Mufananidzo kubva muunganidzwa wemunyori
1. Nhoroondo
Bubble ndangariro, kana cylindrical magineti domain memory, ndeye isingaite-inoshanduka ndangariro yakagadziriswa paBell Labs muna 1967 naAndrew Bobeck. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti diki cylindrical magnetic domains inoumbwa mune imwe-crystal yakaonda mafirimu e ferrites uye garnet apo yakakwana yakasimba magnetic field inotungamirirwa perpendicular pamusoro pefirimu. Nekuchinja iyo magnetic field, mabhubhu aya anogona kutamiswa. Zvivakwa zvakadaro zvinoita kuti magineti bubbles ave akanaka pakuvaka sequential bit chitoro, senge rejista yekuchinja, umo kuvapo kana kusavapo kwebubble pane imwe nzvimbo kunoratidza zero kana imwe bhiti kukosha. Iyo bubble chikamu chegumi chemicron mudhayamita, uye chip chimwechete chinogona kuchengeta zviuru zvemabhiti edata. Saka, semuenzaniso, muchirimo cha1977, Texas Instruments yakatanga kuunza chip ine huwandu hwe92304 bits kumusika. Ichi chiyeuchidzo hachisi-chinoputika, chinoita kuti chifanane nemagnetic tape kana disk, asi nokuti yakasimba-nyika uye haina zvikamu zvinofamba, inovimbika kupfuura tepi kana diski, haidi kuchengetedza, uye iduku zvikuru uye yakareruka. , uye inogona kushandiswa mumidziyo inotakurika.
Pakutanga, muvambi webubble memory, Andrew Bobek, akaronga "imwe-dimensional" vhezheni yendangariro, muchimiro cheshinda inotenderedza tambo yakatetepa yeferromagnetic zvinhu. Ndangariro yakadaro yainzi "twistor" memory, uye yakatogadzirwa-zhinji, asi yakakurumidza kusimudzwa ne "two-dimensional" vhezheni.
Unogona kuverenga nezve nhoroondo yekusikwa kwebubble memory mu [1-3].
2. Kushanda musimboti
Pano ndinokumbira kuti mundiregerere, ini handisi physicist, saka mharidzo ichave yakada kufanana.
Zvimwe zvinhu (zvakadai segadolinium gallium garnet) zvine midziyo yekubatidzwa magineti munzira imwe chete, uye kana inogara magineti ikaiswa paaxis iyi, matunhu ane magineti anoumba chimwe chinhu semabhubhu, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pazasi. Bubble rimwe nerimwe rinongova mamicrons mashoma mudhayamita.
Ngatitii tine mutete, pahurongwa hwe 0,001 inch, crystalline firimu yechinhu chakadaro chakaiswa pane isiri-magnetic, yakadai segirazi, substrate.
Izvo zvese nezvemashiripiti mabhuru. Mufananidzo uri kuruboshwe - hapana magnetic field, mufananidzo uri kurudyi - magnetic field inotungamirirwa perpendicular kune firimu pamusoro.
Kana pamusoro pefirimu yechinhu chakadaro chimiro chinoumbwa kubva kune magineti, semuenzaniso, permalloy, iron-nickel alloy, ipapo mabhubhu anozove magineti kuzvinhu zvepateni iyi. Kazhinji, maitiro ari muchimiro cheT-shaped kana V-shaped elements anoshandiswa.
Bhabhu rimwe chete rinogona kuumbwa nemagnetic field ye100-200 oersteds, iyo inoshandiswa perpendicular kune magnetic film uye inogadzirwa nemagnetti isingagumi, uye inotenderera magnetic field inoumbwa nemakoiri maviri mu XY nzira, inokubvumira kufamba. iyo bubble-domains kubva kune imwe magineti "chitsuwa" kune imwe, sezvizvi zvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo. Mushure mekuchinja kwechina munzira yemagnetic field, iyo domain ichafamba kubva kune chimwe chitsuwa ichienda kune chinotevera.
Zvese izvi zvinotitendera kuti titarise CMD mudziyo sedhijitari yekuchinja. Kana isu tikagadzira mabubble kune imwe magumo erejista toaona kune imwe, saka tinogona kuridza imwe patani yemabhuru kutenderedza uye kushandisa sisitimu sechinhu chekurangarira, kuverenga nekunyora mabhiti pane dzimwe nguva.
Kubva pano tevera zvakanakira uye zvakaipira zve CMD ndangariro: iyo mukana isimba rekuzvimirira (chero bedzi perpendicular munda wakagadzirwa neanogara magineti ukaiswa, mabubble haaparare chero kupi uye haazofambi kubva munzvimbo dzawo), uye iyo yakashata ndeye. nguva yakareba yekuwana, nokuti kuti uwane inopokana bhiti, unofanirwa kupuruzira regisheni yese yekuchinja kune yaunoda chinzvimbo, uye nekurebesa kwacho, ndiko kunowedzera kutenderera kunoda.
