Pasinei nekushandiswa kwakapararira kweEthernet network, DSL-based communication technologies inoramba iripo nanhasi. Kusvika ikozvino, DSL inogona kuwanikwa mukupedzisira-mamaira network yekubatanidza kunyorera midziyo kune Internet provider network, uye munguva pfupi yapfuura tekinoroji iri kuwedzera kushandiswa mukuvaka ma network emunharaunda, semuenzaniso, mumaindasitiri ekushandisa, uko DSL inoshanda semubatsiri kuEthernet. kana network network yakavakirwa paRS-232/422/485. Magadzirirwo akafanana eindasitiri anoshandiswa zvakanyanya munyika dzakasimukira dzeEurope neAsia.
DSL imhuri yezviyero zvakave zvakagadzirirwa kufambisa data redhijitari pamitsara yefoni. Nhoroondo, yakava yekutanga Broadband Internet yekuwana tekinoroji, ichitsiva DIAL UP uye ISDN. Iyo yakasiyana-siyana yeDSL miyero iripo parizvino imhaka yekuti makambani mazhinji, kutanga mu80s, akaedza kuvandudza nekutengesa tekinoroji yavo.
Zviitiko zvese izvi zvinogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka makuru maviri - asymmetric (ADSL) uye symmetric (SDSL) matekinoroji. Asymmetric inoreva avo umo kumhanya kwekubatanidza kunouya kwakasiyana nekumhanya kwekubuda kwetraffic. Ne symmetric tinoreva kuti kugamuchirwa uye kumhanyisa kumhanya kwakaenzana.
Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa uye yakapararira asymmetric miyero ndeye ADSL (mune ichangoburwa edition - ADSL2+) uye VDSL (VDSL2), symmetric - HDSL (yachinyakare mbiri) uye SHDSL. Iwo ese anosiyana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe mukuti anoshanda pane akasiyana mafrequency uye anoshandisa akasiyana coding uye modulation nzira pamutsetse wekutaurirana. Nzira dzekugadzirisa kukanganisa dzinosiyanawo, zvichikonzera mazinga akasiyana ekudzivirira ruzha. Nekuda kweizvozvo, tekinoroji yega yega ine miganhu yayo mukumhanya uye kureba kwekutumira data, kusanganisira zvichienderana nerudzi uye kunaka kwemutyairi.
Miganhu yemhando dzakasiyana dzeDSL
Mune chero tekinoroji yeDSL, mwero wekufambisa data unodzikira sezvo kureba kwetambo kunowedzera. Pamafaro akanyanya zvinokwanisika kuwana kumhanya kwemazana akati wandei kilobits, asi kana uchitumira data pamusoro pe200-300 m, iyo yakanyanya kumhanya inowanika.
Pakati pematekinoroji ese, SHDSL ine mukana wakakura unoitisa kuti zvikwanise kuishandisa mumaindasitiri maapplication - yakakwira ruzha kusadzivirirwa uye kugona kushandisa chero rudzi rwe conductor pakufambisira data. Izvi hazvisizvo neasymmetric standards, uye hutano hwekutaurirana hunoenderana zvakanyanya nemhando yemutsara unoshandiswa pakufambisa data. Kunyanya, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa tambo yefoni yakamonyoroka. Muchiitiko ichi, mhinduro yakavimbika ndeye kushandisa optical cable panzvimbo yeADSL neVDSL.
Chero peya yemakondukita akaparadzaniswa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe anokodzera SHDSL - mhangura, aruminiyamu, simbi, etc. Iyo yekufambisa nzira inogona kuve yekare tambo dzemagetsi, mitsara yenhare yekare, minzwa wire fence, nezvimwe.
Kutsamira kweSHDSL data yekumhanyisa kumhanya pane chinhambwe uye mhando yekondakita
Kubva pagirafu rekumhanyisa kwekufambisa data zvichienderana nedaro uye mhando yekondukita yakapihwa yeSHDSL, unogona kuona kuti makondakita ane hombe-chikamu-chikamu anobvumidza iwe kuendesa ruzivo pamusoro pechinhambwe chikuru. Kutenda kune tekinoroji, zvinokwanisika kuronga kutaurirana pamusoro pechinhambwe chinosvika 20 km pahupamhi hunogona kukurumidza 15.3 Mb / s kune 2-waya tambo kana 30 Mb kune 4-waya tambo. Mumashandisirwo chaiwo, kumhanya kwekufambisa kunogona kusetwa nemaoko, izvo zvinodikanwa mumamiriro ekukanganiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi kana kutadza mutsara. Muchiitiko ichi, kuti uwedzere kureba kwekutapurirana, zvinodikanwa kudzikisira kumhanya kweSDSL zvishandiso. Kuti unyatso kuverenga kumhanya zvichienderana nedaro uye rudzi rwe conductor, unogona kushandisa yemahara software senge .
