Nzira dzisinganzwisisike dzemukati kana kuti ngatitaurei izwi nezveCDN

Disclaimer:
Ichi chinyorwa hachina ruzivo rwaimbozivikanwa nevaverengi vanoziva pfungwa yeCDN, asi chiri muchimiro chekuongorora tekinoroji.

Peji rekutanga rewebhu rakaonekwa muna 1990 uye raingova mabhayiti mashoma muhukuru. Kubva ipapo, zvemukati zvakakwira zvese zviri zviviri hunhu uye huwandu. Kuvandudzwa kweIT ecosystem kwakatungamira kune chokwadi chekuti mapeji ewebhu emazuva ano anoyerwa mumamegabytes uye maitiro ekuwedzera network bandwidth anongosimbisa gore rega rega. Vapi vanopa zvemukati vanogona sei kuvhara zviyero zvakakura zvenzvimbo uye kupa vashandisi kwese kwese nekumhanya kwakanyanya kuwana ruzivo? Kuendesa zvemukati uye kugovera network, inozivikanwawo se Content Delivery Network kana kungoti CDN, inofanirwa kuita mabasa aya.

Pane zvakawanda uye zvakanyanya "zvinorema" zvemukati paInternet. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti vashandisi havadi kubata newebhu masevhisi kana vakatora nguva yakareba kupfuura 4-5 masekonzi kurodha. Yakanyanya kuderera saiti yekurodha kumhanya izere nekurasikirwa kwevateereri, izvo zvinozotungamira mukudzikira kwetraffic, kutendeuka, uye nekudaro purofiti. Content delivery network (CDNs), muchirevo, bvisa matambudziko aya nemigumisiro yawo. Asi muchokwadi, semazuva ese, zvese zvinosarudzwa neruzivo uye nuances yeimwe nyaya, iyo ine yakawanda munzvimbo ino.

Pfungwa yekuparadzirwa network yakabva kupi?

Ngatitangei nerwendo rupfupi munhoroondo uye tsananguro dzematemu. CDN itiweki yeboka remaseva emuchina ari munzvimbo dzakasiyana kuti ape mukana kune zvemukati zveInternet zvinofukidza nhamba huru yevashandisi. Iyo pfungwa yekugovera network ndeye kuve ne akati wandei mapoinzi ekuvapo (PoP) kamwechete, ayo ari kunze kweiyo sosi server. Sistimu yakadaro inogadzirisa hurongwa hwezvikumbiro zvinouya nekukurumidza, ichiwedzera mhinduro uye nekumhanyisa kwekufambisa kwechero data.

Dambudziko rekuendesa zvinyorwa kune vashandisi rakamuka zvakanyanya pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kweInternet, i.e. pakati pe90s. Masevha epanguva iyoyo, ayo maitiro asina kusvika kunyange emazuva ano malaptops, aisakwanisa kumirisana nemutoro uye akatadza kurarama neiyo traffic inoramba ichiwedzera. Microsoft yakashandisa mazana emamiriyoni emadhora pagore patsvagiridzo ine chekuita negwara reruzivo (iyo yakakurumbira 640 KB kubva kuBill Gates pakarepo inouya mupfungwa). Kugadzirisa nyaya idzi, taifanira kushandisa hierarchical caching, chinja kubva kumamodemu kuenda kune fiber optics, uye kuongorora network topology zvakadzama. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu aiyeuchidza imwe locomotive yekare, iyo inomhanya nenjanji uye munzira inogadziriswa nenzira dzose dzinobvira dzekuwedzera kukurumidza.

Nechekare mukupera kwema90s, varidzi vewebhu portals vakaziva kuti kuderedza mutoro uye kupa zvikumbiro zvinodiwa, vaifanira kushandisa maseva epakati. Aya ndiwo maratidziro akaita maCDN ekutanga, achigovera static zvemukati kubva kumaseva akasiyana akapararira pasirese. Panguva imwecheteyo, bhizinesi retiweki rakaparadzirwa rakaonekwa. Mukurusa (angangoita imwe yehukuru) mupi weCDN munyika, Akamai, akava piyona munzvimbo iyi, achitanga rwendo rwayo muna 1998. Makore akati wandei gare gare, CDN yakapararira, uye mari kubva mukutakura zvemukati uye mupiro yakasvika makumi emamiriyoni emadhora pamwedzi.