Iyo pateni yemagineti zvinhu paCMD yemagineti firimu.
Kusikwa kweiyo magineti domain inonzi muChirungu "nucleation", uye inosanganisirwa mukuti ikozvino yemazana akati wandei milliamps inoiswa kune inomonereka kwenguva ingangoita 100 ns, uye magineti inogadzirwa iyo iri perpendicular kune. firimu uye rakatarisana nemunda wegineti yekusingaperi. Izvi zvinogadzira magnetic "bubble" - cylindrical magnetic domain mufirimu. Maitirwo acho, zvinosuwisa, anotsamira patembiricha, zvinokwanisika kuti basa rekunyora rikundike pasina bubble riri kuumbwa, kana kuti mabhuru akawanda aumbe.
Nzira dzinoverengeka dzinoshandiswa kuverenga data kubva mufirimu.
Imwe nzira, isingaparadzi kuverenga, ndeyekuona iyo isina simba magineti ye cylindrical domain uchishandisa magnetoresistive sensor.
Nzira yechipiri kuverenga kunoparadza. Iyo bubble inotorwa kune yakakosha chizvarwa / yekuona track, uko bubble rinoparadzwa nemberi magineti yezvinhu. Kana zvinhu zvacho zvaive reverse magnetized, i.e. bubble raivepo, izvi zvaizokonzeresa yazvino mucoil uye izvi zvaizoonekwa nemagetsi edunhu. Mushure meizvozvo, iyo bubble inofanirwa kugadzirwazve pane yakakosha yekurekodha track.
Nekudaro, kana ndangariro dzakarongeka senge imwe contiguous array, ipapo ichava neaviri makuru madhiri. Kutanga, nguva yekuwana ichave yakareba kwazvo. Chechipiri, chikanganiso chimwe chete mucheni chinotungamira kusashanda kwakakwana kwechigadzirwa chose. Naizvozvo, ivo vanoita chiyeuchidzo chakarongeka muchimiro cheiyo main track, uye akawanda ari pasi pemateki, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo.
Bubble memory ine imwe inoenderera track
Bubble memory ine tenzi/varanda mateki
Kurongeka kwakadaro kwekuyeuka kunobvumira kwete chete kuderedza zvakanyanya nguva yekuwana, asiwo inobvumira kugadzirwa kwezviyeuchidzo zvekuyeuka zvine imwe nhamba yemateki asina kukwana. Iyo ndangariro controller inofanirwa kuzvifunga uye nekupfuura ivo panguva yekuverenga / kunyora mabasa.
Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoratidza muchinjika-chikamu che bubble memory "chip".
Iwe unogona zvakare kuverenga nezve musimboti webubble memory mu [4, 5].
3. Intel 7110
Intel 7110 - bubble memory module, MBM (magnetic-bubble memory) ine huwandu hwe1 MB (1048576 bits). Ndiye iye anoratidzwa paKDPV. 1 megabit ndiko kukwanisa kuchengetedza data remushandisi, uchifunga nezvema tracks asina basa, huwandu hwese hunosvika 1310720 bits. Chishandiso ichi chine 320 looped tracks (loops) ine huwandu hwe4096 bits imwe neimwe, asi 256 chete ndiyo inoshandiswa kune data yevashandisi, imwe yasara ichengetedzo yekutsiva "yakatyoka" tracks uye kuchengetedza redundant kukanganisa kukanganisa kodhi. Iyo mudziyo ine yakakura track-diki loop architecture. Ruzivo nezvematanho anoshanda arimo mune yakaparadzana boot track (bootstrap loop). PaKDPV, unogona kuona iyo hexadecimal kodhi yakadhindwa ipapo pane module. Iyi ndiyo mepu ye "akatyoka" makwara, makumi masere hexadecimal manhamba anomiririra 80 data tracks, anoshanda anomiririrwa nekamwe kadiki, asingashande ne zero.
Unogona kuverenga zvinyorwa zvekutanga zvemodule mu [7].
Chigadzirwa chacho chine kesi ine mitsara miviri yakarongwa yepini uye yakasungirirwa pasina soldering (mune socket).
