Makore mashoma apfuura, masangano mazhinji aiona DevOps seyedzo inovimbisa kwete nzira yakajairika yekuvandudza software. DevOps ikozvino yakaratidza uye ine simba seti yekusimudzira uye kuendesa maitiro uye maturusi anogona kukurumidza kuburitswa kwechigadzirwa chitsva uye kuwedzera chibereko. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, kukanganisa kweDevOps kuri pakukura kwebhizinesi rose uye kuwedzera purofiti.
chikwata yakaturikirwa inonakidza kubva , yakanyorwa neDevOps Research & Assessment (DORA) nyanzvi. Chidzidzo ichi chaisanganisira 31 nyanzvi kubva kumativi ese enyika. Ngatitarisei izvo zvakachinja muindasitiri muna 000 uye kuti mabhizinesi anogona sei kuvandudza kushanda kwavo kwesoftware.
Iyo Indasitiri uye Saizi yeKambani Inokanganisa Nyika yeDevOps
Chidzidzo ichi hachina kuwirirana pakati pekuita kweDevOps uye indasitiri yesangano, kunze kwekutengesa, iyo yakaita zvirinani zvishoma. Izvi, kunyanya, imhaka yekuti vatengesi vanoda kukurumidza kupindura kushanduka kwekuda uye zvinodiwa nevatengi. Sekureva kwechidzidzo, chero kambani inogona kuwana yakakwira nhanho yeDevOps, kusanganisira chikamu chemari uye chikamu cheveruzhinji.
Kuita kweDevOps mumakambani ane vashandi vanopfuura zviuru zvishanu kwaive kwakaderera pane makambani ane vashandi vasingasviki zviuru zvishanu. Zvingangodaro, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti masangano makuru ane maitiro akakura, kutonga kwakasimba, uye zvakanyanya kuoma IT system architecture, iyo inotanga kunonoka mukugadzirisa uye kuburitsa kodhi. Panguva imwecheteyo, nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti chiyero chekambani hachitadzise kubudirira mukuvaka DevOps, zvingangoda kushanda nesimba mune dzimwe nguva.
Maitiro ekuongorora huwandu hweDevOps mukambani
Nyanzvi dzakaenzanisa maitiro eDevOps kune bhenji, kupatsanura vakapindura muongororo mumapoka mana evakanyanya kunaka, vakanaka, vepakati uye varombo vanoita.
Pamushumo, takatora mana akakosha metrics ekuongorora kushanda kweDevOps: nguva yekupedzisa shanduko mukuvandudza software, kutumirwa frequency, kutadza mwero uye nguva yekudzoreredza.
Matanho mana eDevOps - ongorora kuti kambani yako iripi:
Metric yekuongorora kushanda kwesoftware kuendesa kune makuru masevhisi ekambani uye mashandisiro
Zvikwata zvine marekodhi akanakisa
Zvikwata zvine kuita kwakanaka
Avhareji Zvikwata
Zvikwata zvisingaite
Deployment frequency
Kangani iyo kambani inotumira kodhi mukugadzira kana kuiburitsa kune yekupedzisira vashandisi.
Pakukumbira, kutumirwa kwakawanda pazuva
Kubva kamwe pazuva kusvika kamwe pavhiki
Kubva kamwe pavhiki kusvika kamwe pamwedzi
Kamwe pamwedzi/mwedzi yakati wandei
Shandura nguva yekuita
Zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kubva pabvunzo kuenda kune software inoshanda zvinobudirira mukugadzira?
Musingasviki zuva
Kubva pazuva rimwe kusvika pavhiki
Kubva pavhiki kusvika pamwedzi
Kubva pamwedzi kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu
Sevhisi yekudzorera nguva
Zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kudzoreredza sevhisi mushure mechiitiko kana bug inobata vashandisi.
Pasina awa
Masikati
Muvhiki
Kubva pavhiki kusvika pamwedzi
Chinja kukundikana mwero
Ndeipi muzana yezvigadziriso kana kuburitswa kutsva kunokonzeresa sevhisi yakaderedzwa uye inoda kugadziriswa?
