Iyo Launch Vehicle Digital Computer (LVDC) yakaita basa rinokosha muchirongwa cheApollo lunar, ichityaira roketi yeSaturn 5. Kufanana nemakomputa mazhinji epanguva iyoyo, yakachengeta data mudiki magineti cores. Muchikamu chino, Cloud4Y inotaura nezve LVDC memory module kubva ku deluxe Steve Jurvetson.
Iyi memory module yakagadziridzwa pakati pe-1960s. Yakavakwa ichishandisa pamusoro-moump components, hybrid modules, uye inoshanduka-shanduka yekubatanidza, zvichiita kuti ive hurongwa hwehukuru hudiki uye hukareruka pane yakajairwa komputa yekurangarira yenguva. Nekudaro, iyo memory module inobvumidzwa kuchengeta chete 4096 mazwi e26 bits.
Magnetic core memory module. Iyi module inochengeta 4K mazwi e26 data bits uye 2 parity bits. Nemamodule mana ekurangarira anopa huwandu hwemashoko e16, inorema 384 kg uye inoyera 2,3 cm Γ 14 cm Γ 14 cm.
Kumhara kwemwedzi kwakatanga musi waChivabvu 25, 1961, Mutungamiri Kennedy paakazivisa kuti America yaizoisa munhu pamwedzi makore gumi asati apera. Nokuda kweizvi, roketi yeSaturn 5 yezvikamu zvitatu yakashandiswa, roketi rine simba zvikuru rakambogadzirwa. Saturn 5 yaidzorwa uye ichidzorwa nekombuta (pano nezvake) nhanho yechitatu yemotokari yekutangisa, kutanga kubva pakusimuka kuenda kutenderera kwePasi, uyezve munzira yekuenda kuMwedzi. (Chipenga cheApollo chaive chichipatsanura kubva kuSaturn V roketi panguva ino, uye mishoni yeLVDC yakapedzwa.)
Iyo LVDC yakaiswa mune base frame. Zvibatanidza zvinotenderera zvinoonekwa pamberi pekombuta. Inoshandiswa 8 magetsi ekubatanidza uye maviri majoini ekutonhorera mvura
Iyo LVDC yaingova imwe yemakomputa akati wandei aive muApollo. Iyo LVDC yaive yakabatana nendege control system, 45 kg analog komputa. Iyo paboard Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) yakatungamira chitundumuseremusere kunzvimbo yemwedzi. Iyo yekuraira module yaive neimwe AGC nepo lunar module yaive neyechipiri AGC pamwe neAbort navigation system, yakasarudzika komputa.
Paiva nemakomputa akati wandei muApollo.
Unit Logic Devices (ULD)
LVDC yakagadzirwa uchishandisa inonakidza hybrid tekinoroji inonzi ULD, unit load kifaa. Kunyangwe ivo vaitaridzika semaseketi akabatanidzwa, ULD modules yaive nezvikamu zvakati wandei. Vakashandisa akareruka silicon chips, imwe neimwe iine imwe chete transistor kana maviri diode. Aya marongero, pamwe chete neakadhindwa gobvu-firimu akadhindwa resistors, akaiswa pachigadziko checeramic kuti ashandise masekete senge gedhi relogic. Aya ma module aive akasiyana eiyo SLT modules () yakagadzirirwa yakakurumbira IBM S/360 akatevedzana makomputa. IBM yakatanga kugadzira SLT modules muna 1961, masekete akabatanidzwa asati atanga kutengeserana, uye pakazosvika 1966, IBM yakanga ichigadzira anopfuura miriyoni zana SLT modules pagore.
Iwo ma ULD modules akanga ari maduku zvikuru pane ma SLT modules, sezvinoonekwa pamufananidzo uri pasi apa, zvichiita kuti anyatsokodzera compact space computer.Ma ULD modules akashandisa ceramic pads panzvimbo pesimbi pins muSLT, uye aiva nesimbi contacts pamusoro. pamusoro panzvimbo pepini. Makapu pabhodhi akabata ULD module panzvimbo uye akabatana nemapini aya.
