Muchikamu chino, ini ndichakuudza nezveDAG (Yakananga Acyclic Girafu) uye mashandisiro ayo mumadhiza akagoverwa, uye isu tichazvienzanisa ne blockchain.
DAG hachisi chinhu chitsva munyika ye cryptocurrencies. Iwe unogona kunge wakanzwa nezvazvo semhinduro kumatambudziko e blockchain scalability. Asi nhasi isu hatizotauri nezve scalability, asi nezve izvo zvinoita kuti cryptocurrencies ive yakasiyana nezvimwe zvese: decentralization, kushaikwa kwevamiriri uye censorship kuramba.
Ini ndichakuratidzawo kuti DAG iri kunyanya kupikisa censorship uye hapana vanopindirana kuti vawane ledger.
Mune blockchains isu tinoziva, vashandisi havana mukana wakananga kune ledger pachayo. Paunenge uchida kuwedzera kutengeserana kune ledger, unofanirwa "kubvunza" mugadziri we block (aka "miner") kuti azviite. Ndivo varimi vemigodhi vanosarudza kuti ndeipi transaction yekuwedzera kune inotevera block uye isingaite. Vacheri vemigodhi ndivo vane mvumo yekuwana mabhuroko chete uye vane kodzero yekusarudza kuti ndeupi kutengeserana kuchagamuchirwa kuti iiswe mubhuku remabhuku.
Vacheri vemigodhi vakamira pakati pako neleja yakagoverwa.
Mukuita, kazhinji nhamba shoma yemadziva emugodhi pamwe chete inodzora inopfuura hafu yesimba rekombuta retiweki. Kune Bitcoin aya madziva mana, eEthereum - maviri. Kana vakaita colude, vanogona kuvharisa chero kutengeserana kwavanoda.
Mumakore mashoma apfuura, misiyano yakawanda ye blockchains yakatsanangurwa, inopesana nemisimboti yekusarudza vanogadzira block. Asi ivo vanogadzira block ivo pachavo havasi kuenda kupi, ivo vachiri "vakamira pachivharo": kutengeserana kwese kunofanirwa kupfuura nemugadziri we block, uye kana akasazvigamuchira, saka kutengeserana, chokwadi, hakuna.
Iri idambudziko risingadzivisike ne blockchain. Uye kana isu tichida kuzvigadzirisa, isu tinofanirwa kushandura zvakanyanya dhizaini uye kubvisa zvachose mabhuraki uye kuvhara vagadziri. Uye pachinzvimbo chekuvaka cheni yezvivharo, isu tichabatanidza kutengeserana ivo pachavo, kusanganisira ma hashes eakawanda apfuura mune yega kutengeserana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, tinowana chimiro chinozivikanwa mumasvomhu seyakatungamirwa acyclic graph - DAG.
Iye zvino munhu wese ane mukana wakananga kune registry, pasina vamiriri. Paunenge uchida kuwedzera kutengeserana kune ledger, unongowedzera. Iwe unosarudza akati wandei evabereki kutengeserana, wedzera data rako, saina uye tumira kutengeserana kwako kune vezera pane network. Ready. Hapana anokurambidza kuita izvi, saka transaction yako yatova paledger.
Iyi ndiyo yakasarudzika, yakanyanya censorship-humbowo nzira yekuwedzera matransaction kune ledger pasina vamiriri. Nekuti munhu wese anongowedzera kutengeserana kwavo kune registry pasina kukumbira mvumo kubva kune chero munhu.
DAGs inogona kutariswa nhanho yechitatu mukushanduka kwemaregistries. Chekutanga pakanga paine maregistries epakati, umo rimwe bato raidzora kuti risvike kwavari. Ipapo kwakauya ma blockchains, ayo anga atova nevatongi vakati wandei vakarekodha matransaction muleja. Uye pakupedzisira, hapana vatongi zvachose muDAG; vashandisi vanowedzera kutengeserana kwavo zvakananga.
Zvino zvatava nerusununguko urwu, hazvifanirwe kukonzera nyonganyonga. Isu tinofanirwa kuve nekubvumirana pane mamiriro eregistry. Uye chibvumirano ichi, kana kubvumirana, kazhinji chinoreva kubvumirana pazvinhu zviviri:
- Chii chaitika?