0-15%
0-15%
0-15%
46-60%
Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidza maitiro anotevera: huwandu hwezvikwata zvinotamba zvakanyanya zvakapetwa katatu, zvichikwira kubva pa7% yevose vakapindura muna 2018 kusvika 20% muna 2019.
Kugoverwa kwezvikwata zvebudiriro nedanho rekuita.
Kuenzaniswa nezvikwata zviri muboka rinoita zvakaderera, zvikwata zveDevOps zvinobudirira:
- Yakaitwa 208 times more code deployments.
- Ndakapedza 106 nguva shoma pakutumira kodhi.
- Takasangana nekukundikana 7 nguva shoma kazhinji.
- Software yakadzoserwa 2,604 nguva nekukurumidza mushure mekutadza.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvikwata zvepamusoro zveDevOps zvine mukana wakapetwa kaviri kusangana kana kudarika mametric ekuita kwesangano sezvikwata zvisingaite.
Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti hazvibviri kuwana kuwedzera kwezviratidzo zvose panguva imwe chete; kubvumirana kunofanira kuitwa. Nekudaro, vamwe vanotenda kuti kuwedzera kukurumidza kwekuburitswa kunogona kukanganisa kuvimbika kweiyo software yekuunza maitiro uye kupihwa kwesevhisi. Nekudaro, tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti kukurumidza uye kuenderana kwemhedzisiro hazvisi izvo zvakasarudzika.
Ini handisi kuona chero chinhu chinoshamisa mukukura kwenhamba yezvikwata zveDevOps; ndezvemuzvarirwo: iyo DevOps uzivi hwave kufarirwa, uye huwandu hwekutanga huri kukura.
Asi, mukuona kwangu, nyanzvi dzakasarudza kwete zvachose maparamita ekuongorora kushanda kweDevOps.
Kuiongorora zvichibva pakumhanya kwekuburitsa kodhi, kutaura zvishoma, zvinoshamisa. Izvi zvinongoshanda kune kutanga, uko kiyi parameter ichave yekumhanyisa kuunza chigadzirwa kumusika, uye kazhinji chigadzirwa chinotangwa mune yayo mbishi fomu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, michina inokurumidza kusimudzira uye kuendesa kune kugadzirwa kwakakosha. Asi kune yakamiswa software, senge zvemari kana yekurapa software, iyo yekutadza chiyero paramende inogona kunge isipo - kutadza kungave kusingagamuchirwe.
Izvi zvakafanana nenguva yekudzoreredza sevhisi: kune chero sevhisi yakagadziridzwa inofanirwa kuverengerwa mumasekonzi, asi kune akawanda masevhisi nguva yekudzikira haigamuchirwi; nechikonzero ichi, matekinoroji ekuburitsa asina musono (semuenzaniso girinhi / bhuruu) akagadzirwa.
Zvakare, haufanirwe kutarisa pane huwandu hwekodhi deployment - zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa uye kugona kwechikwata chekusimudzira. Kana kutumirwa kunosanganisira kuwedzera kushanda kutsva, ndicho chinhu chimwe chete, asi kana zvinosanganisira kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvakaitwa panguva yekutumirwa kwekare, ndicho chinhu chakasiyana zvachose.
Denis Romanenko, nyanzvi akazvimirira paMail.ru Cloud Solutions
Maitiro eKuvandudza DevOps Maitiro
Chirevo chinopa nzvimbo mbiri dzinozobatsira kuvandudza maDevOps: kuwedzera kugona kwekuvandudza software uye kuendesa uye kuvandudza mashandiro evashandi.
Imwe neimwe yenzvimbo inosanganisira yayo pachayo zvikamu, nekuvandudza izvo iwe unogona kuzadzisa chinangwa chaunoda.
Maererano neshumo, kiyi yekushandurwa kwedhijitari itsika yemakambani. Zvikwata zvepamusoro zveDevOps zvinoda tsika yekuvimba uye kuchengetedzwa kwepfungwa, pfungwa yekuita, uye zvinangwa zvakajeka. Iyi nharaunda inobvumira nhengo dzechikwata kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo, kutaura maonero avo, uye kuve nekugadzira zvakanyanya.