Sei IBM yakashandisa SLT modules pachinzvimbo chekubatanidza maseketi? Chikonzero chikuru chaiva chokuti matunhu akabatanidzwa akanga achiri muucheche, akanga agadzirwa muna 1959. Muna 1963, SLT modules yaive nemutengo uye mabhenefiti ekuita pane akabatanidzwa maseketi. Nekudaro, ma SLT modules aiwanzoonekwa seakaderera kune akabatanidzwa maseketi. Imwe yemabhenefiti eSLT modules pamusoro pemasekete akabatanidzwa yaive yekuti resistors muSLTs aive akanyanya kunaka kupfuura ayo ari mumatunhu akabatanidzwa. Munguva yekugadzira, iwo akakora firimu resistors mumamodule eSLT akanyatsoputirwa nejecha kuti abvise iyo inopikisa firimu kusvika vawana kupikisa kwaidiwa. SLT modules zvakare aive akachipa kupfuura anofananidzwa akabatanidzwa maseketi muma1960s.
Iyo LVDC nemichina yakabatana yakashandiswa anopfuura makumi mashanu emhando dzakasiyana dzeULD.
SLT modules (kuruboshwe) yakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura ULD modules (kurudyi). ULD saizi i7,6mmΓ8mm
Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoratidza zvemukati zveiyo ULD module. Kurutivi rworuboshwe rweplate yeceramic kune makondukita akabatanidzwa kune mana madiki mativi esilicon makristasi. Inotaridzika sebhodhi redunhu, asi ramba uchifunga kuti idiki zvakanyanya pane nzwara. Marectangles matema ari kurudyi ndiwo makobvu emafirimu resistors akadhindwa pasi peplate.
ULD, kumusoro uye pasi maonero. Silicon makristasi uye resistors zvinoonekwa. Nepo SLT modules yaive neanopikisa pamusoro pepamusoro, ULD modules yaive neanopikisa pazasi, ayo akawedzera density pamwe nemutengo.
Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoratidza silicon kufa kubva kuULD module, iyo yakashandisa diode maviri. Saizi idiki zvisina kujairika, kuenzanisa, kune shuga makristasi padyo. Iyo crystal yaive nematatu ekunze akabatana kuburikidza nemabhora emhangura akatengeswa kune matatu madenderedzwa. Maviri epasi madenderedzwa (anodes emadhiodhi maviri) akaiswa doped (nzvimbo dzine rima), nepo denderedzwa rekurudyi raive cathode yakabatana nechigadziko.
Mufananidzo weaviri-diode silicon crystal padyo neshuga makristasi
Iyo magnetic core memory inoshanda sei
Magnetic core memory yaive nzira huru yekuchengetera data mumakomputa kubva kuma1950s kusvika yatsiviwa nemidziyo yakasimba yekuchengeta muma1970s. Memory yakagadzirwa kubva kune tudiki ferrite zvindori zvinonzi macores. Mhete dzeFerrite dzakaiswa mune rectangular matrix uye waya mbiri kusvika ina dzakapfuura nemumhete imwe neimwe kuverenga nekunyora ruzivo. Mhete dzakabvumira kuti rumwe ruzivo ruchengetwe. Nheyo yacho yakaitwa nemagineti ichishandisa kupuruzira kwazvino kuburikidza newaya dzinopfuura nemumhete yeferrite. Iyo dhizaini yemagnetization yeimwe musimboti inogona kushandurwa nekutumira pulse kune yakatarisana.
Kuti uverenge kukosha kweiyo core, pulse yemazuva ano yakaisa mhete muhurumende 0. Kana iyo nheyo yakambove iri muhurumende 1, kuchinja magnetic field kwakagadzira voltage mune imwe yetambo dzinofamba nepakati. Asi dai musimboti wanga watova mudunhu 0, iyo magineti yaisazochinja uye waya yekunzwa yaisazokwira mumagetsi. Saka kukosha kweiyo bhiti mukati yakaverengerwa nekuimisazve kune zero uye kutarisa voltage pawaya yekuverenga. Chinhu chakakosha chekuyeuka pamagnetic cores ndechekuti nzira yekuverenga ferrite ring yakaparadza kukosha kwayo, saka iyo yakakosha yaifanira "kunyorwazve".
