MuRussian Federation, kubva muna Ndira 01, 2021, Federal Law No. 31.07.2020-FZ yaChikunguru 259, XNUMX ""(mushure meizvi - Mutemo). Mutemo uyu unoshandura zvakanyanya uripo (ona. ) hutongi hwepamutemo hwekushandiswa kwekristptocurrencies uye blockchain muRussian Federation.
Chimbofunga pfungwa dzinokosha dzinotsanangurwa neMutemo uyu:
Distributed ledger
Maererano nendima 7 yeArt. 1 Mutemo:
Nezvinangwa zveFederal Law iyi, ledger yakagoverwa inonzwisiswa seti yedhatabhesi, kuzivikanwa kweruzivo rwurimo rwunovimbiswa pahwaro hweakagadziriswa algorithms (algorithm).
Tsananguro iyi haisiriyo tsananguro yebhuku rakagovaniswa mupfungwa yechinyakare, zviri pamutemo chero seti yemadhatabhesi umo kudhindwa kunoitwa uye kana backup inoitwa nguva nenguva. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti chero dhatabhesi, pamwe nesoftware kazhinji, inoshanda pahwaro hweakagadziriswa algorithms. Kureva, zviri pamutemo, chero hurongwa umo akati wandei dhatabhesi anowiriranisa data kubva pakuona kweMutemo "yakagoverwa ledger". Kubva muna Ndira 01.01.2021, XNUMX, chero dhizaini yeruzivo rwebhangi ichaonekwa zviri pamutemo se "yakagoverwa ledger".
Ehe, iyo chaiyo tsananguro yeakagoverwa ledger yakasiyana chaizvo.
Hungu, mwero , inopa iyo inotevera tsananguro ye blockchain uye yakagoverwa ledger:
Blockchain iregistry yakagoverwa ine mabhuroki akasimbiswa akarongwa mune inoteedzana yakawedzera cheni uchishandisa cryptographic link.
MaBlockchains akarongwa nenzira yekuti haatenderi shanduko kumarekodhi uye anomiririra akazadzikiswa mamwe marekodhi asingachinjiki muleja.Registry yakagoverwa ndeye registry (yezvinyorwa) iyo inogoverwa museti yemanodhi akagoverwa (kana network node, maseva) uye inowiriraniswa pakati pavo vachishandisa nzira yekubvumirana. Iyo registry yakagoverwa inogadzirwa nenzira yakadai: kudzivirira shanduko kune zvinyorwa (mune registry); kupa kukwanisa kuwedzera, asi kwete kuchinja zvinyorwa; zvine kutengeserana kwakasimbiswa uye kwakasimbiswa.
Zvinoita sekuti tsananguro isiriyo yeregistry yakagoverwa muMutemo uyu haina kupihwa netsaona, asi nemaune, sezvinoratidzwa nezvinodiwa zvakanyorwa mumutemo kune izvo zvakasarudzwa se "information system", iyo inosanganisirawo "information system based. pane registry yakagoverwaβ. Izvi zvinodikanwa zvekuti pachiitiko ichi hatisi kutaura zvakajeka nezve bhuku rinogoverwa muchirevo chinogamuchirwa chezwi iri.
Digital financial assets
Maererano nendima 2 yeArt. 1 Mutemo:
Digital zvemari midziyo ikodzero dzedhijitari, kusanganisira zvichemo zvemari, mukana wekushandisa kodzero pasi pezvibatiso zveequity, kodzero yekutora chikamu mudhorobha rekambani isiri yeruzhinji yakabatana-stock, kodzero yekuda kuendeswa kwezvibatiso zveequity, izvo zvinopihwa. nekuti nesarudzo yekuburitsa midziyo yemari yedhijitari nenzira yakamiswa neiyi Federal Law, nyaya, accounting uye kutenderera kwayo zvinogoneka chete nekugadzira (kuchinja) marekodhi muhurongwa hweruzivo zvichibva pane yakagoverwa registry, pamwe nerumwe ruzivo. zvirongwa.
Tsanangudzo ye "digital right" irimo :
- Kodzero dzedhijitari dzinocherechedzwa sezvizvi mumutemo, zvisungo uye dzimwe kodzero, zvirimo uye mamiriro ekushandiswa ayo anotemerwa maererano nemitemo yehurongwa hweruzivo inosangana nezvinodiwa nemutemo. Kuitwa, kuraswa, kusanganisira kuchinjisa, chitsidzo, kuvharirwa kwekodzero yedhijitari nedzimwe nzira kana kudziviswa kuraswa kwekodzero yedhijitari zvinogoneka chete muhurongwa hweruzivo pasina kubvunza kune wechitatu bato.
