Isu tanga tichifarira nyaya yekusazivikanwa mune cryptocurrencies kwenguva yakareba uye edza kutevedzera kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji munzvimbo ino. Muzvinyorwa zvedu takatokurukura zvakadzama mitemo yekushanda muMonero, uye vakaitawo tekinoroji dziripo mundima iyi. Nekudaro, ese asingazivikanwe cryptocurrencies nhasi akavakirwa pamuenzaniso wedata wakakurudzirwa neBitcoin - Unspent Transaction Output (pano UTXO). Kune account-based blockchains senge Ethereum, iripo mhinduro dzekuita kusazivikanwa uye kuvanzika (semuenzaniso, kana ) akaedza kudzokorora modhi yeUTXO muzvibvumirano zvakangwara.
Muna Kukadzi 2019, boka revatsvagiri kubva kuStanford University uye Visa Research yakaburitswa "Zether: Pakuvanzika munyika yezvibvumirano zvakangwara." Vanyori ndivo vaive vekutanga kupa nzira yekuita kuti pasazivikanwe muakaundi-based blockchains uye vakapa shanduro mbiri dzechibvumirano chakangwara: chekuvanzika (kuviga masara uye mari dzekutamisa) uye kusazivikanwa (kuvanza mugamuchiri uye anotumira) kutengeserana. Isu tinoona tekinoroji yakatsanangurwa inonakidza uye tinoda kugovera dhizaini yayo, pamwe nekutaura nezvekuti sei dambudziko rekusazivikanwa muakaundi-based blockchains rinoonekwa rakaoma kwazvo uye kana vanyori vakakwanisa kurigadzirisa zvizere.
Nezve maumbirwo emhando idzi dze data
Mumuenzaniso weUTXO, kutengeserana kunosanganisira "zvinopinza" uye "zvinobuda". Analogue yakananga ye "zvinobuda" ndiwo mabhiri muchikwama chako: chimwe nechimwe "chinobuda" chine dhinominesheni. Kana iwe uchibhadhara mumwe munhu (gadzira dhizaini) iwe unoshandisa imwe kana anopfuura "zvakabuda", mune iyo mamiriro ivo vanova "zvipimo" zvekutengeserana, uye blockchain inovaratidza seyakashandiswa. Muchiitiko ichi, mugamuchiri wekubhadhara kwako (kana iwe pachako, kana iwe uchida shanduko) unogamuchira "zvinobuda" zvitsva. Izvi zvinogona kumiririrwa schematically seizvi:
Akaundi-based blockchains akaumbwa zvakanyanya seakaundi yako yekubhangi. Ivo vanongobata nehuwandu muakaundi yako uye huwandu hwekutamisa. Paunotamisa imwe mari kubva kuaccount yako, haupise chero "zvinobuda", network haifanire kuyeuka kuti ndeipi mari yakashandiswa uye isina. Muchiitiko chakareruka, ongororo yekutengeserana inodzika pakutarisa siginicha yeanotumira uye mari pasara yake:
Ongororo yehunyanzvi
Tevere, tichazotaura nezvekuti Zether inovanza sei mari yekutengeserana, mugamuchiri, uye mutumi. Sezvatinotsanangura nheyo dzekushanda kwayo, tichacherechedza kusiyana kwezvinyorwa zvakavanzika uye zvisingazivikanwi. Sezvo zviri nyore kwazvo kuve nechokwadi chekuvanzika muakaundi-based blockchains, zvimwe zvezvirambidzo zvakaiswa nekusazivikanwa hazvizove zvakakosha kune yakavanzika vhezheni yetekinoroji.
Kuvanza mabharanzi uye mari dzekutumira
An encryption scheme inoshandiswa kuvharidzira mabharanzi uye kutamisa huwandu muZether . Inoshanda sezvinotevera. Apo Alice anoda kutumira Bob b mari nekero (kiyi yavo yeruzhinji) Y, anosarudza nhamba isina kurongeka r uye encrypts iyo mari:
apo C - encrypted mari, D - kukosha kwekubatsira kunodiwa kutsanangura iyi mari, G - nzvimbo yakagadziriswa pane elliptic curve, kana yawedzerwa nekiyi yakavanzika, kiyi yeruzhinji inowanikwa.
Kana Bob akagamuchira hunhu uhwu, anongozviwedzera kune yake yakavanzika chiyero nenzira imwechete, ndosaka chirongwa ichi chiri nyore.
Saizvozvo, Alice anobvisa maitiro akafanana kubva pachiyero chake, chete se Y inoshandisa kiyi yako yeruzhinji.
Kuvanza mugamuchiri uye mutumiri
Kubhuroka "zvinobuda" muUTXO kunotangira pamazuva ekutanga emari yekristpto uye kunobatsira kuvanza mutumi. Kuti aite izvi, mutumiri pachake, paanenge achiendesa, anounganidza "zvabuda" zvisingatarisirwi mu blockchain uye anozvisanganisa neyake. Zvadaro, anosaina "zvinobuda" nechisiginecha chemhete - cryptographic mechanism inomubvumira kutendesa muongorori kuti mari yeanotumira iripo pakati pe "zvinobuda" zvinobatanidzwa. Mari yakasanganiswa pachayo, hongu, haina kupedzwa.