Nhasi tinosangana neCDN pese patinoenda kune yepamusoro-traffic yekutengesa peji kana kutaurirana pamasocial network. Iyo sevhisi inopihwa ne: Amazon, Cloudflare, Akamai, pamwe nevamwe vazhinji vanopa nyika. Uyezve, makambani makuru anowanzo kushandisa maCDN avo, izvo zvinovaunzira huwandu hwezvakanakira mukumhanya uye kunaka kwekupihwa kwemukati. Dai Facebook isina kugovera network, asi yaigutsikana neiyo chete yekutanga server iri muUnited States, zvinogona kutora nguva yakareba kurodha chimiro chevashandisi muEastern Europe.

Mazwi mashoma nezve CDN uye kutenderera

FutureSource Consulting yakaongorora indasitiri yemimhanzi uye yakagumisa kuti muna 2023 huwandu hwekunyoreswa kumasevhisi ekutepfenyura mimhanzi huchasvika vangangoita hafu yebhirioni. Zvakare, masevhisi anogashira anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana emari yavo kubva mukutepfenyura odhiyo. Mamiriro ezvinhu ane vhidhiyo akafanana; mazwi akadai sekuti ngatitambe, konzati yepamhepo uye online cinema atodzika midzi mune yakakurumbira lexicon. Apple, Google, YouTube uye mamwe makambani mazhinji ane yavo yekufambisa masevhisi.

Mukusuma kwayo kwekutanga, CDN yakashandiswa zvakanyanya kune masaiti ane static content. Static ruzivo rusingachinji zvichienderana nezviito zvemushandisi, nguva uye zvimwe zvinhu, i.e. haisi yemunhu. Asi kusimuka kwekutepfenyura vhidhiyo uye odhiyo masevhisi kwakawedzera imwe yakajairika kesi yekushandisa kune akagoverwa network. Masevha epakati, ari padhuze nevateereri pasi rese, anoita kuti zvikwanise kupa kugadzikana kuwana kune zvemukati panguva dzepamusoro mutoro, kubvisa kushomeka kweInternet mabhodhoro.

Sei basa iri

Izvo zvakakosha zveese maCDN zvakangofanana: shandisa vanopindirana kuti vakwanise kuendesa zvirimo kune yekupedzisira mutengi nekukurumidza. Inoshanda sezvizvi: mushandisi anotumira chikumbiro chekutora faira, inogamuchirwa neCDN server, iyo inoita runhare rwenguva imwe chete kune sevha yepakutanga uye inopa zvinyorwa kumushandisi. Zvichienderana neizvi, iyo CDN inochengeta mafaera kwenguva yakatarwa uye inogadzirisa zvese zvinotevera zvikumbiro kubva kune yayo cache. Sarudzo, ivo vanogona zvakare kurodha mafaera kubva kune sosi server, gadzirisa iyo cache yekuchengeta nguva, compress inorema mafaera, uye zvimwe zvakawanda. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanyanya kunaka, muenzi anopfuudza rukova rwese kune CDN node, iyo iri kutoshandisa zviwanikwa zvayo kuendesa zvirimo kune vashandisi. Izvo zvinoenda pasina kutaura kuti inobudirira caching yeruzivo, pamwe nekugoverwa kwezvikumbiro kwete kune imwe sevha, asi kunetiweki, inotungamira kune yakawandisa traffic traffic.

Chechipiri chakakosha chekushanda kweCDN ndiko kudzikiswa kwekunonoka mukufambiswa kwedata (inozivikanwawo seRTT - nguva yerwendo rwekutenderera). Kugadzira TCP yekubatanidza, kurodha midhiya zvemukati, JS faira, kutanga TLS musangano, zvese izvi zvinoenderana neping. Zviripachena, kana iwe uri pedyo nekwakabva, iwe nekukurumidza iwe unogona kuwana mhinduro kubva kwairi. Mushure mezvose, kunyange kumhanya kwechiedza kune muganhu wayo: anenge 200 zviuru zvemakiromita / s kuburikidza ne optical fiber. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kubva kuMoscow kuenda kuWashington kunonoka kunenge kuri 75 ms muRTT, uye izvi hazvina simba remidziyo yepakati.