Nei SHDSL iine ruzha rwekudzivirira kweruzha?
Nheyo yekushanda yeSHDSL transceiver inogona kumiririrwa nenzira ye block diagram, iyo yakasarudzika uye yakazvimiririra (isingachinji) chikamu kubva padanho rekushandisa inosiyaniswa. Chikamu chakazvimiririra chine PMD (Physical Medium Dependent) uye PMS-TC (Physical Medium-Specific TC Layer) mabhuroko anoshanda, nepo chikamu chaicho chinosanganisira TPS-TC (Transmission Protocol-Specific TC Layer) layer uye mushandisi data interface.
Kubatana kwemuviri pakati pematransceivers (STUs) kunogona kuvapo sepairi imwe chete kana akawanda tambo mbiri mbiri. Panyaya yeakawanda tambo pairs, iyo STU ine akawanda akazvimirira maPMD ane hukama neiyo imwe chete PMS-TC.
Inoshanda modhi yeSHDSL transceiver (STU)
Iyo TPS-TC module inotsamira pane iyo yekushandisa iyo mudziyo unoshandiswa (Ethernet, RS-232/422/485, nezvimwewo). Basa rayo nderekushandura data remushandisi kuita iyo SHDSL fomati, kuita kuwanda / demultiplexing uye kugadzirisa nguva kwematanho akati wandei e data remushandisi.
Padanho rePMS-TC, mafuremu eSHDSL anogadzirwa uye anowiriraniswa, pamwe nekukwenya nekukwenya.
Iyo PMD module inoita mabasa eruzivo encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, echo cancellation, parameter nhaurirano pamutsetse wekutaurirana uye kumisikidza hukama pakati pevachinjisi. Iri padanho rePMD apo mavhiya makuru anoitwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekudzivirira kweruzha rweSHDSL, kusanganisira TCPAM coding (Trellis coding neanalog pulse modulation), mubatanidzwa coding uye modulation mashandiro anovandudza spectral kunyatsoshanda kwechiratidzo kana ichienzaniswa neyakasiyana. nzira. Nheyo yekushanda yePMD module inogonawo kumiririrwa muchimiro chedhiyabhorosi inoshanda.
PMD Module Block Diagram
TC-PAM yakavakirwa pakushandiswa kweiyo convolutional encoder iyo inogadzira yakawandisa kutevedzana kwemabhiti padivi reSHDSL transmitter. Pawachi yega yega, chidimbu chega chega chinosvika pakupinza encoder chinopihwa kaviri bhiti (dibit) pane zvinobuda. Saka, pamutengo wekushomeka kushoma, kutapurirana ruzha kusadzivirirwa kunowedzera. Iko kushandiswa kweTrellis modulation kunobvumidza iwe kudzikisa yakashandiswa data data bandwidth uye kurerutsa iyo Hardware uchichengetedza imwechete chiratidzo-ku-ruzha reshiyo.
Kushanda musimboti weTrellis encoder (TC-PAM 16)
Iyo kaviri bhiti inoumbwa neane musoro modulo-2 (yakasarudzika-kana) yekuwedzera oparesheni zvichibva pane yekupinza bit x1(tn) uye mabits x1(tn-1), x1(tn-2), nezvimwe. (panogona kunge paine anosvika makumi maviri akazara), ayo akagashirwa pane encoder yekuisa pamberi uye akaramba akachengetwa mumareji endangariro. Pawachi inotevera kutenderera kwe encoder tn + 20, mabits anochinjirwa mumaseru ekurangarira kuti aite zvine musoro kushanda: bit x1 (tn) inoenda mundangariro, ichishandura kutevedzana kwese kwebhiti dzakachengetwa ipapo.