Zvakanga zvisingaite kushandisa waya yakaparadzana kushandura magnetization yepakati yega yega, asi mu1950s, chiyeuchidzo cheferrite chakagadzirwa chakashanda pamusimboti wekusangana kwemafungu. Iyo ina-waya sedunhu β X, Y, Sense, Inhibitβyave yakajairika. Iyo tekinoroji yakashandisa yakakosha pfuma yemacores inonzi hysteresis: diki ikozvino haikanganise ferrite ndangariro, asi yazvino pamusoro pechikumbaridzo yaizoita magineti musimboti. Kana yapihwa simba nehafu inodiwa ikozvino pane imwe X mutsara uye imwe Y mutsara, chete musimboti umo mitsetse miviri yakayambuka yakagamuchira yakaringana ikozvino kuti iite remagnetize, nepo mamwe macores akasara akasimba.
Izvi ndizvo zvakaita ndangariro yeBM 360 Model 50. LVDC neModel 50 dzakashandisa mhando imwechete yecore, inozivikanwa se19-32 nekuti mukati mayo dhayamita 19 mils (0.4826 mm) uye dhayamita rekunze raive 32 mils. (0,8 mm). Iwe unogona kuona mumufananidzo uyu kuti kune mawaya matatu anomhanya nepakati pega ega, asi LVDC yakashandisa waya ina.
Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoratidza imwe rectangular LVDC memory array. 8 Iyi matrix ine 128 X-waya dzinomhanya dzakadzika uye 64 Y-waya dzinomhanya dzakachinjika, dzine core pamharadzano yega yega. Waya imwechete yekuverenga inomhanya nepakati pese macores anoenderana neY-waya. Waya yekunyora newaya yekuvharisa inomhanya nemacores ese anoenderana newaya X. Waya dzinoyambuka pakati pematrix; izvi zvinoderedza ruzha rwakakonzerwa nekuti ruzha rwunobva kune imwe hafu runodzima ruzha kubva kune imwe hafu.
Imwe LVDC ferrite memory matrix ine 8192 bits. Kubatana nemamwe matrices kunoitwa kuburikidza nemapini kunze
Iyo matrix pamusoro yaive ne8192 zvinhu, imwe neimwe ichichengeta imwe chete. Kuti uchengetedze izwi rendangariro, akati wandei matrices akawedzerwa pamwechete, imwe pachidimbu chimwe nechimwe mushoko. Waya X naY dzakanyura mukati memateriki makuru ese. Imwe neimwe matrix yaive nemutsara wekuverenga wakasiyana uye yakaparadzana kunyora inhibit line. LVDC ndangariro yakashandisa stack yegumi nemana base matrices (pazasi) kuchengetedza gumi nematatu "syllable" pamwe chete ne parity bit.
Iyo LVDC stack ine gumi nemana makuru matrices
Kunyorera kune magnetic core memory kwaida dzimwe waya, inonzi inhibition lines. Imwe neimwe matrix yaive neimwe inhibition line yaimhanya nepakati pese macores mairi. Panguva yekunyora, ikozvino inopfuura nepakati X uye Y mitsetse, remagnetizing zvindori zvakasarudzwa (imwe pandege) kuti itaure 1, ichichengeta ma1 ose muzwi. Kuti unyore 0 pachinzvimbo chidiki, mutsara wakasimbiswa nehafu yezvino yakatarisana nemutsara X. Somugumisiro, macores akasara pamutengo 0. Nokudaro, inhibit line haina kubvumira core kuti flip kusvika. 1. Shoko ripi zvaro rinodiwa rinogona kunyorerwa kundangariro nekuita kuti mitsetse inofambirana nayo inhibit ishande.
LVDC memory module
Iyo LVDC memory module inovakwa sei mumuviri? Pakati peiyo ndangariro module pane gumi nemana ferromagnetic memory arrays akaratidzwa pakutanga. Iyo yakakomberedzwa nemabhodhi akati wandei ane masekiti kutyaira X uye Y waya uye inhibit mitsara, bit kuverenga mitsara, kuona kukanganisa, uye kugadzira inodiwa masaini ewachi.
Kazhinji, mazhinji emundangariro-ane hukama wedunhu ari muLVDC komputa logic, kwete mune memory module pachayo. Kunyanya, logic yemukombuta ine marejista ekuchengetera kero uye mazwi edata uye kushandura pakati peserial uye parallel. Iyo ine zvakare dunhu rekuverenga kubva kukuverenga bit mitsara, kukanganisa kwekutarisa, uye wachi.