- Kunze kwekunge zvapihwa neimwe nzira nemutemo, muridzi wekodzero yedhijitari munhu uyo, maererano nemitemo yehurongwa hwemashoko, ane mukana wekubvisa kodzero iyi. Muzviitiko uye nezvikonzero zvakapihwa nemutemo, mumwe munhu anozivikanwa semuridzi wekodzero yedhijitari.
- Kuendeswa kwekodzero yedhijitari pahwaro hwekutengeserana hakudi mvumo yemunhu ane mhosva pasi pekodzero yedhijitari yakadaro.
Sezvo maDFA akatumidzwa mumutemo sekodzero dzedhijitari, zvinofanirwa kufungidzirwa kuti zviri pasi pezvinopihwa neArt. 141-1 yeCivil Code yeRussian Federation.
Nekudaro, hadzisi dzese kodzero dzedhijitari dzinotsanangurwa zviri pamutemo semidziyo yemari yedhijitari, senge "utility digital rights" inotsanangurwa mu. Federal Law No. 02.08.2019-FZ yaNyamavhuvhu 259, 20.07.2020 (seyakagadziridzwa musi waXNUMX Chikunguru, XNUMX) "Pakukwezva Investments Uchishandisa Investment Platform uye pane Amendments kune Mamwe maLegislative Acts of the Russian Federation" haishande kuCFA. DFA inosanganisira marudzi mana chete ekodzero dzedhijitari:
- zvikwereti mari,
- mukana wekushandisa kodzero pasi pezvivimbiso zvekupa,
- kodzero yekutora chikamu muguta guru rekambani isiri yeruzhinji yakabatana-stock,
- kodzero yekuda kuendeswa kwezvinyorwa-giredhi securities
Cash claims zvichemo zvekuendesa mari, nekuti Rubles yeRussian Federation kana mari yekunze. Nenzira, cryptocurrencies yakadai se bitcoin uye ether haisi mari.
Issuable securities maererano Federal Law No. 22.04.1996-FZ yaKubvumbi 39, 31.07.2020 (yakagadziridzwa munaChikunguru XNUMX, XNUMX) "PaSecurities Market" izvi ndezvipi zvibatiso zvinoratidzwa panguva imwe chete nezvinhu zvinotevera:
- gadzirisa huwandu hwezvivakwa uye dzisiri-zvivakwa kodzero dziri pasi pechitupa, kupihwa uye kuisirwa maekisesaizi mukuteerana nefomu uye maitiro akamiswa neFederal Law;
- zvinoiswa nenyaya kana zvimwewo nyaya;
- vane chiyero chakaenzana uye zviga zvekushandisa kodzero mukati menyaya imwe chete, zvisinei nenguva yekutorwa kwezvibatiso;
Mutemo weRussia unosanganisira masheya, mabhondi, sarudzo dzeanopa uye maresiti edhipoziti eRussia pakati pezvivimbiso zveequity.
Inofanirawo kubviswa kuti CFA muRussian Federation inosanganisira chete kodzero yekutora chikamu muguta guru rekambani isiri yehurumende, asi kwete kodzero yekutora chikamu mune mamwe makambani ebhizimisi, kunyanya, haisanganisi kodzero yekutora chikamu mukambani ine mari shoma yakanyoreswa muRussian Federation. Pano zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kuti makambani kana makambani akanyoreswa mune mamwe matunhu anogona kunge asina kunyatsoenderana netsanangudzo dzebhizinesi masangano akagadzwa nemutemo weRussian Federation.
Dhijitari mari
Maererano nendima 3 yeArt. 1 Mutemo:
Digital currency seti yemagetsi data (digital kodhi kana zita) iri muhurongwa hweruzivo rwunopihwa uye (kana) inogona kugamuchirwa senzira yekubhadhara isiri iyo mari yeRussian Federation, chikamu chemari che nyika yekunze uye (kana) mari yepasirese kana yuniti yeakaundi, uye (kana) sekudyara uye nechikonzero icho pasina munhu ane mhosva kune mumwe nemumwe muridzi weiyo data data, kunze kweanoshanda uye (kana) node dze. iyo yeruzivo system, iyo inongosungirwa kuve nechokwadi kutevedzera maitiro ekuburitsa aya emagetsi data uye kuita maererano nezviito zvekuita (kuchinja) mapindiro muhurongwa hwakadaro hweruzivo nemitemo yayo.