Cloud matekinoroji, kuenderera mberi kuburitsa, kuyedza kudzoreredza njodzi, uye shanduko manejimendi zvichabatsirawo kuvandudza kushanda kwesoftware kuvandudza uye kuendesa. Kubudirira kunogona kuwedzerwa nekudyara muzvishandiso zviri nyore kushandisa, kuderedza chikwereti chehunyanzvi-kureva, kuderedza chikamu chekodhi isingashande uye tekinoroji yechinyakare-kuronga hwaro hweruzivo rwekambani uye kuwana mhinduro dzekunze.
Ini ndinofunga kuti maitiro uye ideology yeDevOps ndeyechokwadi kuti maitiro aya haaenderane nemamiriro ekunze, senge gore kana yako hardware. Gore pacharo harisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwechishandiso; mune dzimwe nzvimbo rinobatsira, mune dzimwe rinokanganisa kana kusazodiwa.
Denis Romanenko, nyanzvi akazvimirira paMail.ru Cloud Solutions
Pazasi isu tichatarisa zvimwe zvezvikamu zvekuvandudza kugona kwezvikwata zveDevOps.
Cloud matekinoroji anogonesa DevOps kubudirira
Muna 2019, masangano akawanda uye akawanda ari kusarudza Cloud mhinduro dzinowedzera zvakanyanya kubereka kwezvikwata zveDevOps.
Ndezvipi zvivakwa zvinoshandiswa nezvikwata zveDevOps?
DORA yakawana kuti 80% yevakapindura nzvimbo . Nekudaro, 29% chete yevakapindura vakaita ese mashanu eNational Institute of Standards uye Tekinoroji's core Cloud maitiro-yakanyanya kukosha chiyero chekuongorora kukosha kwegore mukati meDevOps.
Mamiriro
Chikamu chevashandisi
Kuzvishandira pazvinenge zvichidiwa
Vatengi vanogona kupa otomatiki zviwanikwa zvekombuta
sezvinodiwa, pasina kubatanidzwa kweanopa.
57%
(+ 11% kubvira 2018)
Wide network kuwana
Cloud kugona kunowanikwa kuburikidza nemapuratifomu akasiyana,
senharembozha, mahwendefa, malaptop uye nzvimbo dzekushandira.
60%
(+ 14% kubvira 2018)
Resource Pool
Zviwanikwa zvemupi zvinosanganiswa kuita akawanda-anoroja modhi, apo zviwanikwa zvenyama uye zvechisikigo zvinopihwa zvine simba pane zvinodiwa.
58%
(+ 15% kubvira 2018)
Scalability uye elasticity
Zviwanikwa zvinoyera zvakachinjika kana kuti zvakamira pazvido, hazvina muganho uye zvinogona kupihwa muhuwandu chero nguva.
58%
(+135 kubvira 2018)
pachena
Cloud masisitimu anotarisisa otomatiki, anonatsiridza uye anoshuma mashandisirwo ezvishandiso zvinoenderana nerudzi rwesevhisi: kuchengetedza data uye kugadzirisa, huwandu hwetraffic,
maakaundi emushandisi anoshanda.
62%
(+ 14% kubvira 2018)
Platform seSevhisi (PaaS) iri kuramba ichienda kune imwe nzira yekuendesa yakatarisana nemidziyo. Cloud mapuratifomu anoita kuti zvive nyore kuendesa software, saka zvikwata zvinongoda kunetseka nezve kumhanyisa kodhi yekushandisa pachayo. Kuyera, kuronga zviwanikwa, manejimendi uye kugadzirisa zvivakwa zvinoendeswa kune vanopa.
Kune vanopa makore, kupihwa kweakasiyana masevhisi kuri kuita chiyero chepasirese: virtual muchina network, chitupa uye manejimendi yekupinda (IAM), chengetedzo uye dhatabhesi, kudzidza kwemichina, Internet yezvinhu (IoT), zvigadziriso zvemidziyo, zvigadziriso zvekuchengetedza uye zvimwe. .