Memory module inoratidza zvakakosha zvikamu. MIB (Multilayer Interconnection Board) iri gumi nembiri rakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi
Y memory driver board
Izwi riri mu core memory rinosarudzwa nekupfuudza yakatevedzana X uye Y mitsetse kuburikidza nehombe board stack. Ngatitangei nekutsanangura iyo Y-mutyairi wedunhu uye kuti inoburitsa sei chiratidzo kuburikidza neimwe ye64 Y-mitsara. Panzvimbo pemaseketi makumi matanhatu nemana emutyairi akaparadzana, moduru inoderedza huwandu hwemaseketi nekushandisa 64 "yakakwirira" madhiraivha uye 8 "pasi" madhiraivha. Iwo ane waya mu "matrix" configuration, saka musanganiswa wega wega wepamusoro uye wepasi madhiraivha anosarudza mitsara yakasiyana. Saka, 8 "yakakwirira" uye 8 "pasi" vatyairi vanosarudza imwe ye8 (64 Γ 8) Y-mitsara.
Y mutyairi bhodhi (kumberi) inotyaira iyo Y sarudza mitsetse mudura remabhodhi
Mumufananidzo uri pasi apa unogona kuona mamwe ma ULD modules (machena) uye maviri e transistors (goridhe) anotyaira Y anosarudza mitsetse. "EI" module ndiyo mwoyo wemutyairi: inopa nguva dzose voltage pulse (E. ) kana kupfuura inogara iripo ikozvino pulse (I) kuburikidza nemutsara wekusarudza. Iyo yakasarudzwa mutsara inodzorwa nekuita iyo EI module mune voltage mode kune imwe mugumo wemutsara uye iyo EI module mune yazvino modhi kune imwe mugumo. Mhedzisiro ndeye pulse ine chaiyo voltage uye yazvino, inokwana kuita remagnetize musimboti. Zvinotora kukurumidza kukuru kuishandura; iyo voltage pulse inogadziriswa pa 17 volts, uye ikozvino inotangira kubva 180 mA kusvika 260 mA zvichienderana nekupisa.
Macro foto yeY driver board inoratidza matanhatu ULD module uye matanhatu maviri maviri e transistors. Imwe neimwe ULD module yakanyorwa neiyo IBM chikamu nhamba, module mhando (semuenzaniso, "EI"), uye kodhi iyo isingazivikanwe zvinoreva.
Bhodhi racho rakagadzirirwawo kukanganisa monitor (ED) modules iyo inoona kana kupfuura imwe Y yakasarudzwa mutsara inoshandiswa panguva imwe chete.Iyo ED module inoshandisa nyore semi-analogue solution: inopfupisa mapeji ekupinza uchishandisa network ye resistors. Kana iyo inoguma voltage iri pamusoro pechikumbaridzo, kiyi inokonzeresa.
Pasi pebhodhi rekutyaira pane diode array ine 256 diodes uye 64 resistors. Iyi matrix inoshandura 8 yepamusoro uye 8 yepasi peya dzezviratidzo kubva pabhodhi revatyairi kuita 64 Y-mitsara yekubatanidza iyo inomhanya nepakati huru yemapuranga. Flexible cables kumusoro uye pasi pebhodhi batanidza bhodhi kune diode array. Tambo mbiri dzakachinjika kuruboshwe (zvisingaonekwe mumufananidzo) uye maviri mabhazi ari kurudyi (imwe inoonekwa) anobatanidza diode matrix kune akatevedzana cores. Iyo flex cable inoonekwa kuruboshwe inobatanidza Y-bhodhi kune imwe komputa kuburikidza neI / O board, nepo diki tambo tambo iri pazasi kurudyi inobatana newachi jenareta board.
X Memory Driver Board
Kurongeka kwekutyaira X mitsara kwakafanana neY scheme, kunze kwekuti kune mitsara ye 128 X uye mitsara ye 64 Y. Nokuti pane kaviri mawaya e-X, module ine yechipiri X mutyairi bhodhi pasi payo. Kunyange zvazvo X uye Y mabhodhi ane zvikamu zvakafanana, wiring yakasiyana.
Iri bhodhi uye iri pazasi paro rinotonga X mitsara yakasarudzwa mumurwi wemabhodhi epakati
Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoratidza kuti zvimwe zvikamu zvakakuvadzwa pabhodhi. Imwe ye transistors inodzingwa, iyo ULD module yakaputsika nepakati, uye imwe yacho yakaputswa. Iyo wiring inoonekwa pane yakaputsika module, pamwe neimwe yediki silicon makristasi (kurudyi). Mumufananidzo uyu, iwe unogona zvakare kuona twumakwara uye akachinjika conductive tracks pane 12-layer yakadhindwa redunhu board.