Hazvina kunyatsojeka kuti chii chairehwa ne "international monetary or accounting unit", zvakare, zviri pamutemo, zvakadaro zvinogona kutariswa. kana bitcoin, uye nekudaro, ivo havazove pasi pezvirambidzo zvinopihwa nemutemo weRussian Federation pamari yedhijitari. Asi isu taizongofunga kuti mukuita, Ripple kana Bitcoin ichaonekwa semari yedhijitari.
Iyo clause "isina munhu ane mhosva kune wega wega weiyo data yemagetsi" inoratidza kuti tiri kutaura nezve classic cryptocurrencies se bitcoin kana ether, iyo inogadzirwa nechepakati uye isingareve zvisungo zvemunhu chero upi zvake.
Kana nzira yakadaro yekubhadhara ichireva chisungo chemari chemunhu, zvinova izvo mune dzimwe stablecoins, saka kutenderera kwemidziyo yakadaro muRussian Federation kunenge kusiri pamutemo kunze kwehurongwa hweruzivo hwakabvumidzwa neBhange reRussia kana kwete kuburikidza nekutsinhana kwakanyoreswa. vanoshanda, nekuda kwekuti zviridzwa zvakadaro zvinowira pasi petsanangudzo CFA.
Vagari veRussian Federation, maererano nemutemo, vane kodzero yekuva, kutenga nekutengesa mari yedhijitari, kukwereta nekukweretesa, kupa, kuitora, kuitora, asi havana kodzero yekuishandisa kubhadhara zvinhu, mabasa uye. masevhisi (chikamu chechishanu chechinyorwa 5 cheMutemo):
Masangano emutemo ane mutemo wega wega mutemo weRussia, mapazi, mahofisi evamiririri uye mamwe matunhu akaparadzana emasangano epasi rese uye masangano emutemo ekunze, makambani uye mamwe masangano emakambani ane masimba emutemo, akagadzwa munharaunda yeRussian Federation, vanhu vari muRussia. Federation kwemazuva 183 mukati memwedzi gumi nemiviri yakatevedzana, haina kodzero yekugamuchira mari yedhijitari sekutarisa kwezvinhu zvinotamiswa navo (ivo), basa rakaitwa navo (ivo), masevhisi akaitwa navo (ivo), kana mune chero imwe. nzira inobvumira munhu kutora mubhadharo mumari yedhijitari yezvinhu (mabasa, masevhisi).
Ndiko kuti, mugari weRussian Federation anogona kutenga mari yedhijitari, toti, yemadhora kubva kune asiri mugari, uye anogona kuitengesa kune rubles kune anogara. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo yakashandiswa ruzivo system iyo izvi zvinoitika inogona kusasangana nezvinodiwa zvakanyorwa mumutemo weiyo ruzivo system umo maDFA anopihwa zvinoenderana neMutemo uyu.
Asi mugari weRussian Federation haagone kugamuchira mari yedhijitari sekubhadhara kana kubhadhara nayo kune zvinhu, mabasa, masevhisi.
Izvi zvakafanana nehurumende yekushandiswa kwemari yekunze muRussian Federation, kunyange zvazvo inofanira kusimbiswa kuti CB haisi mari yekunze, uye mitemo yemitemo yemari yekunze haishandisi zvakananga kuCB. Vagari veRussian Federation vanewo kodzero yekuve, kutenga uye kutengesa mari yekunze. Asi hazvibvumidzwe kushandisa, toti, US madhora ekubhadhara.
Mutemo hautauri zvakananga nezve mukana wekuunza mari yedhijitari mudhorobha rakabvumidzwa rekambani yehupfumi yeRussia. MuRussian Federation, tsika iyi yakatoitika, bitcoin yakapihwa kune yakatenderwa capital yekambani yeArtel, izvi zvakagadziriswa nekuendeswa kwekuwana chikwama chemagetsi (ona. )
Sezvo mupiro kumari ine mvumo isiri yekutengeserana kwemabasa kana masevhisi, tinotenda kuti Mutemo uyu haurambidze kutengeserana kwakadaro mune ramangwana.
Sezvatakambotaura (cf. ) pamberi pekupinda kushanda Mutemo muRussian Federation, pakanga pasina kurambidzwa kushanda pamwe cryptocurrency, kusanganisira kuchinjanisa kwayo zvinhu, mabasa, mabasa. Uye, nokudaro, "mari yedhijitari" yakagamuchirwa nemunhu anogara muRussian Federation paanenge achitengesa zvinhu zvake, mabasa, masevhisi mukutsinhana nemari yedhijitari isati yatanga kushanda kweMutemo, mushure mekupinda kwayo kushanda, inofanirwa kutorwa zviri pamutemo. pfuma.