Chimiro chemodule chinoratidzwa mumufananidzo:
Iyo yekurangarira yakakamurwa kuita maviri "hafu zvikamu" (hafu zvikamu), chimwe nechimwe chakakamurwa kuita maviri "makota" (quads), chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine makumi masere enhapwa tracks. Iyo module ine ndiro ine magineti zvinhu zviri mukati maviri orthogonal windings inogadzira inotenderera yemagineti. Kuti uite izvi, zviratidzo zvemazuva ano zvechimiro chetatu, zvakadzingwa ne 80 degrees maererano kune mumwe nemumwe, zvinoshandiswa kune mhepo. Iko kuungana kweplate uye mahwindi anoiswa pakati pemagineti echigarire uye anoiswa mune magineti shield inovhara iyo magineti flux inogadzirwa neanogara magineti uye inodzivirira mudziyo kubva kunze kwemagineti minda. Iyo ndiro inoiswa pa 90 dhigirii yakatsetseka, iyo inogadzira diki rekutamisa munda pamwe nemateru. Iyi munda haina basa kana ichienzaniswa nemunda wemakoiri, uye haikanganise kufamba kwemabhuru panguva yekushanda kwechigadzirwa, asi inoshandura mabhubhu kunzvimbo dzakagadziriswa maererano ne permalloy zvinhu kana mudziyo wakadzimwa. Iyo yakasimba perpendicular chikamu cheanogara magineti inotsigira kuvepo kwebubble magnetic domains.
Iyo module ine anotevera node:
- Memory tracks. Zvakananga iwo matiraki epermalloy zvinhu zvinobata nekutungamira mabhuru.
- replication jenareta. Inoshandira kudzokorora kwebubble, iyo inogara iripo panzvimbo yechizvarwa.
- Input track uye kuchinjanisa node. Mafuro anogadzirwa anofamba achitevedza track yekupinza. Mabhuru anofambiswa kune imwe yemakumi masere enhapwa tracks.
- Output track uye replication node. Mabubbles anobviswa kubva kudhata tracks pasina kuvaparadza. Iyo bubble inotsemuka kuita zvikamu zviviri, uye imwe yacho inoenda kune inobuda track.
- Detector. Mabhubhu kubva kune yakabuda track anopinda magnetoresistive detector.
- Loading track. Iyo boot track ine ruzivo nezve inoshanda uye isingashande data tracks.
Pazasi isu tichatarisa aya ma node mune zvakadzama. Iwe unogona zvakare kuverenga tsananguro yemanodhi aya mu [6].
bubble generation
Kugadzira bubble, pakutanga chaiko kweiyo track yekupinda pane conductor akabhenda muchimiro chediki loop. Ikozvino pulse inoshandiswa pairi, iyo inogadzira simba remagineti munzvimbo duku zvikuru yakasimba kudarika munda wemagineti asingagumi. Mhedzisiro inogadzira bubble panguva ino, iyo inoramba yakachengetedzwa nekusingaperi neanogara magineti uye inotenderera ichitevedza permalloy element pasi pechiito cheiyo inotenderera magineti. Kana isu tichida kunyora yuniti kundangariro, isu tinoshandisa kapfupi pulse kune inoitisa loop, uye semhedzisiro, mabhuru maviri anozvarwa (anoratidzwa seBubble kupatsanurwa mhodzi mumufananidzo). Imwe yemabhubhu inomhanyiswa nemunda unotenderera uchitevedza permalloy track, yechipiri inoramba iripo uye nekukurumidza inowana saizi yayo yepakutanga. Inobva yaenda kune imwe yenhapwa dzenhapwa, yochinjanisa nzvimbo nebubble rinotenderera mariri. Iyo, zvakare, inosvika kumagumo eiyo track track uye inonyangarika.
bubble exchange
Kutsinhana kwebubble kunoitika kana rectangular ikozvino pulse ikaiswa kune inoenderana conductor. Muchiitiko ichi, bubble haina kupatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri.
Kuverenga data
Iyo data inotumirwa kune inobuda track nekudzokorodza, uye inoramba ichitenderera munzira yayo mushure mekuverengwa. Nokudaro, chigadzirwa ichi chinoshandisa nzira isingaparadzi yekuverenga. Kuti udzokorore, bubble rinotungamirirwa pasi pechinhu chakareba permalloy, pasi pacho chakatambanudzwa. Pamusoro panewo kondakita muchimiro chechiuno, kana kuputika kwezvino kunoshandiswa kune loop, bubble ichaparadzaniswa kuva zvikamu zviviri. Ikozvino pulse ine chikamu chipfupi chepamusoro-soro kuti iparadzanise bubble muzvikamu zviviri uye chikamu chakareba chepasi ikozvino kuti itungamirire bubble kunzira yekubuda.