Kuti unzwisise zviri nani matambudziko api ekugovera zvemukati ma network anogadzirisa, heino runyorwa rwezvino mhinduro:

• Google, Yandex, MaxCDN (shandisa maCDN emahara kugovera mabhuku eJS, ane mapoinzi anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe ekuvapo munyika zhinji dzepasi);
• Cloudinary, Cloudimage, Google (mutengi optimization masevhisi uye maraibhurari: mifananidzo, mavhidhiyo, mafonti, nezvimwewo);
• Jetpack, Incapsula, Swarmify, nezvimwe. (kukwidziridza zviwanikwa mune zvemukati manejimendi masisitimu: bitrix, wordpress, nezvimwewo);
• CDNVideo, StackPath, NGENIX, Megafon (CDN yekugovera static content, inoshandiswa sehuwandu hwechinangwa network);
• Imperva, Cloudflare (mhinduro dzekukurumidza kurodha webhusaiti).

Mhando nhatu dzekutanga dzeCDN kubva pane rondedzero dzakagadzirirwa kuendesa chete chikamu chetraffic kubva kune main server. Iwo maviri asara anoshandiswa seakazara-akazara proxy maseva ane akazara kutapurirana kwechiteshi kubva kune sosi inotambira.

Kuna ani uye zvipi zvinobatsira izvo tekinoroji inopa?

Muchirevo, chero webhusaiti inotengesa zvigadzirwa / masevhisi ayo kune vatengi vemakambani kana vanhu (B2B kana B2C) vanogona kubatsirwa nekushandisa CDN. Zvakakosha kuti chinangwa chayo chevateereri, i.e. user base yaive kunze kwenzvimbo yavo. Asi kunyangwe kana zvisiri izvo, madhizaini ekugovera anozobatsira nekuremedza kuenzanisa kwemavhoriyamu makuru emukati.

Haisi chakavanzika kuti zviuru zviviri zveshinda zvinokwana kuvhara server chiteshi. Naizvozvo, kugovera vhidhiyo nhepfenyuro kune veruzhinji zvinozotungamira mukuumbwa kwebhodhoro - iyo bandwidth yeInternet chiteshi. Isu tinoona chinhu chimwe chete kana paine akawanda madiki, asina kumiswa mifananidzo pawebhusaiti (chigadzirwa previews, semuenzaniso). Iyo yekutanga sevha inoshandisa imwe TCP yekubatanidza kana ichigadzirisa chero nhamba yezvikumbiro, iyo inozoisa mutsara kurodha. Kuwedzera CDN kunoita kuti zvive zvakakosha kugovera zvikumbiro munzvimbo dzakawanda uye kushandisa akawanda TCP kubatana, kusunungura chiteshi mutoro. Uye iyo yekudzokera-yekunonoka fomula, kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa, inopa kukosha kwe6-7 RRT uye inotora fomu: TCP + TLS + DNS. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo kunonoka kwakabatana nekumisikidza chiteshi cheredhiyo pachishandiso uye kuendesa chiratidzo kune maseru shongwe.

Mushure mekupfupisa kusimba kwehunyanzvi hwebhizinesi repamhepo, nyanzvi dzinoratidza zvinotevera mapoinzi:

1. Kukurumidza zvivakwa kuyera + kuderedzwa bandwidth. Mamwe maseva = mamwe mapoinzi panochengetwa ruzivo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, imwe poindi inobata traffic shoma pachikamu chenguva, zvinoreva kuti inogona kunge iine zvishoma. Pamusoro pezvo, maturusi ekugadzirisa anouya, achikutendera kuti utsungirire mitoro yepamusoro pasina kutambisa nguva.
2. Pashoma ping. Tatotaura kuti vanhu havafarire kumirira kwenguva refu paInternet. Naizvozvo, yakakwira ping inobatsira kune yakakwira bounce mitengo. Iko kunonoka kunogona kukonzerwa nematambudziko ekugadzirisa data pane sevha, kushandiswa kwemidziyo yekare, kana kungofunga zvisina kunaka network topology. Mazhinji ematambudziko aya anogadziriswa muchidimbu nemasevhisi ekugovera zvemukati. Kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha kuziva pano kuti rubatsiro rwechokwadi rwekushandisa teknolojia ichaonekwa chete apo "mutengi ping" inodarika 80-90 ms, uye iyi ndiyo chinhambwe kubva kuMoscow kuenda kuNew York.

