Nezve munyori: ishamwari purofesa wenhoroondo paYunivhesiti yeSouth Carolina uye co-director weAnn Johnson Institute for Science, Technology uye Society.
Kana zvasvika pakugadzirisa hukama pakati pemapoinzi maviri, hapana chinogona kukunda njiva. Kunze, zvichida, kune hawk isingawanzoitiki.
Kusora kweAvian: Mumakore ekuma1970, CIA yakagadzira kamera kadiki kakashandura njiva kuti ive vasori.
Kwezviuru zvemakore, njiva dzinotakura dzakatakura mashoko. Uye zvakazonyanya kubatsira munguva yehondo. Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, (panguva ) - vose vaivimba nekukurukurirana kuburikidza neshiri. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, US Signal Corps neNavy vakachengeta madovecotes avo. Hurumende yeFrance yakapa shiri yekuAmerica inonzi Cher Ami mubayiro yebasa reushingi panguva yeHondo yeVerdun. MuHondo Yenyika II, vaBritish vakachengeta njiva dzaitakura dzinopfuura 250 000, 32 dzacho dzakagamuchira. , mubayiro unokosha wemhuka nokuda kwebasa rechiuto [kubva muna 1943 kusvika muna 1949, menduru yakapiwa ka54 - kune njiva makumi matatu nembiri, imbwa gumi nesere, mabhiza matatu nechikepe. / approx. shanduro].
Uye zvechokwadi, US Central Intelligence Agency yaisakwanisa kuita asi kushandura njiva kuva vasori. Mumakore ekuma1970, CIA's Research and Development Department yakagadzira diki, lightweight kamera yaigona kusungirirwa pachipfuva chenjiva. Mushure mekusunungurwa, njiva yakabhururuka pamusoro pevasori vakananga kumba. Mota mukati mekamera, inofambiswa nebhatiri, yakapepeta firimu ndokuvhura shutter. Nemhaka yokuti njiva dzinobhururuka mazana mashoma emamita chete kubva pasi, dzakakwanisa kuwana mifananidzo ine udzame zvikuru kupfuura ndege kana kuti masatelliti. Paive nemiedzo here? kubudirira? Hatizivi. Iyi data inoramba yakarongedzwa nanhasi.
Nekudaro, iyo CIA yanga isiri yekutanga kushandisa tekinoroji iyi. Mushori wemishonga wekuGermany Julius Gustav Neubronner anowanzoonekwa semunhu wekutanga kudzidzisa njiva kutora mifananidzo mumhepo. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, Neubronner akabatanidza makamera [.kuzvigadzira, uchishandisa pneumatic kuvhura kwevhavha / approx. shanduro] kuchipfuva chemutakuri wenjiva. Kamera yakatora mifananidzo nguva nenguva sezvo njiva yaibhururuka ichienda kumba.
Mauto ePrussian akaongorora mukana wekushandisa Neubronner njiva kuti azivezve, asi akasiya pfungwa iyi mushure mekutadza kudzora nzira kana kutora mifananidzo yenzvimbo dzakati. Pane kudaro, Neubronner akatanga kugadzira mapositadhi kubva pamifananidzo iyi. Ivo zvino vakaunganidzwa mubhuku ra2017 "". Zvimwe zvacho zvinogona kuonekwa paInternet:
Chikonzero chikuru chekuti njiva dzinogona kushandiswa kutumira mameseji kana kutariswa ndechekuti vanadzo -Kugona kuona Yepasi remagineti, kusarudza nzvimbo yemunhu, kutungamira kwekufamba uye kutaridzika.
Zvakaonekwa kare kare muIjipiti neMesopotamia zvakaratidza kuti njiva dzaiwanzodzokera kumusha kumafuro adzo, kunyange dzikasunungurwa kure nokumusha kwadzo. Asi munguva pfupi yapfuura chete masayendisiti ane mukuti magineti orientation inoshanda sei mushiri.