Kudzivirirwa kwekutonga kwevaridzi vedhijitari mari
Mundima 6 yeArt. 14 yeMutemo ine hurongwa hunotevera:
Zvichemo zvevanhu vanotaurwa mundima 5 yeChinyorwa ichi (avo. vagari veRussian Federation - vanyori) yakabatana nekuve nemari yedhijitari inochengetedzwa nematare chete kana vakazivisa nezve chokwadi chekuve nemari yedhijitari uye kuita kwekutengeserana kwemutemo wehurumende uye (kana) mashandiro nemari yedhijitari nenzira yakamiswa nemutemo weRussia. Federation pamitero uye muripo.
Nokudaro, Mutemo unogadza kuti kune vagari veRussian Federation, kodzero dzine chokuita nekuwana mari yedhijitari dzinotungamirirwa nedziviriro yekutonga chete kana ruzivo runopiwa kuhofisi yemitero, uye hapana kurambidzwa kwakadaro kune vasiri vagari.
Avo. kana munhu achigara munharaunda yeRussian Federation kwemazuva asingasviki 183 mukati memwedzi gumi nemiviri yakatevedzana, uye akakweretesa mari yedhijitari kune mumwe munhu, ipapo anogona kudzorera mari yechikwereti mudare reRussia zvisinei nekuti akazivisa hofisi yemutero nezve. kutengeserana, asi kana ari mugari RF, ipapo kugamuchirwa kana kugutsikana kwechikumbiro chekudzoka kwechikwereti mukati mechirevo chechinyorwa ichi kunofanira kurambwa kana zvikaonekwa kuti mumhan'ari haana kuzivisa mutero wemutero nezve chikwereti. kutengeserana.
Izvi, hongu, itsika isingaenderane nemutemo, uye haifanirwe kushandiswa nematare mukuita.
Chikamu 1 Art. Bumbiro remutemo reRussian Federation rinoratidza kuti munhu wese akaenzana pamberi pemutemo nematare, uye vasiri vagari havafanirwe kuve nedziviriro yekutonga kupfuura vagari.
Asi, kunyange dai chirambidzo chakadaro chakaunzwa kune vasiri vagari, chingave chisiri chemutemo, nekuti. Chikamu 1 Art. Bumbiro reRussian Federation rinovimbisa munhu wese kuchengetedzwa kwekutonga kwekodzero dzavo.
Inofanirawo kurangarirwa kuti Sangano reEuropean Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, iro riri kushanda muRussian Federation, rinovimbisa munhu wose kodzero yekutongwa kana paine gakava pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu (vagari) nezvisungo.
Information system uye information system operator.
P. 9 Art. 1 yeMutemo inoti:
Mazwi ekuti "information system" uye "information system operator" anoshandiswa muFederal Law mune zvinorehwa neFederal Law No. 27-FZ yaJuly 2006, 149 "PaRuzivo, Information Technologies uye Information Protection".
ine tsananguro inotevera yehurongwa hweruzivo (clause 3, chinyorwa 2) uye mushandisi wehurongwa hweruzivo (chikamu chechi12, chinyorwa 3):
Sistimu yeruzivo - seti yeruzivo rwuri mudhatabhesi uye ruzivo tekinoroji uye tekinoroji nzira dzinovimbisa kugadziridzwa kwayo
ruzivo system operator - mugari kana sangano repamutemo rinobatanidzwa mukushanda kwehurongwa hwemashoko, kusanganisira kugadzirisa ruzivo rwuri mudura rayo.
Mutemo unogadza huwandu hwezvinodiwa zvehurongwa hwemashoko umo marekodhi anogona kuitwa nerubatsiro rwekutenderera kwedhijitari yemari yemari inonyorwa. Izvi zvinodikanwa zvekuti tekinoroji yakadaro sisitimu yeruzivo haigone kuve blockchain kana yakagovaniswa ledger mupfungwa inogamuchirwa kazhinji yemazwi aya.
Kunyanya, isu tiri kutaura nezve chokwadi chekuti iyo ruzivo system (inozonzi IS) inofanirwa kuve ne "information system operator".
Sarudzo yekuburitsa DFA inogoneka chete nekuiswa kwesarudzo iyi pawebhusaiti yeIP opareta. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana mutyairi akaramba kuisa sarudzo yakadaro pawebhusaiti yayo, saka kuburitswa kweDFA pasi peMutemo hakugone kuitwa.