- Izvi zvakaitika nenzira ipi?
Tinogona kupindura mubvunzo wekutanga zviri nyore: kana dhizaini yakagadzirwa nemazvo yawedzerwa kune leja, yaitika. Uye nguva. Ruzivo nezve izvi runogona kusvika kune vese vatori vechikamu panguva dzakasiyana, asi pakupedzisira ma node ese anogashira kutengeserana uku uye kuziva kuti zvakaitika.
Dai yaive blockchain, vashandi vemumigodhi vaizosarudza zvinoitika. Chero izvo mucheri anosarudza kuisa mublock ndizvo zvinoitika. Zvese zvaasingasanganisire mublock hazviitiki.
Mu blockchains, vashandi vemigodhi vanogadzirisawo dambudziko rechipiri rekubvumirana: kurongeka. Vanotenderwa kuraira kutengeserana mukati me block sezvavanoda.
Nzira yekuona sei kurongeka kwekutengeserana muDAG?
Nekuda kwekuti girafu yedu inotungamirwa, isu tatova nekurongeka. Kutengeserana kwega kwega kunoreva kune imwe kana kupfuura yapfuura, yevabereki. Vabereki, zvakare, vanotaura nezvevabereki vavo, zvichingodaro. Vabereki sezviri pachena vanouya pamberi pekutengeserana kwevana. Kana chimwe chekutengeserana chichigona kusvikwa nemubereki nemwana, tinonyatsoziva kurongeka kuri pakati pekutengeserana muchikamu ichocho chekutengeserana.
Asi kurongeka pakati pekutengeserana hakugone kugara kuchitemwa kubva pachimiro chegirafu chete. Semuenzaniso, kana maviri ekutengeserana akarara pamapazi akafanana egirafu.
Kuti tigadzirise kusajeka mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, tinovimba nevanonzi vanopa maodha. Tinovadaidzawo kuti "zvapupu." Ava ndivo vashandisi vakajairwa vane basa rekugara vachitumira kutengeserana kune network nenzira yakarongeka, i.e. kuitira kuti chimwe nechimwe chezvavakamboita kare chigone kusvikwa nekuchinjana pamwe chete nevabereki nemwana. Vanopa maodha vashandisi vanovimbwa, uye network yese inotsamira pavari kuti vasatyore mutemo uyu. Kuti uzo zvine musoro kuvimba navo, tinoda kuti mupi weoda wega wega ave munhu anozivikanwa (asingazivikanwe) munhu kana sangano uye ave nechimwe chinhu chaanorasikirwa nacho kana akatyora mitemo, senge mukurumbira kana bhizinesi rinobva pakuvimba.
Vanopa maodha vanosarudzwa nevashandisi, uye mushandisi wega wega anosanganisira rondedzero yevanovimbika vanopa mune yega yekutengesa yainotumira kunetiweki. Rondedzero iyi ine gumi nevaviri vanopa. Iyi idiki nhamba yakakwana yekuti munhu aone kuti ndiani uye mukurumbira weumwe neumwe wavo, uye zvakakwana kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti network inoramba ichishanda kana paine matambudziko asingadzivisiki nevashoma vevanopa kurongeka.
Rondedzero yevanopa iyi inosiyana kubva kune mushandisi kuenda kune mushandisi, asi zvinyorwa zvevavakidzani zvekutengeserana zvinogona kusiyana kusvika kune mumwe mupi.
Sezvo isu tave nevanopa maodha, tinogona kupatsanura kutengeserana kwavo muDAG uye kuodha zvimwe zvese zvekutengesa zvakatenderedza kurongeka kwakagadzirwa navo. Zvinogoneka kugadzira algorithm yakadaro (ona. kune ruzivo rwehunyanzvi).
Asi kurongeka kwetiweki yese hakugone kutariswa ipapo; isu tinoda nguva yekuti vanopa maodha vatumire nhamba yakakwana yekutengeserana kwavo kuti vaone kurongeka kwekupedzisira kwekutengeserana kwakapfuura.
Uye, sezvo kurongeka kunotemerwa chete nezvinzvimbo zvevanopa kutengeserana muDAG, node dzese panetiweki dzichakurumidza kana kuti gare gare dzinogamuchira zvese zvekutengesa uye dzinosvika pamhedziso imwechete maererano nekurongeka kwekutengeserana.