   

3. Data kuchengetedza. DDos (Denial of Service virus kurwisa) ine chinangwa chekurovera sevha kuitira kuti iwane rubatsiro. Imwe sevha inotapukirwa zvakanyanya nenjodzi yekuchengetedza ruzivo pane network yakagoverwa (kuisa zvivakwa zvehofori yakadai se CloudFlare harisi basa riri nyore). Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemafirita uye kugovera kwakaringana zvikumbiro pamusoro petiweki, unogona kudzivirira zviri nyore kunetsa kwakagadzirwa nekuwana kune zviri pamutemo traffic.
4. Kukurumidza kugovera zvemukati uye mamwe masevhisi mabasa. Kugovera huwandu hukuru hweruzivo kune network server kuchaita kuti zvikwanise kukurumidza kuendesa iyo kupihwa kune yekupedzisira mutengi. Zvekare, haufanire kutarisa kure kune mienzaniso - ingorangarira Amazon uye AliExpress.
5. Iko kugona "kumask" matambudziko neiyo huru saiti. Iko hakuna chikonzero chekumirira kusvika iyo DNS yagadziridzwa; unogona kuiendesa kunzvimbo itsva uye kugovera zvakambovharwa zvemukati. Izvi zvakare zvinogona kuvandudza kukanganisa kushivirira.

Takaronga zvakanakira. Zvino ngatitarisei kuti ndedzipi niches dzinobatsira kubva pane izvi.

Bhizinesi rekushambadzira

Kushambadzira ndiyo injini yekufambira mberi. Kuti injini isatsva, inofanira kutakurwa zvine mwero. Saka bhizinesi rekushambadzira, kuyedza kutarisana nenyika yemazuva ano yedhijitari, inotarisana nezvinetso zve "heavy content". Heavy media inoreva kushambadza kwemultimedia (kunyanya mabhenji ane animated nemavhidhiyo) izvo zvinoda yakakwirira network bandwidth. Webhusaiti ine multimedia inotora nguva yakareba kurodha uye inogona kuomesa, kuyedza kusimba kwetsinga dzevashandisi. Vanhu vazhinji vanosiya zviwanikwa zvakadaro kunyange vasati vatora ruzivo rwese rwuripo. Makambani ekushambadzira anogona kutora mukana weCDN kugadzirisa matambudziko aya.

Kutengesa

E-commerce inoda kugara ichiwedzera iyo geographic coverage. Imwe pfungwa yakakosha ndeyekurwira vakwikwidzi, uko kune akawanda muchikamu chemusika wese. Kana webhusaiti ikasasangana nezvinodiwa nemushandisi (kusanganisira kutora nguva yakareba kurodha), haizove yakakurumbira uye haizokwanisi kuunza kutendeuka kwakakwira. Kuita CDN kunofanirwa kuratidza mukana wayo mukubata zvikumbiro zvedata kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana. Zvakare, kugovera traffic kunobatsira kudzivirira traffic spikes uye inotevera server kukundikana.

Mapuratifomu ane zvinovaraidza zvemukati

Ese marudzi emapuratifomu evaraidzo akakodzera pano, kubva pakurodha mabhaisikopo nemitambo kuenda kumavhidhiyo ekutepfenyura. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti tekinoroji inoshanda neiyo static data, yekufambisa data inogona kusvika kumushandisi nekukurumidza kuburikidza nevanodzokorora. Zvekare, caching CDN ruzivo ruponeso kune varidzi vemagedhi makuru - multimedia kuchengetedza.