Nekudaro, isu hatizokwanisa kuburitsa ekunyepedzera kuviga mugamuchiri. Nokudaro, muUTXO, "chinobuda" chimwe nechimwe chine kero yaro yakasiyana, uye inonzi cryptographically yakabatana nekero yeakagamuchira mari idzi. Parizvino, hapana nzira yekuziva hukama pakati peiyo yakasarudzika kero yekubuda nekero yeanogamuchira usingazive makiyi ayo akavanzika.
Mune iyo account-based model, hatigone kushandisa kero yenguva imwe chete (zvikasadaro ichave yatove "exits" modhi). Naizvozvo, anogamuchira uye anotumira anofanirwa kusanganiswa pakati pemamwe maakaundi mu blockchain. Muchiitiko ichi, mari yakavharidzirwa 0 inobviswa kubva kumaakaundi akavhenganiswa (kana 0 inowedzerwa kana mugamuchiri akasanganiswa), pasina kunyatso shandura chiyero chavo chaicho.
Sezvo vose vari vaviri mutumiri neanotambira nguva dzose vane kero yekusingaperi, zvinova zvakafanira kushandisa mapoka mamwechete pakusanganisa kana uchiendesa kumakero mamwe chete. Zviri nyore kutarisa izvi nemuenzaniso.
Ngatitii Alice afunga kuita mupiro kurudo rwaBob, asi anofarira kuti kutamiswa kurambe kusingazivikanwe kune anoona kunze. Zvadaro, kuitira kuti azvivanze mumunda wekutumira, anopindawo nhoroondo dzaAdhamu naAdele. Uye kuvanza Bob, wedzera maakaundi aBen naBill mundima yevanogamuchira. Achiita mupiro unotevera, Alice akasarudza kunyora Alex naAmanda pedyo naye, uye Bruce naBenjen pedyo naBob. Muchiitiko ichi, kana uchiongorora iyo blockchain, mune izvi zviviri zvekutengeserana pane imwechete inopindirana vaviri vevatori vechikamu - Alice naBob, izvo zvinoburitsa zita rekutengesa uku.
Transaction mijaho
Sezvatakambotaura, kuvanza chiyero chako muakaundi-yakavakirwa masisitimu, mushandisi anovhara chiyero chake uye huwandu hwekutamisa. Panguva imwecheteyo, anofanirwa kuratidza kuti chiyero paakaunti yake chinoramba chisina-negative. Dambudziko nderekuti kana uchigadzira kutengeserana, mushandisi anovaka humbowo maererano neazvino account mamiriro. Chii chinoitika kana Bob akatumira kutengeserana kuna Alice, uye kunogamuchirwa pamberi peiyo yakatumirwa naAlice? Ipapo kutengeserana kwaAlice kuchaonekwa sekusina basa, sezvo humbowo hwekuenzanisa hwakavakwa kutengeserana kwaBob kusati kwagamuchirwa.
Sarudzo yekutanga inouya mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro ndeyekumisa account kusvika kutengeserana kwaitwa. Asi nzira iyi haina kukodzera, nokuti kunze kwekuoma kwekugadzirisa dambudziko rakadaro muhurongwa hwakagoverwa, muchirongwa chisingazivikanwi hazvizove pachena kuti ndiani ane account yekudzivisa.
Kuti ugadzirise dambudziko iri, tekinoroji inoparadzanisa kutengeserana kunouya uye kunobuda: kushandisa mari kune mhedzisiro yekukurumidza pane bhari, nepo risiti ine kunonoka kuita. Kuti uite izvi, pfungwa ye "epoch" inounzwa - boka rezvivharo zvehukuru hwakatarwa. Iyo yazvino "epoch" inotemerwa nekugovanisa kureba kweblock nehukuru hweboka. Paunenge uchigadzirisa kutengeserana, network inokurumidza kugadzirisa muyero weanotumira uye inochengeta mari yeanogamuchira mutangi rekuchengetedza. Mari yakaunganidzwa inowanikwa kune anobhadhara chete kana "nguva" itsva inotanga.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, mushandisi anogona kutumira kutengeserana zvisinei nekuti mari inogamuchirwa kakawanda sei (kusvika painobvumira bhangi rake, hongu). Iyo epoch saizi inotemerwa zvichienderana nekuti mabhuroki akakurumidza sei kupararira kuburikidza netiweki uye nekukurumidza sei kutengeserana kupinda mu block.
Mhinduro iyi inoshanda zvakanaka pakuendesa zvakavanzika, asi nekutengeserana kusingazivikanwe, sezvatichaona gare gare, zvinogadzira matambudziko akakomba.