Saka, tine chibvumirano pane zvatinofunga kuti zvakaitika: chero kutengeserana kunopera muDAG kwakaitika. Isu tinewo chibvumirano pamusoro pekurongeka kwezviitiko: izvi zvingave zviri pachena kubva kuhukama hwekutengeserana, kana kutorwa kubva kuhurongwa hwekutengeserana kunotumirwa nevanopa maodha. Saka tine kuwirirana.
Isu tine iyi vhezheni yekubvumirana muObyte. Kunyangwe kuwana iyo Obyte ledger yakagadzikiswa zvachose, kubvumirana maererano nekurongeka kwekutengeserana kuchiri pakati nekuti. 10 kubva kune gumi nevaviri vanopa vanodzorwa nemusiki (Anton Churyumov), uye vaviri chete vavo vanozvimiririra. Isu tiri kutsvaga vanoda kuve mumwe wevanozvimiririra vanopa maodha kuti vatibatsire kuendesa kurongeka kweleja.
Nguva pfupi yadarika, wechitatu akazvimirira mumiriri akabuda achida kuisa nekuchengetedza odha yeanopa node - iyo University yeNicosia.
Zvino todzora sei mari yakapetwa kaviri?
Zvinoenderana nemirairo, kana kutengeserana kuviri kukawanikwa uchishandisa mari imwechete, kutengeserana kunouya kwekutanga mukurongeka kwekupedzisira kwese kutengeserana kunokunda. Yechipiri haibvumidzwe nekubvumirana algorithm.
Kana zvichikwanisika kumisa kurongeka pakati pekutengeserana kuviri kushandisa mari imwe chete (kuburikidza nekubatana kwevabereki nemwana), ipapo node dzese dzinobva dzaramba kuedza kwakadaro kwekushandisa kaviri.
Kana iyo odha isingaonekwe kubva kuhukama hwevabereki pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvakadai, zvese zvinogamuchirwa mudura, uye isu tichafanirwa kumirira kubvumirana uye kugadzwa kwehurongwa pakati pavo vachishandisa vanopa maodha. Ipapo kutengeserana kwekutanga kuchakunda, uye yechipiri ichave isingashande.
Kunyangwe kutengeserana kwechipiri kukava kusashanda, kunoramba kuri mu registry nekuti yatove neanotevera matransaction ekunongedza, ayo asina kutyora chero chinhu uye asingazivi kuti kutengeserana uku kwaizove kusashanda mune ramangwana. Zvikasadaro, isu taizofanira kubvisa mubereki wezvinhu zvakanaka zvakazotevera zvekutengesa, izvo zvinotyora mutemo mukuru wetiweki - chero kutengeserana kwakarurama kunogamuchirwa mubhuku.
Uyu ndiwo mutemo wakakosha kwazvo unobvumira iyo system yese kuti ive inopokana nekuedza censorship.
Ngatimbofungidzirai kuti vese vanopa maodha vanobatana mukuyedza "censor" imwe chaiyo transaction. Ivo vanogona kuifuratira uye kusamboisarudza se "mubereki" kune yavo kutengeserana, asi izvo hazvina kukwana, kutengeserana kunogona kuramba kuverengerwa zvisina kunanga semubereki weimwe imwe transaction yakapihwa chero mushandisi panetiweki asiri kuita coluding. Nokufamba kwenguva, kutengeserana kwakadaro kuchagamuchira vana vakawanda, vazukuru uye vazukuru kubva kuvashandisiwo zvavo, vachikura sechando, uye vese vanopa maodha vakabvumirana vachafanirawo kufuratira izvi. Pakupedzisira, ivo vachazofanira kuongorora network yese, izvo zvakafanana nekuparadza.
Nenzira iyi, DAG inoramba iine censorship-resistant kunyangwe paine kudyidzana pakati pevanopa maodha, zvichipfuura censorship-resistant blockchain umo isu hatigone kuita chero chinhu kana vashandi vemigodhi vakasarudza kusabatanidza chero chekutengeserana. Uye izvi zvinotevera kubva kumudziyo mukuru weDAG: kutora chikamu mune registry kwakasununguka zvachose uye pasina vamiriri, uye kutengeserana hakuchinjiki.
Source: www.habr.com