Vatengi vevanopa makore vanobhadhara chete zviwanikwa zvavanoshandisa, izvo zvinopa kujeka kwemutengo, kusiyana nenzvimbo dzechinyakare dzedhata uko ruzivo rwemari yekusimudzira rwakaoma kana kusakwanisa kuwana. Vanopindura kubva kumakambani anosangana nemaitiro egore akanyorwa pamusoro apa ane 2,6 nguva dzinowanzoita kuenzanisa mari yekushanda software, 2 nguva dzakawanda dzekunzwisisa kuti ndezvipi zvikumbiro zvinoda zvimwe zviwanikwa, uye 1,65 nguva yakawanda yekugara mukati meIt bhajeti.
Dzimwe nguva zvinozoitika kuti kuhaya nyanzvi inokwanisa uye kutora nzvimbo yakagoverwa munzvimbo yedata kune pundutso pane kubhadhara gore. Ndeipi sarudzo iri nani inotsamira pane chimiro uye chiyero chekambani, kuwanikwa kwevashandi vayo veIT nyanzvi uye hunyanzvi. Semuyenzaniso, gore riri nyore kushandisa kana uchitanga bhizinesi kana kambani isina yayo IT department. Paunenge uchiyera, zvingave zvakanyanya kudhura-inoshanda kuchengetedza zvese kana chikamu chezvivakwa pa-nzvimbo.
Denis Romanenko, nyanzvi akazvimirira paMail.ru Cloud Solutions
DevOps Technical Practices
Masangano mazhinji ari kutsvaga kushandisa DevOps ari kutsvaga seti yegwara kana maitiro akanaka. Nekudaro, hapana makambani maviri akafanana, saka ndeapi maitiro ekusarudza anoenderana nemamiriro azvino ebhizinesi uye zvinangwa zvaro.
Izvo zviri kutaurwa, kune nzvimbo dzakajairwa dzinogona kubatsira kuvandudza mashandiro eDevOps: mamwe anogadzirwa padanho rechikwata, mamwe anoda kuedza padanho resangano.
Ndedzipi nzvimbo dzekukura dzakasimbiswa kuzvikwata zveDevOps muna 2019:
Padanho resangano
- zvivakwa zvakasununguka zvakabatanidzwa
- kushandiswa kwekuchinja
- kodhi rutsigiro
Pachikwata chechikwata
- kuenderera mberi kubatanidzwa
- test otomatiki
- deployment automation
- monitoring
- pombi yekuvandudza
Pachikwata uye pamwero wesangano
- kushandiswa kwe cloud services
- kuongororwa kwenjodzi
Chidzidzo ichi chakasimbisa kunaka kwemaitiro akasununguka akabatanidzwa pakuita kweDevOps.
Zvivakwa zvakasununguka zvakabatanidzwa ndipo apo zvikwata zvinogona kuyedza zvakazvimirira, kuendesa uye kuchinja masisitimu pazvinoda, zvakasununguka pane zvimwe zvikwata, pasina rumwe rutsigiro, zviwanikwa, mvumo, uye nemhinduro shoma. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti ushande zvakanyanya, asi zvinoda huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuronga uye manejimendi.
Iyi nzira inogoneka chete kune yekutanga uye nekumwe kusachengeteka. Mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kunge akasiyana mune mamwe makambani. Muenzaniso wakanaka: banking/fintech. Yakasarudzika mhinduro inogona kushandiswa ipapo, asi maitiro eDevOps achashandiswa.
Denis Romanenko, nyanzvi akazvimirira paMail.ru Cloud Solutions
Zvikwata zveDevOps zvakabudirira zvinogadzirisa zvese
inobvumidza iwe kuburitsa masevhisi uye zvikumbiro mukugadzira nemitengo yakaderera uye njodzi, pamwe nekuburitswa kwerutsigiro zvinoenderana nezvinangwa zvesangano.
Kubudirira CI/CD kunorevawo kuti zvikwata zvinokwanisa kuendesa shanduko pakugadzira pazvinenge zvichidiwa, kuve nemhinduro yekukurumidza pamusoro pemhando yekutumirwa, uye inogona kukurumidza kuita pairi kuvandudza inotevera kutenderera kutenderera.