Online Games

Mitambo yeInternet inofanira kuiswa muchikamu chakasiyana. Kana kushambadza kuchida bandwidth hombe, saka mapurojekiti epamhepo anotonyanya kuda zviwanikwa. Vanopa vakatarisana nedambudziko rine mativi maviri: kumhanya kwekuwana maseva + kuve nechokwadi chepamusoro pekutamba kwemitambo ine yakanaka mifananidzo. A CDN yemitambo yepamhepo mukana wekuve nezvinonzi "push zones" uko vanogadzira vanogona kuchengeta mitambo pamaseva ari pedyo nevashandisi. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti uderedze kukanganisa kwekumhanya kwekuwana kune yekutanga server, uye saka ive nechokwadi chekutamba mutambo kwese kwese.

Nei CDN isiri panacea

Pasinei nemabhenefiti ari pachena, haasi munhu wese uye kwete kugara vachiedza kuunza tekinoroji mubhizinesi ravo. Nei zvakadaro? Zvinoshamisa kuti, zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvinotevera kubva kune zvakanakira, pamwe akati wandei mapoinzi ane chekuita netiweki kutumirwa anowedzerwa. Vatengesi vachataura zvakanaka nezvese zvakanakira tekinoroji, vachikanganwa kutaura kuti zvese zvinova zvisina zvazvinoreva mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Kana tikatarisa zvakaipira zveCDN zvakadzama, zvakakodzera kutarisisa:

• Shanda chete ne statics. Hongu, mazhinji mawebhusaiti emazuva ano ane yakaderera muzana yezvinhu zvine simba. Asi apo mapeji akagadzirirwa munhu, CDN haizokwanisi kubatsira (kunze kwekuti zvichida kusunungura huwandu hwemotokari);
• Caching kunonoka. Optimization pachayo ndeimwe yemabhenefiti makuru ekugovera network. Asi kana iwe waita shanduko pane yekutanga sevha, zvinotora nguva CDN isati yaibata kune ese maseva ayo;
• Misa blockings. Kana nokuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi IP kero yeCDN yakarambidzwa, ipapo nzvimbo dzose dzakagadzirirwa pairi dzakavharwa;
• Muzviitiko zvakawanda, bhurawuza rinoita maviri ekubatanidza (kune yekutanga server uye CDN). Uye aya mamwe mamilliseconds ekumirira;
• Kusunga kune IP kero yemapurojekiti (kusanganisira asiripo) ayo akambopihwa kwairi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, isu tinowana akaomesesa masanji kubva kuGoogle kutsvaga bots uye matambudziko mukuunza saiti kumusoro panguva yekusimudzira SEO;
• Iyo CDN node inzvimbo inogona kutadza. Kana iwe ukadzishandisa, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise pachine nguva kuti iyo system routing inoshanda sei uye ndezvipi zvikanganiso zvinogona kuitika paunenge uchishanda nenzvimbo;
• Izvo zvidiki, asi iwe unofanirwa kubhadhara kune zvemukati zvekutumira masevhisi. Kazhinji, mari inoenderana nehuwandu hwemotokari, zvinoreva kuti kutonga kunogona kudiwa kuronga bhajeti.

Chinhu chakakosha: kunyangwe kuswedera kweCDN kumushandisi hakuvimbisi yakaderera ping. Iyo nzira inogona kuvakwa kubva kumutengi kuenda kune muenzi ari kune imwe nyika kana kunyange kune imwe kondinendi. Izvi zvinoenderana negwara rekufambisa reimwe network uye hukama hwayo nevashandisi venhare (peering). Vazhinji vakuru veCDN vanopa vane zvirongwa zvakawanda, uko mutengo unobata zvakananga kuswedera kwenzvimbo yekuvapo kana uchiendesa zvirimo kune chinangwa chevashandisi.

