Hurukuro: yakajairika UNIX zvishandiso zvakashandiswa nevanhu vashoma uye vachiri kushandisa

Vhiki rapfuura, Douglas McIlroy, mugadziri wepombi yeUNIX uye muvambi wepfungwa ye "chikamu-chakatarisana hurongwa", Ndakaudza nezvezvinonakidza uye zvisina kujairika UNIX zvirongwa zvisinga shandiswe zvakanyanya. Chinyorwa chakatanga nhaurirano inoshanda paHacker News. Takaunganidza zvinhu zvinonyanya kufadza uye tichafara kana iwe ukapinda muhurukuro.

--Ото - Virginia Johnson - unsplash

Shanda nemashoko

UNIX-senge masisitimu anoshanda ane yakajairwa seti yezvishandiso zvekufometa zvinyorwa. Utility type yakakubvumidza kuti uongorore gwaro remataipi uye hapaxes - mazwi anowanikwa mune zvinyorwa kamwe chete. Sezvineiwo, chirongwa chekutsvaga typos haishandisi maduramazwi. Inovimba chete neruzivo rwuri mufaira uye inoitisa frequency ongororo ichishandisa trigrams (kutevedzana kwemavara matatu). Muchiitiko ichi, zvose zvinodikanwa zviverengero zvinochengetwa mune 26x26x26 dhizaini. Sekureva kwaDouglas McIlroy, huwandu uhu hwendangariro hwakanga husina kukwana kune akati wandei-byte counters. Saka, kuitira kuchengetedza mari, zvakanyorwa mu logarithmic fomu.

Nhasi typo yakatsiviwa nemamwe emazuva ano uye echokwadi eduramazwi-based spell checkers. Nekudaro, vanhu vachiri kurangarira nezve chiridzwa - makore mashoma apfuura munhu anofarira kuunzwa kuita typo muGo. Iyo repository ichiri kuvandudzwa.

Chimwe chishandiso chekushanda nemagwaro kubva kuma80s ndiyo package Munyori's Workbench kubva kuna Lorinda Cherry naNina McDonald veBell Labs. Kuumbwa kwayo inosanganisirwa zvishandiso zvekuratidza zvikamu zvekutaura uye chimiro chegwaro, kutsvaga tautologies uye mitsara yakaoma zvisina basa. Zvishandiso zvakagadziridzwa sezviyamuro zvevadzidzi, uye pane imwe nguva ivo kushandiswa vadzidzi vepaColorado State University muU.SA. Asi pakazosvika makore ekumapfumbamwe, bhenji reMunyori rakakanganwika nekuti rakanga risina kuverengerwa mushanduro yechinomwe yeUnix. Nekudaro, chiridzwa ichi chakaramba chichienda kune vatevedzeri - semuenzaniso, girama ye IBM PC.

UNIX inopawo maturusi akajairwa kuita kuti kushanda nemafomati kuve nyore. Kune preprocessor yemutauro yekufomatisa mataurirwo emasvomhu eqn. Izvo zvinozivikanwa nenyaya yekuti kuratidza fomula, mugadziri anongoda kuitsanangura nemazwi akareruka uye zviratidzo. Mazwi akakosha anokutendera kuti uchinje masvomhu zviratidzo zvakadzika uye zvakachinjika, shandura saizi yavo uye mamwe ma parameter. Kana iwe ukapfuura mutsara kune utility:

sum from { k = 1 } to N { k sup 2 }

Iyo inobuda ichagadzira iyo inotevera formula:

Muma1980-1990s eqn vakabatsira Nyanzvi dzeIT dzinonyora zvinyorwa zvesoftware. Asi gare gare yakatsiviwa neLaTeX system, iyo anoshandisa kunyange Habr. Asi eqn ndiyo yekutanga chishandiso chekirasi yayo kuramba iri chikamu cheUNIX-senge masisitimu anoshanda.

Kushanda nemafaira

Mune tambo yemusoro, Hacker News vagari vakacherekedza akati wandei asingawanzo shandiswa zvekushandisa pakushanda nemafaira. Mumwe wavo yakanga comm kuvaenzanisa. Iyi analogue yakareruka zvakasiyana, yakagadzirirwa kushanda mumanyoro. Yake akanyora Richard Stallman pachake pamwe naDavid MacKenzie.

Chirongwa chinobuda chine makoramu matatu. Koramu yekutanga ine hunhu hwakasiyana kune yekutanga faira, iyo yechipiri koramu ine kukosha kwakasiyana kune yechipiri faira. Chikamu chechitatu chinosanganisira huwandu hunokosha. Kuti comm ishande nemazvo, magwaro akafananidzwa anofanirwa kurongwa zvine mutsindo. Naizvozvo, mumwe wevagari vesaiti yakataurwa shanda neutility mune inotevera fomu:

comm <(sort fileA.txt) <(sort fileB.txt)

Comm iri nyore kushandisa kutarisa kuperetera kwemazwi. Zvakakwana kuzvienzanisa negwaro reduramazwi rereferensi. Tichifunga nezve hunyengeri hunoenderana nekudiwa kwekurongedza mafaera, pane mafungiro, kuti Stallman naMacKenzie vakanyora zvekushandisa kwavo chete kune iyi kesi yekushandisa.

--Ото - Marnix Hogendoorn - unsplash

Zvakare mutori wenhaurirano paHN zvakanyorwa opareta kugona kudya, izvo zvakanga zvisiri pachena kwaari. Iyo inokutendera kuti upindire nzizi dzedata kana kupatsanura rukova rumwe kuita makoramu maviri paunenge uchiburitsa:

$ paste <( echo -e 'foonbar' ) <( echo -e 'baznqux' )
foo     baz
bar     qux
$ echo -e 'foonbarnbaznqux' | paste - -
foo     bar
baz     qux

Mumwe wevashandisi Tarira, iyo kazhinji isiri iyo yakanyanya kunaka mhinduro dzinoshandiswa kuita izvi zviri nyore mashandiro: kutanga ne fmt, ex uye kuguma mlr с jot и rs.

Ndeapi akajairwa maficha eUNIX-senge masisitimu ekushandisa anga awanikwa kwauri?

Zvatinonyora nezvazvo mune yedu yekambani blog:

Iyo Domain Name System Yakavapo: Iyo ARPANET Era
Nhoroondo yeDomain Name System: Yekutanga DNS Servers
Nhoroondo yeDNS: apo mazita emadomasi akabhadharwa
Nhoroondo yeDomain Name System: Protocol Wars

Source: www.habr.com