzo dzekuvhiringidza kushanda kwavo.
Kana mumwe munhu akanganisa kana kukanganisa network yese yendege, tinozviona mushure mekubatanidza pasi. Uye ipapo tinogona kuenda kukamuri yevashandi panhandare yendege, kudhinda mapepa edhiyagiramu uye kuvimba nawo panguva yekubhururuka. Kana chimwe chinhu chikaitika kune rimwe remapiritsi, tine rechipiri. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, kana mahwendefa maviri asingashande, tine data yose inodiwa pakubhururuka mukombiyuta ye-board. Sezvauri kuona, iyi nyaya inoshandisa katatu reinsurance pakugadzirisa dambudziko rimwe chete.
Iyo inotevera inogoneka sarudzo ndeye-bhodhi yekutarisa uye kutonga masisitimu. Semuenzaniso, nzira yekufambisa uye hurongwa hwekudzora ndege yambotaurwa. Zvakare, ini handikwanise kutaura chero chinhu nezvevamwe vagadziri, chete nezve 737, yandinobhururuka ini pachangu. Uye mune yake, kubva kune komputa - dhatabhesi rekufambisa rine, sekureva kunoita zita, ruzivo rwekufambisa, dhatabhesi repasi. Vanogona kuchinja zvimwe zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, kana uchigadziridza iyo-bhodhi komputa software nainjiniya, yakashandurwa kana yakakuvadzwa faira inogona kutakurwa. Asi izvi zvichauya nekukurumidza, nekuti ... ndege inogara ichizviongorora. Somuenzaniso, kana injini ikakundikana, tinoiona. Muchiitiko ichi, isu, chokwadi, hatibvi uye tinokumbira mainjiniya kuti atarise.
Kana paine chero kutadza, isu tinogashira yambiro chiratidzo chekuti mamwe data kana masaini haaenderane. Iyo ndege inogara ichiyambuka-inotarisa kwakasiyana masosi. Saka kana mushure mekusimuka zvikaitika kuti dhatabhesi haina kururama kana kukuvadzwa, isu tichabva taziva nezvazvo uye tochinja kune anonzi echinyakare nzira dzekufamba.
Ground masisitimu uye masevhisi
Inotevera inodzora kufamba kwemhepo uye nhandare dzendege. Kudzora masevhisi akavakirwa pasi, uye kuvabaya kunenge kuri nyore pane kubira ndege inofamba mumhepo. Kana vanorwisa, semuenzaniso, vakabvisa simba kana kudzima radar yekufamba-famba, zvinokwanisika kushandura kune iyo inonzi procedural navigation uye procedural ndege kupatsanurwa. Iyi isarudzo inononoka yekufambisa ndege kuenda kunhandare dzendege, saka muzviteshi zvezvikepe zvakabatikana seLondon kana Los Angeles zvinounza dambudziko guru. Asi vashandi vepasi vachakwanisa kuunganidza ndege kuti dziite "murwi wekubata" panguva ye1000-foot intervals. (inenge 300 metres), uye sezvo rimwe divi rinopfuura imwe pfungwa, tungamirira rinotevera kuti risvike. Uye nenzira iyi nhandare yendege ichazadzwa nenzira dzemaitiro, uye kwete nerubatsiro rweradar.
Kana redhiyo system ikarohwa, pane backup system. Pamwe neiyo yakakosha frequency frequency, iyo inogona zvakare kuwanikwa. Kana kuti ndege yacho inogona kuendeswa kune imwe nzvimbo inodzora kufamba kwemhepo, iyo inodzora nzira. Pane redundancy muhurongwa uye dzimwe node uye masisitimu anogona kushandiswa kana munhu akarwiswa.
Izvi zvinoshandawo kunhandare dzendege. Kana nhandare yendege ikarwiswa uye vanorwisa vadzima, toti, nzira yekufambisa kana marambi enzira yekufamba nendege kana chero chimwe chinhu panhandare yendege, tichazviona nekukurumidza. Semuenzaniso, kana isu tisingakwanise kutaurirana navo kana kugadzirisa ekubatsira ekufambisa zviridzwa, isu tichaona kuti pane dambudziko, uye yedu huru yekuratidzira kubhururuka kucharatidza mireza yakakosha iyo sisitimu yekumhara haisi kushanda, kana nzira yekufambisa isiri kushanda, apa isu tichangobvisa nzira yacho. Saka mamiriro ezvinhu aya haana ngozi. Hongu, isu tichagumbuka, sezvakaita imi, kana tasvika kune imwe nzvimbo pane yatakanga tichibhururuka. Pane yakakwana redundancy yakavakirwa muhurongwa; ndege ine mafuta akachengetwa akakwana. Uye kana boka iri revatsotsi rikasarwisa nyika yese kana dunhu, izvo zvakanyanya, zvakanyanya kuoma kuita, hapazovi nengozi kune ndege.
Chimwe chinhu?
Izvi zvimwe ndizvo zvese zvinouya mupfungwa dzangu maererano nekurwiswa kunobvira. Paive nemushumo kubva kune imwe nyanzvi yeFBI cyber uyo akataura kuti aikwanisa kuwana macomputer ekudzora ndege achishandisa hurongwa hwekuvaraidza. Akataura kuti aikwanisa "kubhururuka" ndege zvishoma (mashoko ake, kwete angu), asi izvi hazvina kumbosimbiswa uye hapana mhosva dzakaendeswa kune murume. Kana akaita izvi chaizvo (handinyatso nzwisisa kuti nei munhu achiita izvi ari mundege imwe chete), aizopomerwa mhosva yekuisa upenyu hwevanhu pangozi. Izvi zvinoita kuti nditende kuti idzi dzinogona kunge dziri makuhwa uye manyepo. Uye, sezvandambotaura, maererano nevagadziri, hapana nzira yepanyama yekubatanidza kubva pane-bhodhi yevaraidzo system kune iyo control system.
Uye sezvandakataura pakutanga, kana isu, vatyairi vendege, takaona kuti imwe yehurongwa, semuenzaniso, kufamba, yaipa data isiriyo, isu taichinjira kushandisa mamwe masosi edata - nzvimbo, laser gyroscopes, nezvimwe. Kana iyo nzvimbo yekudzora ikasapindura, pane sarudzo mune imwecheteyo 737. Iyo autopilot inogona kuvharika nyore nyore, mune iyo nyaya komputa haifanirwe kukanganisa maitiro endege chero nzira. Uye kunyange kana ma hydraulics akakundikana, ndege inogona kuramba ichidzorwa seTsesna hombe nerubatsiro rwetambo dzakabatana pairi vhiri. Saka isu tinogara tine sarudzo dzekudzora ndege kana ndege pachayo isina kukuvadzwa.
Mukupedzisa, kubira ndege kuburikidza neGPS, nhepfenyuro, nezvimwe. nedzidziso zvinogoneka, asi zvaizoda huwandu hunoshamisa hwebasa, kuronga kwakawanda, kurongeka, uye michina yakawanda. Uye usakanganwa kuti, zvichienderana nehupamhi, ndege inofamba nekukurumidza kubva ku300 kusvika ku850 km / h.
Chii chaunoziva nezve angangoita mavector ekurwisa ndege? Usakanganwa kugovera mumashoko.
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Source: www.habr.com