Pedyo-kumusoro kwechikamu chakakanganisika chebhodhi
Pazasi pe X mutyairi mabhodhi pane X diode matrix ine 288 diodes uye 128 resistors. Iyo X-diode array inoshandisa yakasiyana topology pane Y-diode board kudzivirira kupeta kaviri nhamba yezvikamu. Kufanana neY-diode board, bhodhi iri rine zvikamu zvakasimudzwa zvakadzika pakati pemabhodhi maviri akadhindwa edunhu. Iyi nzira inonzi "cordwood" uye inobvumira kuti zvikamu zvinyatsoiswa.
Mufananidzo mukuru we X diode array inoratidza yakasimudzwa yakasimudzwa cordwood diodes pakati pemabhodhi maviri akadhindwa edunhu. Iwo maviri ma X driver board anogara pamusoro peiyo diode board, akaparadzaniswa kubva kwavari ne polyurethane foam. Ndapota cherechedza kuti mapuranga edunhu akadhindwa ari pedyo zvikuru kune mumwe nemumwe.
Memory Amplifiers
Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoratidza kuverenga amplifier board. Iine 7 chiteshi chekuverenga 7 bits kubva mundangariro stack; bhodhi rakafanana pazasi rinobata 7 mamwe mabhiti ehuwandu hwegumi nemana. Chinangwa cheiyo pfungwa amplifier kuona iyo diki chiratidzo (14 millivolts) inogadzirwa neiyo remagnetizable musimboti uye woishandura kuita 20-bit kuburitsa. Imwe neimwe chiteshi ine inosiyanisa amplifier uye buffer, inoteverwa neinosiyanisa transformer uye inobuda clamp. Kuruboshwe, 1-waya flex tambo inobatanidza kune memory stack, ichitungamira iyo migumo miviri yeimwe neimwe pfungwa waya kune amplifier wedunhu, kutanga neMSA-28 (Memory Sense Amplifier) ββmodule. Izvo zvikamu zvega zvega zvinopikisa (brown cylinders), capacitors (tsvuku), transformers (dema), uye transistors (goridhe). Iyo data bits inobuda iyo pfungwa amplifier mabhodhi kuburikidza neinochinjika tambo kurudyi.
Readout amplifier board kumusoro kwememori module. Iri bhodhi rinokudza masiginecha kubva kumawaya ekunzwa kugadzira mabhiti ekubuda
Nyora Inhibit Line Driver
Inhibit drivers anoshandiswa kunyora kundangariro uye anowanikwa pasi peiyo main module. Kune gumi nemana inhibit mitsetse, imwe yematrix yega yega pane stack. Kuti unyore 14 bit, mutyairi wekiyi anopindirana anoshandiswa uye ikozvino kuburikidza ne inhibit line inodzivirira musimboti kubva pakuchinja ku 0. Mutsara wega wega unotungamirirwa ne ID-1 uye ID-1 module (nyora inhibit line mutyairi) uye peya. ye transistors. Precision 2 ohm resistors kumusoro uye pasi pebhodhi inogadzirisa iyo inovharira ikozvino. Iyo 20,8-waya inochinjisa tambo iri kurudyi inobatanidza madhiraivha kune gumi nemana inhibit waya mudura remabhodhi epakati.
Inhibition board iri pazasi pe memory module. Iri bhodhi rinogadzira 14 inhibit zviratidzo zvinoshandiswa panguva yekurekodha
Clock driver memory
Mutyairi wewachi imapuranga maviri anogadzira masaini ewachi yemodule module. Kamwe komputa yatanga kushanda kwendangariro, masaini akasiyana-siyana ewachi anoshandiswa nemodule module anogadzirwa asynchronously nemutyairi wewachi yemodule. Mabhodhi evhavha yewachi anowanikwa pazasi pe module, pakati pe stack uye inhibit board, saka mapuranga akaoma kuona.