An IP opareta anogona chete kuva Russian pamutemo sangano, uye chete pashure pokunge yabatanidzwa Bank of Russia mu "register of information system operators" (clause 1, Article 5 yeMutemo). Kana mushandi akabviswa murejista, kushanda neDFA muIS kunomiswa (clause 10, article 7 yeMutemo).
Mushandi weIS umo iyo IS inopihwa anosungirwa kuve nechokwadi chekugona kudzoreredza kuwanikwa kwemuridzi wemidziyo yemari yedhijitari kumarekodhi ehurongwa hweruzivo pakukumbira kwemuridzi wemidziyo yemari yedhijitari, kana kuwana kwakadaro kwave. akarasika naye (clause 1, clause 1, article 6 of the Law). Izvo hazvitsananguri zvinorehwa ne "kuwana", kana zvichireva kuverenga kuverenga kana kunyora kuwana, zvisinei, kubva kune zvinoreva ndima 2 yeArt. 6, tinogona kufunga kuti mushandisi anofanira kuramba aine kutonga kwakazara pamusoro pekodzero dzemushandisi:
Mushandi weiyo ruzivo system umo kuburitswa kwemidziyo yemari yedhijitari inosungirwa kuve nechokwadi chekupinda (kuchinja) kwemarekodhi pamidziyo yemari yedhijitari pahwaro hwechiito chekutonga chapinda musimba remutemo, gwaro rekutonga, kusanganisira chisarudzo chemubatsiri, zviito zvemamwe masangano nevakuru vakuru mukuita mabasa avo anopiwa nemutemo weRussian Federation, kana kuti yakabudiswa nenzira yakatemwa nemutemo, chitupa chekodzero yenhaka, inopa kuendeswa. yemidziyo yemari yedhijitari yeimwe mhando muhurongwa hwekutevedzana kwepasirese, pasati papfuura zuva rebhizinesi rinotevera zuva iro chikumbiro chakakodzera chinogashirwa neakadaro opareta information system.
Maererano nendima 7 yeArt. 6 yeMutemo:
Mhedzisiro yekutorwa kwemidziyo yemari yedhijitari inoenderana nezvinodiwa neBhangi reRussia zvinoenderana neChikamu 9 cheChikamu 4 cheFederal Law nemunhu asiri mutengi anokodzera, kusanganisira kana munhu ataurwa achizivikanwa zvisiri pamutemo. munhu anodyara mari ane hunyanzvi, ndiko kuisirwa kune mushandisi weiyo ruzivo system, umo nyaya yemidziyo yemari yedhijitari inoitwa, chisungo, nekukumbira kwemunhu akatsanangurwa akawana midziyo yemari yedhijitari, kuti atore aya emari edhijitari. pfuma kubva kwaari nokuzvibhadharira kwake uye mudzosere mari yose yaakabata nayo.
Mukuita, izvi zvinoreva kuti mukutengeserana neDFA, kutorwa kweiyo inogona kungoitwa nemunhu ane ruzivo rwekudyara mari, kuendeswa kweDFA kuchaitwa chete nemvumo yeIP opareta.
Chikamu chemutemo weRussian Federation paCFA.
Maererano nendima 5 yeArt. 1 yeMutemo:
Mutemo weRussia uchashanda kuhukama hwepamutemo hunobva mukuburitswa, accounting uye kutenderera kwemidziyo yemari yedhijitari zvinoenderana neFederal Law, kusanganisira nekutora chikamu kwevanhu vekunze.
Kana tikasvika pashoko iri zviri pamutemo, saka mutemo weRussia unoshanda chete kune izvo zvemari midziyo inopihwa, iyo accounting uye kutenderera kwayo kunoitika sezvakatsanangurwa muMutemo. Kana zvikasaitika nenzira iyi, saka mutemo weRussia haushandi kwavari zvachose. Kunyangwe kana vese vatori vechikamu mukutengeserana vari vagari veRussian Federation, ese maseva ari muRussian Federation, nyaya yekutengeserana ndeye mugove kana zvisungo zvemari zvekambani yeRussia, asi IP haishande sezvinotsanangurwa mumutemo, zvino zviri kunze kwechikamu chemutemo weRussia. Mhedziso ine musoro zvachose, asi inoshamisa. Zvichida vanyori vemutemo vaida kutaura chimwe chinhu, asi vakachigadzira nenzira yavakachironga nayo.