Dziviriro pakurwisa replay
Muakaundi-based blockchains, kutengeserana kwega kwega kunosainwa nekiyi yakavanzika yeanotumira, iyo inogonesa mutsigiri kuti kutengeserana hakuna kugadziridzwa uye kwakagadzirwa nemuridzi wekiyi iyi. Asi ko kana munhu anorwisa anga achiteerera chiteshi chekufambisa abata meseji iyi otumira iyo yechipiri chaiyo? Weverifier inosimbisa siginicha yekutengeserana uye ichave nechokwadi chehunyori hwayo, uye netiweki ichanyora mari imwechete kubva pabhari yeanotumira zvakare.
Kurwiswa uku kunonzi replay attack. Mumuenzaniso weUTXO, kurwiswa kwakadaro hakuna kukodzera, sezvo munhu anorwisa achaedza kushandisa zvakashandiswa zvakabuda, izvo pachazvo hazvina kukodzera uye zvinorambwa netiweki.
Kuti izvi zvisaitike, munda une data isina kurongeka inovakwa mukutengeserana, iyo inonzi nonce kana kungoti "munyu". Kana uchitumirazve kutengeserana nemunyu, mutsigiri anotarisa kuti aone kana nonce yakamboshandiswa uye, kana zvisiri, inoona kutengeserana kwacho kunoshanda. Kuti urege kuchengetedza nhoroondo yese yevashandisi nonces mu blockchain, kazhinji mune yekutanga kutengeserana inoiswa yakaenzana ne zero, yozowedzerwa neimwe. Iyo network inogona chete kutarisa kuti nonce yekutengeserana kutsva inosiyana kubva kune yapfuura imwe neimwe.
Muchirongwa chekuendesa chisingazivikanwe, dambudziko rekusimbisa transaction nonces rinomuka. Hatikwanise kusungirira nonce kukero yemutumiri, sezvo, zviri pachena, izvi zvinobvisa zita rekutamisa. Isu hatigonewo kuwedzera imwe kune nonces emaakaundi ese ari kutora chikamu, sezvo izvi zvichigona kupesana nekumwe kutamiswa kuri kugadziriswa.
Vanyori veZether vanokurudzira kugadzira iyo nonce cryptographically, zvichienderana ne "epoch". Semuyenzaniso:
zviri x ndiyo kiyi yakavanzika yemutumi, uye Gepoch - imwe jenareta yenguva, yakawanikwa nehashing tambo yefomu 'Zether +'. Ikozvino dambudziko raita senge ragadziriswa - isu hatiburitse nonce yeanotumira uye hatikanganise nenhamba dzevatori vechikamu vasina kubatanidzwa. Asi nzira iyi inoisa kudzikisira kwakakomba: account imwe haikwanise kutumira inodarika imwe kutengeserana pa "epoch". Dambudziko iri, zvinosuruvarisa, rinoramba risina kugadziriswa, uye iye zvino rinoita kuti shanduro isingazivikanwe yeZether, mumaonero edu, isingakwanisi kushandiswa.
Iyo yakaoma yeZero Ruzivo Umbowo
MuUTXO, anotumira anofanira kuratidza kunetiweki kuti haasi kushandisa mari yakashata, kana zvikasadaro zvinokwanisika kugadzira mari nyowani kubva mumhepo yakatetepa (nei izvi zvichibvira, takanyora mune imwe yapfuura. ) Uye zvakare sainira "mainputs" ane siginecha yemhete kuratidza kuti pakati pemari iri kusanganiswa pane mari yake.
Mune isingazivikanwe vhezheni yeakaundi-based blockchain, mataurirwo ehumbowo akanyanya kuoma. Mutumwa anoratidza kuti:
- Mari inotumirwa yakanaka;
- Chiyero chinoramba chisina-negative;
- Iye anotumira akanyatso encrypted huwandu hwekutamisa (kusanganisira zero);
- Chiyero chiri pachiyero chinoshanduka chete kune anotumira uye anogamuchira;
- Iye anotumira ndiye ane kiyi yakavanzika kuaccount yake uye ari parunyorwa rwevanotumira (pakati peavo vanobatanidzwa);
- Iyo Nonce inoshandiswa mukutengeserana inogadzirwa nemazvo.
Nokuda kwehuchapupu hwakaoma kudaro, vanyori vanoshandisa musanganiswa (mumwe wevanyori, nenzira, akatora chikamu mukusika kwayo) uye , iyo inonzi Sigma-bullets. Humbowo hwakarongeka hwechirevo chakadaro ibasa rakaoma, uye rinomisa zvakanyanya huwandu hwevanhu vanoda kuita tekinoroji.
Chii mumagumo?
Semaonero edu, chikamu cheZether chinounza kuvanzika kuaccount-based blockchains chinogona kushandiswa izvozvi. Asi panguva ino, iyo isingazivikanwe vhezheni yetekinoroji inoisa zvirambidzo zvakakomba pakushandiswa kwayo, uye kuoma kwayo pakuitwa kwayo. Zvisinei, haifaniri kuderedzwa kuti vanyori vakabudisa iyo mwedzi mishomanana yapfuura, uye zvichida mumwe munhu achawana mhinduro kumatambudziko aripo nhasi. Mushure mezvose, aya ndiwo maitiro esainzi.
Source: www.habr.com