Mabhodhi emutyairi wewachi ari pazasi peiyo main memory stack asi pamusoro pekiyi board
Zvikamu zvebhodhi rebhuruu mumufananidzo uri pamusoro ndeakawanda-kutendeuka potentiometers, pamwe yenguva kana kugadzirisa magetsi. Resistors uye capacitors zvinoonekwawo pamapuranga. Dhiagiramu inoratidza akati wandei MCD (Memory Clock Driver) modules, asi hapana mamodule anoonekwa pamabhodhi. Zvakaoma kutaura kana izvi zvichikonzerwa nekuonekwa kushoma, shanduko yedunhu, kana kuvapo kweimwe bhodhi ine ma modules aya.
Memory I/O panel
Yekupedzisira memory module bhodhi ndiyo I / O bhodhi, iyo inogovera masaini pakati pememori module mabhodhi uye yakasara komputa yeLVDC. Iyo yakasvibira 98-pini yekubatanidza pazasi inobatanidza neLVDC memory chassis, ichipa masaini uye simba kubva pakombuta. Zvizhinji zvezvibatanidza zvepurasitiki zvakaputsika, ndicho chikonzero vanobatana vachionekwa. Bhodhi rekugovera rakabatanidzwa kune ichi chinongedzo netambo mbiri dze49-pini dzinochinjika pazasi (tambo yekumberi chete ndiyo inoonekwa). Dzimwe tambo dzinochinjika dzinogovera masaini kuX Driver Board (kuruboshwe), Y Driver Board (kurudyi), Sense Amplifier Board (pamusoro), uye Inhibit Board (pasi). 20 capacitors pabhodhi sefa simba rinopihwa kune memory module.
Iyo I/O bhodhi pakati peiyo memory module uye yasara komputa. Iyo yegirini yekubatanidza pazasi inobatana nekombuta uye aya masaini anofambiswa kuburikidza netambo tambo kuenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzememory module.
mhedziso
Iyo huru LVDC memory module yakapa compact, yakavimbika kuchengetedza. Kusvikira ku8 memory modules inogona kuiswa muhafu yepasi yekombuta. Izvi zvakabvumira komputa kuchengeta 32 26-bit mazwi kana 16 kilowords mune redundant yakanyanya kuvimbika "duplex" modhi.
Chimwe chinonakidza chimiro cheLVDC ndechekuti memory modules inogona kuoneswa kuvimbika. Mu "duplex" modhi, izwi rega rega raichengetwa mumamodule maviri ekurangarira. Kana kukanganisa kwakaitika mune imwe module, izwi chairo rinogona kuwanikwa kubva kune imwe module. Kunyange izvi zvaipa kuvimbika, zvakacheka ndangariro tsoka nepakati. Neimwe nzira, iyo memory modules inogona kushandiswa mu "simplex" modhi, neshoko rega rega rakachengetwa kamwe.
LVDC yakagara kusvika masere CPU memory modules
Iyo magnetic core memory module inopa inomiririra inomiririra yenguva iyo 8 KB kuchengetedza yaida 5-pondo (2,3 kg) module. Zvisinei, iyi ndangariro yakanga yakakwana zvikuru nokuda kwenguva yayo. Midziyo yakadaro yakawira mukusashandiswa muma1970 nekuuya kwesemiconductor DRAMs.
Zviri mukati me RAM zvinochengetedzwa kana simba radzimwa, saka zvingangoita kuti module ichiri kuchengetedza software kubva pakupedzisira pakashandiswa komputa. Hongu, hongu, ikoko unogona kuwana chimwe chinhu chinonakidza kunyange makumi emakore gare gare. Zvingave zvinonakidza kuyedza kudzoreredza iyi data, asi iyo yakakuvadzwa yedunhu inogadzira dambudziko, saka zviri mukati hazvizokwanisa kudzoserwa kubva mundangariro module kwemamwe makore gumi.
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Nyorera kune yedu -chiteshi, kuti usapotsa chinyorwa chinotevera! Isu tinonyora kwete kanopfuura kaviri pavhiki uye chete pabhizinesi. Isu tinokuyeuchidza zvakare kuti Cloud4Y inogona kupa yakachengeteka uye yakavimbika kure kure kune bhizinesi maapplication uye ruzivo rwakakosha kuti bhizinesi rienderere mberi. Basa rekure ndechimwe chipingamupinyi chekupararira kwekoronavirus. Tsanangudzo dzinobva kumamaneja edu.
Source: www.habr.com