Imwe dudziro inogona kuitika ndeyekuti mutemo weRussia unoshanda kune chero DFA inotsanangurwa mumutemo, kunyangwe kune vatorwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana nyaya yekutengeserana ichiwira mukati metsanangudzo yeCFA mumutemo, kunyange kana mapato ekutengeserana ari vanhu vokune dzimwe nyika, mutemo weRussia unofanirwa kushanda kune kutengeserana. Mune mamwe mazwi, nekududzirwa uku, mutemo weRussia unoshanda kune zviitiko zvezvose zvekutsinhana kwemasheya munyika zvinotengesa zvisungo uye zvimwe zviridzwa zvinowira pasi petsanangudzo yeCFA pasi pemutemo weRussia. Isu tinotenda kuti kududzira kwakadaro kuchiri pamutemo, sezvo isu hatigone kufunga kuti Mutemo uyu unogona kudzora mabasa e, toti, Tokyo kana London Stock Exchange kana paine kutengeserana nemabhondi emagetsi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinowira pasi pepfungwa yeCFA.
Mukuita, isu tinofunga kuti kurambidzwa kuchaitwa pakusvika kwevagari veRussian Federation kune chero "maitiro eruzivo" asingaenderane nezvinodiwa neMutemo, i.e. kune chero isina kutenderwa neBhangi reRussia, kusanganisira kune dzimwe nyika kuchinjana uye masisitimu anobva pane blockchain, kunze kwekunge kuburikidza ne "digital zvemari asset exchange operator" (ona ndima 1 yeChinyorwa 10 cheMutemo).
Digital Financial Asset Exchange Operators
Maererano neChikamu 1 cheArt. 10 yeMutemo (kusimbisa - vanyori):
Kutenga uye kutengesa kutengeserana kwemidziyo yemari yedhijitari, kumwe kutengeserana kwakabatana nemidziyo yemari yedhijitari, kusanganisira kuchinjana kwemidziyo yemari yedhijitari yemhando imwe yemidziyo yemari yedhijitari yerumwe rudzi kana kodzero dzedhijitari dzakapihwa nemutemo, kusanganisira. kutengeserana nemidziyo yemari yedhijitari yakapihwa mumasisitimu eruzivo akarongwa maererano nemutemo wekunze, pamwe nekutengeserana nekodzero dzedhijitari dzinosanganisira midziyo yemari yedhijitari uye dzimwe kodzero dzedhijitari, dzinoitwa kuburikidza Digital financial asset exchange operator, iyo inovimbisa kupera kwekutengeserana nemidziyo yemari yedhijitari nekuunganidza uye kuenzanisa zvikumbiro zvakasiyana zvekutengeserana kwakadaro kana nekutora chikamu nemari yazvo mukutengeserana nemidziyo yezvemari yedhijitari sebato rekutengeserana kwakadaro mune zvido zvevechitatu mapato.
Apa ndipo panotanga blockchain.
Sezvatakatogadzira pamusoro apa, maererano neMutemo muRussian Federation, hazvibviri kuburitsa DFA uchishandisa blockchain, maererano neMutemo, chero ruzivo rwehurongwa, kusanganisira "yakagoverwa ledger", inofanira kunge yakanyatsoiswa pakati.
Nekudaro, chinyorwa ichi chinopa vagari veRussian Federation kuti vaite kutengeserana nemidziyo yemari yedhijitari yakapihwa mumasisitimu eruzivo akarongwa maererano nemutemo wekunze (kureva, mumasisitimu eruzivo asingachafanire kutevedzera zvinodiwa nemutemo weRussia), kana zvakadaro. kutengeserana kunopihwa nedhijitari yemari asset exchange operator (pano - OOCFA).
OOCFA inogona kuve nechokwadi chekupedzisa kwekutengeserana kwakadaro nenzira mbiri dzakatsanangurwa muMutemo:
1) Nekuunganidza uye kuenzanisa mirairo yakasiyana yekutengeserana kwakadaro.
2) Nekutora chikamu nemari yazvo mukutengeserana nemidziyo yemari yedhijitari sebato rekutengeserana kwakadaro mune zvido zvevechitatu mapato.
Izvi hazvina kutaurwa zvakajeka muMutemo, zvisinei, zvinoita sekuti OOCFA inogona kutengesa uye kutenga mari yedhijitari yemari (mukutengeserana nevagari veRussian Federation - yeRubles, nevasiri vagari vekunze mari).
Munhu mumwe chete anogona kunge ari mushandisi wekutsinhana kwemidziyo yemari yedhijitari uye mushandisi weiyo system yeruzivo umo kuburitswa uye kutenderera kwedhijitari mari yemari inoitwa.