Pakupera kweyekubuda track ndeye Bubble Detector, bhiriji remagnetoresistive rakagadzirwa nepermalloy zvinhu zvinogadzira dunhu refu. Kana magineti bubble inowira pasi pe permalloy element, kuramba kwayo kunoshanduka, uye mutsauko ungangoita wemamilivolti akati wandei unoonekwa pakubuda kwebhiriji. Chimiro chezvikamu zvepermalloy chinosarudzwa kuitira kuti bubble rifambe pamwe chete navo, pakupedzisira rinorova vhiri rakakosha "murindi" uye rinonyangarika.
Redundancy
Chigadzirwa chacho chine 320 tracks, imwe neimwe iine 4096 bits. Pakati peizvi, mazana maviri nemakumi manomwe nevaviri vari kushanda, makumi mana nemasere vakasara, havashande.
Boot track (Boot Loop)
Chishandiso ichi chine mazana matatu nemakumi maviri edhata tracks, ayo mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu nenhanhatu akagadzirirwa kuchengetedza data remushandisi, mamwe ese anogona kunge asina kunaka kana anogona kushanda sema spares kutsiva ane mhosva. Imwe yekuwedzera track ine ruzivo nezve mashandisirwo e data tracks, 320 bits per track. Kana iyo system yaiswa simba, inofanirwa kutangwa. Munguva yekutanga maitiro, mutongi anofanira kuverenga bhutsu track uye kunyora ruzivo kubva kwairi kune yakakosha rejista yefomati chip / ikozvino sensor. Ipapo mutongi achashandisa chete makwara anoshanda, uye asingashande anozofuratirwa uye haazonyorerwe.
Data Warehouse - Chimiro
Kubva pakuona kwemushandisi, data inochengetwa mu2048 mapeji e512 bits rimwe nerimwe. 256 bytes yedata, 14 bits yekukanganisa kodhi kodhi uye 2 mabhiti asina kushandiswa anochengetwa muhafu yega yega mudziyo.
Kugadziriswa Kwemhosho
Kuona kukanganisa uye kururamisa kunogona kuitwa nezvino sensor chip, iyo ine 14-bit code decoder inogadzirisa chikanganiso chimwe chete kusvika ku 5 bits kureba (burst error) mubhokisi rimwe nerimwe re270 bits (kusanganisira code pachayo). Iyo kodhi inowedzerwa kusvika kumagumo ega ega 256-bit block. Kodhi yekururamisa inogona kushandiswa kana kusashandiswa, pakukumbira kwemushandisi, kodhi yekuongorora inogona kuvhurwa kana kuvharwa mutongi. Kana pasina kodhi inoshandiswa, ese 270 bits anogona kushandiswa kune data remushandisi.
Nguva yekuwana
Iyo magnetic field inotenderera pane imwe nguva ye50 kHz. Avhareji yenguva yekuwana kune yekutanga bhiti rekutanga peji ndeye 41 ms, inova hafu yenguva inotora kupedzisa kutenderera kuzere kuburikidza ne track pamwe nenguva yainotora kuenda kuburikidza neinobuda track.
Iwo 320 anoshanda uye akasara akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina zve80 track imwe neimwe. Iri sangano rinoderedza nguva yekuwana. Makota anotariswa ari maviri maviri: peya imwe neimwe yekota ine kunyange uye isinganzwisisike zvidimbu zvezwi, zvichiteerana. Mudziyo wacho une matipi mana ekuisa ane mabhubhu mana ekutanga, uye mana ekubuda matiraki. Maturu ekubuda anoshandisa ma detector maviri, akarongeka nenzira yekuti mabubbles maviri kubva kumakwara maviri haatomborova detector imwe panguva imwe chete. Nekudaro, iwo mana mabubble hova anowedzerwa uye anoshandurwa kuita maviri madiki hova uye anochengetwa mumarejista ezvino sensor chip. Ikoko, zviri mukati memarejista zvinowedzerwa zvakare uye zvinotumirwa kumutongi kuburikidza neiyo serial interface.
Muchikamu chechipiri chechinyorwa, isu tichanyatso tarisisa kutenderera kwe bubble memory controller.
4. References
Munyori akawanikwa mumakona akasviba etiweki uye akakuchengetera iwe ruzivo rwakawanda runobatsira rwehunyanzvi pane ndangariro paCMD, nhoroondo yayo uye zvimwe zvine hukama:
1. -Kurangarira mbiri dzeinjiniya Bobek
2. -Kurangarira mbiri dzeinjiniya Bobek (chikamu 2)
3. -Bubble memory
4. Kugadziriswa kweMagnetic Bubble Memory mune Yakajairwa Microcomputer Nzvimbo
5. - Texas Zvishandiso TIB 0203 Bubble Memory
6. - Memory Components Handbook. Intel 1983.
7. 7110 1-Megabit Bubble Memory
Source: www.habr.com