Chirevo chinoratidza kuti zvikwata zveDevOps zvakabudirira zvinodyara mune dzakasiyana siyana dzekutsigira maitiro, maitiro uye maturusi:
- 92% inoshandisa otomatiki maturusi egungano;
- 87% shandisa automated unit test;
- 57% kuwedzera otomatiki kune yekubvuma kuyedzwa;
- 72% otomatiki deployments munzvimbo dzekuyedza, 69% ita zvimwechete pakuiswa mukugadzira;
- 69% inobatanidza chatbots muhurongwa hwekutumira;
- 57% inobatanidza nematurusi ekutarisa.
Zvakakosha kusarudza maturusi akakodzera uye matekinoroji
Paunenge uchivaka masisitimu akaomarara uye kutonga bhizinesi-yakakosha masisitimu, zvakakosha kusarudza matekinoroji:
- izvo zviri nyore kushandisa zvese zvekutanga kubatana uye nekuenderera kushandiswa;
- izvo zvinokubatsira kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvako.
Chirevo chakaongorora maturusi anoshandiswa pakuisa software kuburikidza neCI/CD uye bvunzo otomatiki maturusi - aya ndiwo matekinoroji ari pasi peDevOps.
Ndeapi matekinoroji anoshandiswa nezvikwata zveDevOps:
zvigadzirwa
Zvikwata zvisingaite
Avhareji Zvikwata
Zvikwata zvine kuita kwakanaka
Zvikwata zviri kuita zvepamusoro
Mubatanidzwa wevaridzi, wakavhurika sosi uye zvekutengesa pasuru zvigadzirwa
30%
34%
32%
33%
Kunyanya yakavhurika sosi uye yakanyanya customized pasuru mhinduro
17%
8%
7%
10%
Kunyanya kuvhurika sosi uye mapakeji mhinduro ine zvishoma kugadzirisa
14%
21%
18%
20%
Zvikurukuru boxed commercial solutions
8%
12%
8%
4%
Magadzirirwo emukati uye proprietary mhinduro kukambani
20%
6%
5%
6%
Kunyanya yakavhurika sosi ine yakasimba customization
6%
7%
5%
12%
Kunyanya yakavhurika sosi ine zvishoma kugadzirisa
5%
12%
24%
15%
Kushandiswa kwechishandiso kune zvakakosha pakukwanisa kwechikwata kukwirisa kukosha kweyavakasarudzwa tekinoroji stack: mainjiniya ane ari nyore kushandisa matekinoroji ane mukana wakapetwa ka1,5 kuve wezvikwata zvinotamba zvakanyanya.
Sekuona kwangu, tafura iyi inopa manzwiro ekuti kuti uve boka rakabudirira reDevOps, unofanirwa kutevedzera fashoni, kwete dambudziko rehunyanzvi.
Nyanzvi inokwanisa inosarudza zvishandiso zvebasa racho, uye kwete zvinopesana. Kune nguva dzose maturusi akati wandei uye nzira dzekugadzirisa chero dambudziko. Chishandiso chakananga chinotariswa ne: zvakanangana nebasa; kuti vashandi vanoziva sei chishandiso ichi (yakareba sei chikumbaridzo chekupinda kana chishandiso chiri chitsva); chikamu chemari, kana chiripo.
Denis Romanenko, nyanzvi akazvimirira paMail.ru Cloud Solutions
Kupora kwenjodzi
Sangano rega rega rine basa rinoenderana nekushanda kwesoftware inofanirwa kuve nayo . Chirevo chinoratidza kuti ndedzipi mhando dzekuyedza kugadzirisa njodzi dzinoshandiswa nemakambani akasiyana.
Ndedzipi mhando dzekuyedza dzinoshandiswa nemakambani kudzoreredza njodzi?
Test type
Zvikwata zvisingaite
Avhareji Zvikwata
Zvikwata zvine kuita kwakanaka
Zvikwata zviri kuita zvepamusoro
Avhareji
Miedzo isingakanganisi masystem chaiwo
35%
26%
27%
30%
28%
Infrastructure failover (kusanganisira data centers)
27%
43%
34%
38%
38%
Kukundikana Kwekushandisa Kuedzwa
25%
46%
41%
49%
43%
Simulation yezviitiko zvinosanganisira kukanganisa kwemaitiro ebvunzo
18%
22%
23%
29%
23%
Simulation yezviitiko zvinosanganisira kukanganisa masisitimu ebasa
18%
11%
12%
13%
12%
Kugadzira otomatiki uye masisitimu anovhiringidza
michina yekugadzira nguva nenguva, inoenderera mberi
9%
8%
7%
9%
8%
Chete 40% yevakapindura vanoitisa kuyedza kudzoreredza njodzi gore negore vachishandisa imwe kana kupfuura nzira dzakanyorwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, makambani anoita bvunzo dzekudzoreredza njodzi ane huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuwanikwa kwesevhisi. Chirevo chinoratidza kuti zvikwata zvepamusoro zveDevOps zvine mukana we1.4 mukana wekubatanidza data rekuyedza kudzoreredza njodzi mukuvandudza software uye maitiro ekutumira.