OOCFA maererano nemutemo uyu inoshanduka kuva rudzi rweanalogue ye crypto-exchange. Bhizinesi reRussia richachengetedza "register yevashandi vekutsinhanisa midziyo yemari yedhijitari", uye vanhu chete vanosanganisirwa murejista vachakwanisa kuita mabasa akadaro.
OOCFA muRussian Federation inogona nokudaro kuita segedhi pakati pe "vatorwa", decentralized masisitimu (zvinoratidzika kwatiri kuti ), uye hurongwa hwemari yeRussian Federation. Just like on , maakaundi emushandisi ari muOCFA anogona kuratidza kodzero kumidziyo yakapihwa muhurongwa hwakatemerwa, uye inogona kutamiswa kubva kuakaundi yemushandisi kuenda kuakaundi yemumwe mushandisi, pamwe nekutengwa uye kutengeswa nemari. Hazvibviri kutenga zvakananga CFA yeCV muRussian Federation, asi OGCF inogona kupa mukana wekutengesa CV nemari, uye kutenga CFA nemari imwe chete.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kutengeserana neDFAs kwakapihwa pakati pe "ekunze" masisitimu anogona kuitwa mune yepakati IS, kunyanya, anogona kugamuchirwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika kubva kune ekunze masisitimu, kana kuparadzaniswa kune vekunze vanobatana mune inobuda kune yakaganhurwa system.
Semuenzaniso: OOCFA inogona kupa masevhisi kune vagari veRussian Federation yekutenga imwe mhando yeDFA yakapihwa paEthereum blockchain. Iyo yakawanikwa pfuma muEthereum system iri pakero yeOCFA (inotevera kubva kune zvakatemwa zveMutemo izvo OCFA inogona kuita izvi), uye mune yeruzivo system iyo OCFA inoshanda semushandisi, iyi asset ichave. inoratidzwa munhoroondo yemugari weRussian Federation. Izvi zvinotoita kuti basa rive nyore nemidziyo yakadaro kune mugari weRussian Federation, kana zviri zvakajairika kuti ashande nepakati masisitimu anowanikwa uchishandisa login uye password pane neiyo decentralized masisitimu akavakirwa pane cryptographic makiyi, kurasikirwa ayo , semuenzaniso, hazvireve mukana wekuwana kupora.
Mugari weRussian Federation, ane maDFA paakaundi yake neDFA, anogona kutengesa kana kuchinjanisa maDFA aya nerubatsiro rweDFA, uye mumwe mubato wekutengeserana anogona kunge ari mugari ane account ine DFA imwechete kana asiri mugari anoshandisa decentralized "foreign" system.
Mienzaniso yemidziyo yedhijitari.
Zvikamu / zvikamu zvekambani pane blockchain.
Sangano rekutanga renyika rine zvikamu zvakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo mumatokeni paEthereum blockchain yakanyoreswa muna 2016 muRepublic of the Marshall Islands. . The Makambani ane zvinotevera:
Migove yeCorporation inomiririrwa nematokeni akaburitswa nemagetsi muchibvumirano che smart chakaiswa pakero pane Ethereum blockchain.
Kuendeswa kwemasheya emubatanidzwa kunogona chete kuve muchimiro chekuchinjisa ma tokens anomiririra zvikamu muchibvumirano chakatsanangurwa chakangwara. Hapana imwe nzira yekuendesa masheya ichaonekwa seyakakodzera.
Nhoroondo ye CoinOffering Ltd. mitemo yakadai yakatangwa nechata yesangano pachayo, pachishandiswa simba rakasununguka. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, ona
Parizvino, kune masimba ayo mutemo unopa pachena mukana wekuchengetedza rejista yemasheya / vagovani pa blockchain, kunyanya, iyo US States yeDelaware (ona pazasi). uye Wyoming (cf. )
Ikozvino kune mapurojekiti ari kugadzira mapuratifomu ekuburitsa zvikamu zvemagetsi pa blockchain uchishandisa mitemo yeidzi nyika, semuenzaniso,
Mutemo mutsva unovhura mikana yekugadzira zvimiro zvakafanana muRussian Federation. Inogona zvakare kuve yakasanganiswa zvimiro muchimiro chekambani yekune imwe nyika, semuenzaniso, kuUnited States, iyo yakapa tokenized migove pane decentralized blockchain, uye ine tsigiro muRussian Federation, uye idzi tokenized migove inogona kutengwa ( uye kutengeswa) nevagari veRussian Federation kuburikidza neRussia digitaalinen exchange operator zvemari zvinhu zvinoenderana neMutemo mutsva.
Mabhiri emagetsi.