Muna 1968, nyanzvi yemhuka yokuGermany Wolfgang Wiltschko yakatsanangura kambasi ine magineti , shiri dzinotama. Akatarisa mbavha dzakanga dzabatwa dzichiungana kune rumwe rutivi rwekeji uye akatarisa kwaaizoenda kana akasununguka. Apo Vilchko manipulated magineti minda murabhoritari kushandisa , ma robin akapindura kune izvi nekushandura maitiro avo munzvimbo, pasina chero maonero kana mamwe maitiro.
Kudzidza nezve magnetoreception yehoming njiva kwave kwakaoma nekuti shiri dzinofanirwa kuburitswa munzvimbo yadzo yechisikigo kuitira kuti dziratidze maitiro adzo. Kunze kwerabhoritari, hapana nzira iri nyore yekushandisa magineti, saka zvaive zvakaoma kuziva kana shiri dzaivimba nedzimwe nzira dzekuona, dzakadai senzvimbo yeZuva mudenga.
Kuma1970s , nyanzvi yokuongorora mhuka paYunivhesiti yeNew York paStony Brook nomudzidzi wake Robert Greene vakauya nekuedza kwoungwaru kunokunda zvinetso zvakadaro. Kutanga, vakadzidzisa boka renjiva 50 kuti dzibhururuke munzvimbo ine zuva uye kune makore kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva, dzichidzisunungura kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzakasiyana.
Mushure mokunge njiva dzakatanga kugara dzichidzokera kumba pasinei nemamiriro okunze, masayendisiti akazvipfekedza muhembe dzemafashoni. Vakaisa makoiri emabhatiri panjiva imwe neimwe - koiri imwe yakatenderedza mutsipa weshiri sekora, uye imwe yakanamatira kumusoro wayo. Makoiri akashandiswa kushandura simba remagineti rakapoteredza shiri.
Pamazuva ekupisa kwezuva, kuvapo kwezvino mumakoiri kwakanga kusina simba kune shiri. Asi kuine makore, shiri dzacho dzaibhururuka dzakananga kumba kana kubva pairi, zvichienderana nekunanga kwemagnetic field. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mumamiriro ekunze akajeka njiva dzinofamba nezuva, uye pamazuva ane makore dzinonyanya kushandisa magineti ePasi. Walcott uye Green zvaakawana muSainzi muna 1974.
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, Julius Gustav Neubronner akashandisa njiva nemakamera kutora mapikicha ari muchadenga.
Kuwedzera kutsvagisa uye kuyedza kwakabatsira kujekesa dzidziso yemagnetoreception, asi kusvika parizvino hapana akakwanisa kuona kuti maginetoreceptors mushiri aripi. Muna 2002, Vilchko neboka rake kuti vari muziso rekurudyi. Asi makore mapfumbamwe gare gare, rimwe boka revasayendisiti rakabudisa mhinduro kuiri basa mumagazini inonzi Nature, richiti ivo yakaziviswa mhedzisiro.
Dzidziso yechipiri yaiva muromoβzvikurukuru, simbi inoiswa pamusoro pomuromo wedzimwe shiri. Pfungwa iyi yakarambwawo muna 2012, apo chikwata chemasayendisiti kuti masero aripo macrophages, chikamu chemuviri wemuviri. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare, David Dickman naLe-qing Wu mukana wechitatu: nzeve yomukati. Parizvino, kutsvaga kwezvinokonzeresa magnetoreception inoramba iri nharaunda yekushingaira kutsvaga.
Neraki kune avo vanoda kugadzira "njiva", kunzwisisa kuti shiri dzinoziva sei kutungamira kwekubhururuka hakuna kukosha. Vanongoda kudzidziswa kubhururuka pakati pemapoinzi maviri. Zvakanakisisa kushandisa nguva-yakaedzwa kukurudzira nenzira yezvokudya. Kana ukadyisa njiva panzvimbo imwe uye wodzichengeta mune imwe, unogona kudzidzidzisa kubhururuka nenzira iyi. Zvinokwanisikawo kudzidzisa njiva kuti dzidzokere kumba kubva kunzvimbo dzausina kujaira. IN shiri dzinogona kubhururuka , kunyangwe iyo yakajairwa muganhu inotaridzirwa sechinhambwe che1000 km.
Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, njiva dzaitakura mashoko akaiswa mumachubhu maduku akasungirirwa kumakumbo adzo. Pakati penzira dzenguva dzose pakanga pane nzira inobva pachitsuwa ichienda kuguta guru, kubva mumusha uchienda pakati peguta, uye kuenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo uko waya dzeteregirafu dzakanga dzisati dzasvika.
Njiva imwe chete inogona kutakura nhamba shoma yenguva dzose mameseji-haina kutakura simba reAmazon's drone. Asi kugadzirwa kwemicrofilm kumakore ekuma1850 nemutorwa wemifananidzo wechiFrench RenΓ© Dagron kwakabvumira shiri imwe chete kutakura mamwe mazwi, uye kunyange mifananidzo.
Anenge makore gumi mushure mekugadzirwa, apo Paris yakanga yakakombwa mukati , Dagron akakurudzira kushandisa njiva kutakura mafotomicrographs ezvinyorwa zvepamutemo uye zvemunhu. yakapera kurongazve microfilms pamwe chete aive neanodarika miriyoni meseji. VaPrussia vakatenda zvakanga zvichiitika, uye vakatora mhanje nerukoni mubasa, vachiedza kuvharira mameseji ane mapapiro.
Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kuvimbika kwekurukurirano yenguva dzose kupfurikidza netsamba, teregirafu norunhare kwakakura, uye njiva zvishoma nezvishoma dzakapinda munzvimbo yokuzvivaraidza uye zvinodikanwa chaizvo, ikava chidzidzo chefundo nokuda kwevanoziva zvisingawanzoitiki.
Somuenzaniso, pakati 1990s kambani kubva kuColorado, anofarira rafting, akabatanidza tsamba dzenjiva munzendo dzake dzakatevedza Rwizi rweCache-la-Poudre. Firimu rakatorwa munzira rakaiswa mumabhegi madiki enjiva. Shiri dzakabva dzasunungurwa ndokudzokera kumuzinda wekambani. Pakazodzoka matanda, mafoto akange atogadzirira - tsamba yenjiva yakapa kusarudzika kune zviyeuchidzo zvakadaro [munzvimbo dzine makomo dzeDagestan, vamwe vagari vemo , kuendesa data pane flash makadhi / approx. shanduro]
Mumwe mumiririri wekambani akati shiri idzi dzakanga dzakaomerwa chaizvo neshanduko yekugadzira michina yedhijitari. Vakatakura makadhi eSD pachinzvimbo chemufirimu, vaiwanzobhururuka vachipinda musango pane kudzokera kudovecote, pamwe nekuda kwekuti kutakura kwavo kwakareruka. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vashanyi vese pavakawana zvishoma nezvishoma mafoni, kambani yaifanira kuregedza njiva,
Uye pfupiso yangu yemeseji yenjiva yaisazokwana ndisina kutaura RFC David Weitzman yakatumirwa kuInternet Engineering Council muna Kubvumbi 1, 1990. akatsanangura protocol , Internet Protocol pamusoro peAvian Carriers, ndiko kuti, kutumirwa kweInternet traffic kuburikidza nenjiva. IN , yakabudiswa musi waApril 1, 1999, kwete chete kuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwakataurwa ("Kune zvinetso zvepachivande maererano nenjiva dzinonyengera" [mutambo wemashoko uchishandisa pfungwa yenjiva, zvichireva shiri yakafukidzwa inoitirwa kukwezva shiri pakuvhima, uye mutauri wemapurisa / approx. shanduro]), asiwo nyaya dzepatent ("Parizvino pane kutongwa kwemutemo pane zvakauya pekutanga - mutakuri weruzivo kana zai").
Mumiyedzo yehupenyu chaihwo yeIPoAC protocol muAustralia, South Africa neBritain, shiri dzakakwikwidzana nenharembozha dzemuno, hunhu hwayo mune dzimwe nzvimbo hwakasiya zvakanyanya kudiwa. Pakupedzisira, shiri dzakakunda. Sezvo dzashanda senzira yokupanana nayo mashoko kwezviuru zvemakore, njiva dzichiri kupfuurira nanhasi.
Source: www.habr.com