Pane mikana - tanga yako CDN

Iwe hausi kufara here nemitemo yemakambani anopa zvemukati kugovera network masevhisi, asi bhizinesi rako rinoda kuwedzera? Kana zvichiita, wadii kuedza kutanga CDN yako. Izvi zvine musoro muzviitiko zvinotevera:

• Ikozvino mari yekugovera zvemukati haizadzise zvinotarisirwa uye haina kururamiswa mune zvehupfumi;
• Tinoda cache yekusingaperi, pasina kuswedera kune dzimwe nzvimbo pane sevha uye chiteshi;
• Vateereri vanotarisirwa vari munharaunda umo pasina maCDN mapoinzi ekuvapo anowanikwa kwauri;
• Iko kudikanwa kwekugadzirisa zvigadziriso paunenge uchiendesa zvirimo;
• Pane kudiwa kukurumidzira kuendeswa kwezvinhu zvine simba;
• Kufungira kutyora kuvanzika kwevashandisi uye zvimwe zvisiri pamutemo zviito pachikamu chechitatu-bato masevhisi.

Kutangisa CDN kunoda kuti iwe uve nezita rezita, maseva akati wandei munzvimbo dzakasiyana (chaiyo kana yakatsaurirwa) uye chishandiso chekugadzirisa chikumbiro. Usakanganwa nezve kuisa SLL zvitupa, kumisikidza uye kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvekushandira static zvemukati (Nginx kana Apache), uye kunyatso tarisa iyo yese system.

Kurongeka kwakaringana kwe-caching proxies inyaya yechinyorwa chakasiyana, saka isu hatingaende mune zvakadzama pano: kupi uye chii paramende yekuseta nemazvo. Tichifunga nezvekutanga-up mari uye nguva yekuendesa network, kushandisa yakagadzirira-yakagadzirwa mhinduro inogona kunge yakanyanya kuvimbisa. Asi zvinodikanwa kutungamirirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu aripo uye kuronga matanho akawanda mberi.

Chii chiri mutsetse wepasi

CDN seti yemamwe masimba ekuendesa traffic yako kune ruzhinji. Vanodiwa kune bhizinesi repamhepo? Ehe uye kwete, zvese zvinoenderana nevateereri izvo zvirimo zvakarongerwa uye kuti ndezvipi zvinangwa izvo muridzi webhizinesi anoteedzera.

Mapurojekiti edunhu uye akanyanya hunyanzvi anogashira zvakaipira zvakanyanya pane zvakanakira kubva mukuitwa kweCDN. Zvikumbiro zvicharamba zvichiuya kutanga kune sosi server, asi kuburikidza nemurevereri. Saka kudzikisira kusinganzwisisike muping, asi chaiko kudhura kwepamwedzi kwekushandisa sevhisi. Kana iwe uine yakanaka network zvishandiso, unogona kuvandudza zviri nyore ruzivo rwekuchengetedza algorithms, isa maseva ako padyo nevashandisi uye ugamuchire optimizations uye purofiti yemahara nguva dzose.

Asi ndiani chaizvo anofanirwa kufunga nezve maseva epakati makambani makuru ane zvivakwa zvisingagone kutarisana nekuyerera kuri kuramba kuchikura kwetraffic. CDN inozviratidza zvakakwana setekinoroji inobvumidza iwe kukurumidza kuendesa network kune yakakura geography yevashandisi, kupa yakagadzika mitambo yegore, kana kutengesa zvinhu papuratifomu hombe yekutengeserana.

Asi kunyangwe nevateereri venzvimbo yakakura, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise pachine nguva kuti nei ma network ekugovera zvemukati achidikanwa. Webhusaiti kukwidziridza ichiri ibasa rakaoma, risingagone kugadziriswa nemashiripiti nekushandisa CDN. Usakanganwa nezve akakosha maficha se: muchinjika-chikuva, kuchinjika, optimization yechikamu cheseva, kodhi, kupa, nezvimwe. Yekutanga tekinoroji yekuongorora uye akakwana matanho ekubvisa matambudziko ichiri mhinduro yakakwana kune chero purojekiti yepamhepo, zvisinei nekutarisa kwayo uye chiyero.

Pamusoro pekodzero dzekutsvaga

Unogona kuhodha izvozvi maseva ane simbavanoshandisa azvino processors amd epyc. Zvirongwa zvinochinjika - kubva ku1 CPU musimboti kusvika kune inopenga 128 CPU cores, 512 GB RAM, 4000 GB NVMe.

Source: www.habr.com