Rudzi rwekutanga rweCFA rwunorehwa neMutemo nderokuti "mari yekukumbira".
Iyo yakanyanya kunaka uye yepasirese mhando yezvikwereti zvemari zvinogona kutamiswa kubva kune mumwe munhu kuenda kune mumwe ndeye . Chibvumirano chevimbiso chinowanzove chiri nyore kwazvo uye chakanyatsofungwa chekugadzirisa chishandiso, uyezve, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ndezvekare, uye maitiro mazhinji akawanikwa pairi. Zvingave zvinonakidza kuita kutenderera kwemabhiri pa blockchain, kunyanya sezvo iyo pfungwa yeCFA muMutemo inokurumidza kuratidza pane izvi.
Zvisinei, Art. 4 installs:
Bhiri rekutsinhana uye tsamba yekuvimbisa inofanirwa kudhirowa chete pabepa (yakaoma kopi)
Zvinokwanisika here panguva imwe chete kushandisa "kodzero dzedhijitari, kusanganisira zvikwereti zvemari" inotaurwa mundima 2 yeArt. 1 Mutemo muchimiro chezviratidzo pane blockchain?
Tinotenda kuti izvi zvinogoneka zvichibva pane zvinotevera:
MuRussia Federation inoshanda .
Art. 3 yeChibvumirano ichi inogadza:
Iyo fomu iyo zvisungo pasi pebhiri rekuchinjana kana chiziviso chinogamuchirwa inotarwa nemutemo wenyika mune iyo nzvimbo zvisungo izvi zvakasainwa.
Ndiko kuti, Art. 4 tbsp. 4 inofanira kushandiswa pasi pezviga zveArt. 3 .
Kana zvisungo zviri pasi pebhiri racho zvakasainwa munharaunda yeRussian Federation, saka kusaina kwakadaro kunofanira kuitwa papepa chete, kana zvisungo zviri pasi pemutemo zvakasainwa munzvimbo iyo mabhiri ekutsinhana mufomu yemagetsi asingarambidzwe, asi zvakadaro. bhiri, zvichienderana nezviga kunyangwe kuve munharaunda yeRussian Federation uye / kana mune yekugara muRussian Federation ichave inoshanda. Kuti uenderane nezvinodiwa neMutemo, zvakare, dhizaini yakasanganiswa inogoneka, umo bhiri rakapihwa zvinoenderana nemutemo wekunze rinogona kutariswa muRussian Federation seCFA (mari yekuda) uye yakawanikwa / yakaparadzaniswa kuburikidza neCFA exchange operator. nevagari veRussian Federation, kunyangwe kana zvisina kutariswa zvisiri pamutemo chinyorwa pasi pemutemo weRussia (zvichienderana nemutemo weChikamu 4. )
Semuenzaniso, kubudiswa kwezvikwereti zvemagetsi zvakadaro maererano nemitemo yemutemo weChirungu zvinogoneka pachikuva (ona ) Nzvimbo yekubuda kwebhiri uye kubhadhara pabhiri inogona kunge iri muUK, zvisinei, maDFA akadaro anogona kutorwa uye kuparadzaniswa nevagari veRussia kuburikidza nemushandisi wekutsinhana kwemidziyo yemari yedhijitari, uye kutenderera kwavo mune yepakati ruzivo system. zvinogoneka, mufambisi uyo ari mugari weRussian Federation maererano nezvinodiwa neMutemo.
The conclusion.
Kazhinji, mutemo unounza zvirambidzo zvakakosha pakushandiswa kwemari yedhijitari kana ichienzaniswa nemamiriro ezvinhu aripo muRussian Federation. Panguva imwecheteyo, inovhura mikana inonakidza yekushanda ne "digital financial assets" (DFA), iyo, zvisinei, inoda nzira yakakodzera kune chikamu chevashandi vehurongwa hwemashoko uye vashandi vekushandura mari yedhijitari vakanyoreswa neBhange reRussia.
Preprint.
Vanyori: ,
Literature, links, sources:
- Sazhenov A. V. Cryptocurrencies: dematerialization yechikamu chezvinhu mumutemo wehurumende. Mutemo. 2018, 9, 115.
- Tolkachev A.Yu., Zhuzhzhalov M.B. Cryptocurrency sepfuma - ongororo yezvino pamutemo mamiriro. Bulletin yeEconomic Justice yeRussian Federation. 2018, 9, 114-116.
- Efimova L.G. Cryptocurrencies sechinhu chemutemo wehurumende. Economy nemutemo. 2019, 4, 17-25.
Source: www.habr.com