Kutarisisa kweNetwork uye Messaging Protocols yeIoT

Mhoro, Khabrovites! Russia yekutanga online kosi IoT kuvandudza inotanga muOTUS muna Gumiguru. Kunyoreswa kwekosi kwakavhurwa izvozvi, maererano nezvatinoramba tichigovana newe zvinhu zvinobatsira.

Iyo Internet yezvinhu (IoT, Internet yezvinhu) ichavakwa pamusoro peiyo iripo network network, matekinoroji uye mapuroteni anoshandiswa mudzimba / mahofisi neInternet, uye achapa zvimwe zvakawanda.

Chinangwa chegwaro iri ndechekupa pfupiso pfupi ye networking uye maapplication protocol eIoT.

Cherechedza. Unofanira kuva nezivo basics of network technologies.

IoT network

IoT inomhanya pane iripo TCP/IP network.

TCP/IP inoshandisa mana-layer modhi ine chaiwo maprotocol pane imwe neimwe layer. Cm. kunzwisisa TCP/IP 4 layer modhi (isu tinonzwisisa mana-layer modhi yeTCP / IP).

Dhiagiramu iri pazasi inoratidza kuenzanisa kwemaprotocol ari kushandiswa uye ayo angango shandiswa kuIoT.

Chati manotsi:

1. Saizi yefonti inoratidza kufarirwa kweprotocol. Semuenzaniso, kuruboshwe, IPv4 yakakura, sezvo ichinyanya kufarirwa paInternet yemazuva ano. Nekudaro, idiki kurudyi sezvo IPv6 inotarisirwa kuve yakakurumbira muIoT.

2. Haasi ese maprotocol anoratidzwa.

3. Mazhinji ekuchinja ari pachiteshi (mazinga 1 uye 2) uye mazinga ekushandisa (chikamu 4).

4. Iwo mambure nematanho ekufambisa angangoramba asina kuchinjika.

Batanidza layer protocol

Padanho rekubatanidza data (Data Link), unofanirwa kubatanidza zvishandiso kune mumwe nemumwe. Vanogona kunge vari vaviri vari padyo, semuenzaniso, mumambure emunharaunda (netiweki yenzvimbo) uye kure kure kubva kune mumwe nemumwe: mumaguta (metropolitan area network) uye pasi rese network (yakafara nzvimbo network).

Parizvino, padanho rino, dzimba nehofisi network (LANs) dzinoshandisa Ethernet neWi-Fi, uye nharembozha (WANs) inoshandisa 3G / 4G. Nekudaro, akawanda maIoT zvishandiso zvine simba rakaderera, senge masensor, uye anongofambiswa nemabhatiri. Muzviitiko izvi, Ethernet haina kukodzera, asi yakaderera powered Wi-Fi uye yakaderera powered Bluetooth inogona kushandiswa.

Nepo tekinoroji dziripo dzisina waya (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G/4G) dzichiramba dzichishandiswa kubatanidza zvishandiso izvi, zvakafanirawo kutarisa matekinoroji matsva akagadzirirwa maIoT maapplication anogona kukura mukuzivikanwa.

Pakati pavo:

• BLE - Bluetooth Yakaderera Simba

• LoRaWAN - Yakareba Range WAN

• SigFox

• LTE-M

Vanotsanangurwa zvakadzama munyaya yacho. Mhedziso yeIOT isina waya tekinoroji (kutarisisa kweasina waya IoT matekinoroji).

network layer

Pane network layer (Networking), iyo protocol ichatonga nekufamba kwenguva IPv6. Hazvigoneki kuti IPv4 ichashandiswa, asi inogona kuita basa mumatanho ekutanga. Mazhinji emidziyo yeIoT yepamba, senge smart bulbs, parizvino inoshandisa IPv4.

transport layer 

Panzvimbo yekutakura (Transport), iyo Internet uye webhu inotongwa neTCP. Inoshandiswa mune ese ari maviri HTTP uye mamwe akawanda anozivikanwa Internet protocol (SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, nezvimwewo).

MQTT, iyo yandinotarisira kuve imwe yeakanyanya application layer protocol yekutumira mameseji, parizvino inoshandisa TCP.

Nekudaro, mune ramangwana, nekuda kwekudzika kwepamusoro, ini ndinotarisira UDP kuti iwedzere kufarirwa kuIoT. Zvichida zvakapararira MQTT-SN, kumhanya pamusoro peUDP. Ona chinyorwa chekuenzanisa TCP vs UDP .

Application layer uye messaging protocol

Hunhu hwakakosha hweIoT protocol:

• Kumhanyisa - huwandu hwe data inotamiswa pasekondi.

• Latency ndiyo nguva inotora kutumira meseji.

• Simba rekushandisa.

• Chengetedzo.

• Kuwanikwa kwesoftware.

Parizvino, maprotocol maviri makuru ari kushandiswa nesimba padanho rino: HTTP neMQTT.