Zvakakosha kupa zvikwata zveDevOps kuwana ruzivo
Kuwana zviri nyore ruzivo rwekugadzirisa matambudziko kunogona kubatsira kuchengetedza zvikwata zveDevOps zvichigadzira. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya mune yanhasi tekinoroji nharaunda, iyo ine yakaoma masisitimu.
Nzvimbo dzeruzivo rwakadaro dzinogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri:
- Zvinyorwa zvemukati: zvinyorwa zvekambani pakugadzira nekuchengetedza kodhi, mabhesi eruzivo rwemakambani, matura uye nezvimwe. Zvikwata zveDevOps zvakashandisa zvinyorwa zvemukati zveruzivo zvaive 1,73 nguva zvakanyanya kugadzira.
- Masosi ekunze: Injini dzekutsvaga uye kupedzisa stack. Outsourced DevOps zvikwata zvaive 1,67 nguva zvakanyanya kugadzira. Tekinoroji dzekunze dzinopa mukana wakakura wekudzidza nekukura, kunyanya kushandiswa kwemakore eruzhinji uye maturusi akavhurika sosi.
Zvakakosha kuti makambani aderedze chikwereti chehunyanzvi
Chikwereti chehunyanzvi chinosanganisira kodhi kana masisitimu ane tsikidzi dzinozivikanwa asi dzisina kugadziriswa; kusakwana bvunzo kuvhara; kodhi yemhando yakaderera kana dhizaini; zvigadzirwa zvisina kushandiswa asi zvisina kudzimwa; mashandisirwo ayo timu isingakwanisi kutsigira nemazvo; matekinoroji echinyakare; zvinyorwa zvisina kukwana kana zvechinyakare.
Nyanzvi dzakaona kuti chikwereti chehunyanzvi chinokanganisa kuita kweDevOps. Matimu ane chikwereti chehunyanzvi chepamusoro aive 1,6 nguva shoma. Matimu ane maitiro epamusoro aive 1,4 nguva yakawanda yekuve nechikwereti chakaderera chehunyanzvi.
Zvakawanikwa zvakakosha kubva kuHurumende yeDevOps Survey
- Iwo muzana yezvikwata zveDevOps zvine hunyanzvi hwekuita zvakanyanya zvakapetwa katatu kusvika pamakumi maviri%. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mabhizinesi anonzwisisa vimbiso yemaitiro ekuvandudza software uye kuendesa, uye makambani ari kunyanya kuita maDevOps mumadhipatimendi avo eIT.
- Kukurumidza kutumirwa kwezvikumbiro uye masevhisi ndiko kuri musimboti wehunyanzvi uye shanduko yesangano. Iko kumhanya uye kuenderana kwekuburitswa kunowedzera purofiti uye kugutsikana kwevatengi.
- Cloud matekinoroji anoenderera mberi ari kiyi yekuwana kugona kwezvikwata zveDevOps. Iko kushandiswa kwemafu kunobvumira iwe kuronga kuburitsa software nekumhanya kunodiwa, inovimbisa kuwanikwa, scalability uye kuita kwezvivakwa.
- Kushanda kwezvikwata zveDevOps kunogona kuvandudzwa nekutarisisa kubereka kwenhengo dzechikwata, kupa mamiriro epfungwa akasununguka uye kushandisa maturusi ari nyore.
- Kuwedzera kumhanya kwekuburitsa kuburitswa nenzira kwayo hakukanganise kugadzikana kwemasevhisi ekambani uye maapplication.
Source: www.habr.com