HTTP ingangove ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa protocol yedanho iri pasi pewebhu (WWW). Icharamba ichikosha kuIoT, sezvo ichishandiswa kune REST API - iyo huru nzira yekudyidzana pakati pewebhu maapplication nemasevhisi. Nekudaro, nekuda kwepamusoro-soro, HTTP haifanire kuve iyo huru IoT protocol, kunyangwe ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya paInternet.

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) yave iyo huru yekutumira mameseji protocol muIoT nekuda kwekureruka kwayo uye nyore kushandisa. Ona chinyorwa Nhanganyaya kuMQTT kune vanotanga (Kusuma kuMQTT kune vanotanga).

Kuenzanisa kweHTTP uye MQTT yeIoT

MQTT iri kukurumidza kuita iyo de facto chiyero cheIoT application. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekureruka kwayo uye nekumhanya zvichienzaniswa neHTTP uye chokwadi chekuti ndeye-kune-vazhinji protocol pane imwe-kune-imwe (HTTP).

Mazhinji emazuva ano ewebhu maapplication angashandisa nemufaro MQTT pachinzvimbo cheHTTP kana yaive iripo panguva yekuvandudzwa kwavo.

Muenzaniso wakanaka kutumira ruzivo kune vatengi vakawanda, sekusvika nekusimuka kwezvitima / mabhazi / ndege. Muchiitiko ichi, imwe-kune-imwe protocol seHTTP ine zvakawanda zvepamusoro uye inoisa mitoro yakawanda pamaseva ewebhu. Kuyera aya maseva ewebhu kunogona kuve kwakaoma. NeMQTT, vatengi vanobatana kune bhuroka, iyo inogona kuwedzerwa nyore kuyera kuyera. Tarisa vhidhiyo tutorial nezvazvo Shandurazve HTML Data Pamusoro peMQTT (Muenzaniso Wekusvika Kwendege) uye chinyorwa MQTT vs HTTP yeIOT.

Mamwe mameseji maprotocol

HTTP haina kugadzirirwa maapplication eIoT, asi sezvataurwa, ichashandiswa zvakanyanya kwenguva yakati nekuda kwekupararira kwayo mukushandisa. API.

Anenge ese mapuratifomu eIoT anotsigira ese HTTP uye MQTT.

Nekudaro, kune mamwe maprotocol anofanirwa kutariswa.

Mitemo

• MQTT - (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). Inoshandisa TCP/IP. Iyo yekuburitsa-kunyoresa modhi inoda meseji broker.

• AMQP - (Yepamberi Mharidzo Yekumutsa Protocol). Inoshandisa TCP/IP. Muparidzi-Munyori uye Inongedza-ku-Point Models.

• KAPA - (Constrained Application Protocol). Inoshandisa UDP. Yakagadzirirwa zvakananga kuIoT, inoshandisa iyo yekukumbira-mhinduro modhi sezviri muHTTP. RFC 7252.

• DDS - (Data Distribution Service) 

Muizvi chinyorwa iwo maprotocol makuru uye mashandisirwo awo anotariswa. Mhedziso yechinyorwa ichi ndeyekuti IoT ichashandisa seti yemaprotocol, zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwavo.

Nekudaro, mukutarisa, mumakore ekutanga eInternet, iyo HTTP protocol yaizove inotonga yaingova imwe yemapuroteni mazhinji.

Kunyangwe HTTP isati yave kugadzirirwa faira uye email kutumira, nhasi inoshandiswa kune ese ari maviri.

Ini ndinotarisira kuti zvimwe chete zviitike nemaprotocol ekutumira mameseji muIoT: masevhisi mazhinji achashandisa protominant imwe chete.

Pazasi pane Google Trends machati anoratidza kuti kufarirwa kweMQTT, COAP uye AMQP kwakachinja sei mumakore mashoma apfuura.

Mhedziso yeGoogle Trends 

Protocol rutsigiro nepuratifomu

• Microsoft Azure - MQTT, AMQP, HTTP uye HTTPS

• AWS - MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT pamusoro pewebhu

• IBM Bluemix - MQTT,HTTPS,MQTT

• Thingworx - MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT, AMQP

Summary

Mazhinji ekuchinja ari pachiteshi (mazinga 1 uye 2) uye mazinga ekushandisa (chikamu 4).

Iwo mambure nematanho ekufambisa angangoramba asina kuchinjika.

Pachikumbiro chekushandisa, zvikamu zveIoT zvinoshandisa mameseji protocol. Tichiri padanho rekutanga mukuvandudza kweIoT, zvingangoita kuti imwe kana maviri mameseji mapuroteni achabuda pachena.

Mumakore mashoma apfuura, MQTT yave inonyanya kufarirwa, uye zviri pairi kuti ini ndave kutarisa pane ino saiti.

HTTP icharamba ichishandiswa sezvo yakatovakwa zvakanaka mumapuratifomu eIoT aripo.

Ndizvo zvose. Tinokukoka iwe kuti usayine kune yemahara demo chidzidzo pane iyo musoro "Chatbot yekuraira nekukurumidza kune mudziyo".

Verenga zvimwe:

• Nei kusachengeteka kwevatengi IoT masisitimu ikozvino idambudziko rakakura rebhizinesi

Source: www.habr.com