Convolutional encoder algorithm
Chokwadi matafura ekuwedzera oparesheni modulo 2
Kuti ujekese, zviri nyore kushandisa dhizaini renyika ye convolutional encoder, kubva kwaunogona kuona kuti iyo encoder iri papi dzimwe nguva tn, tn+1, nezvimwe. zvinoenderana nedata rekuisa. Iyo encoder state mune iyi kesi inoreva peya yemakoshero eiyo yekuisa bit x1 (tn) uye chidimbu mune yekutanga ndangariro sero x1 (tn-1). Kugadzira dhayagiramu, unogona kushandisa girafu, pane vertices panogona kunge paine nyika dze encoder, uye shanduko kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe inoratidzwa neinopindirana mabhiti ekuisa x1(tn) uye inobuda dibits $inline$y ₀y ₁(t ₀)$inline$.
State dhayagiramu uye shanduko yegirafu yetransmitter convolutional encoder
Mune inotapurirana, yakavakirwa pamabhiti mana akagashirwa (maviri ekuburitsa mabheti eencoder uye maviri mabhiti data), chiratidzo chinoumbwa, chimwe nechimwe chinoenderana neayo amplitude yemodulating chiratidzo cheanalog-pulse modulator.
State of the 16-bit AIM zvichienderana nekukosha kwechina-bit character
Padivi peiyo inogamuchira chiratidzo, iyo reverse maitiro inoitika - dhizaini uye kusarudzwa kubva kune yakarebesa kodhi (double bits y0y1 (tn)) yeinodiwa inoteedzana mabheti ekupinza eencoder x1 (tn). Kuvhiya uku kunoitwa neViterbi decoder.
Iyo decoder algorithm yakavakirwa pakuverenga chikanganiso metric kune ese angangotarisirwa encoder nyika. Iyo metric yekukanganisa inoreva mutsauko uripo pakati pemabhiti akagamuchirwa uye anotarisirwa mabhiti ega ega nzira inogoneka. Kana pasina zvikanganiso zvekugamuchira, ipapo iyo yechokwadi nzira yekukanganisa metric ichave 0 nekuti hapana diki divergence. Kune nzira dzenhema, metric ichasiyana kubva ku zero, inoramba ichiwedzera, uye mushure meimwe nguva decoder ichamira kuverenga nzira isina kururama, ichisiya chete yechokwadi.
Encoder state diagram yakaverengerwa neanogamuchira Viterbi decoder
Asi iyi algorithm inoita sei kuti ichengetedze ruzha? Tichifunga kuti mugamuchiri akagamuchira data mukukanganisa, decoder icharamba ichiverenga nzira mbiri nemhosho metric ye 1. Nzira ine kukanganisa metric ye0 haichazovipo. Asi iyo algorithm ichaita mhedziso yekuti ndeipi nzira yechokwadi gare gare zvichibva pane anotevera mabheti maviri akagamuchirwa.
Kana chikanganiso chechipiri chikaitika, pachave nemakwara akawanda ane metric 2, asi nzira chaiyo inozoonekwa gare gare zvichibva pane yakanyanya mukana nzira (kureva, iyo shoma metric).
Encoder state diagram yakaverengerwa neViterbi decoder kana uchigamuchira data nezvikanganiso
Panyaya yatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, semuenzaniso, takafunga nezve algorithm ye16-bit system (TC-PAM16), iyo inovimbisa kutapurirana kwezvimedu zvitatu zveruzivo runobatsira uye imwe bhiti yekudzivirira kukanganisa muchiratidzo chimwe. Iyo TC-PAM16 inowana data mitengo kubva pa192 kusvika 3840 kbps. Nekuwedzera kudzika kusvika pa128 (masisitimu emazuvano anoshanda neTC-PAM128), zvimedu zvitanhatu zveruzivo runobatsira zvinofambiswa muchiratidzo chega chega, uye kukurumidza kunokwanisika kunobva pa5696 kbps kusvika 15,3 Mbps.
Kushandiswa kweanalog pulse modulation (PAM) kunoita kuti SHDSL ifanane nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwakakurumbira hweEthernet miyero, senge gigabit 1000BASE-T (PAM-5), 10-gigabit 10GBASE-T (PAM-16) kana indasitiri imwe-pairi Ethernet 2020BASE. -T10L, iri kuvimbisa 1 (PAM-3).
SHDSL pamusoro peEthernet network
Kune anodzorwa uye asingatarisirwe SHDSL modem, asi iyi kupatsanurwa ine zvishoma zvakafanana neyakajairwa kupatsanurwa kuita inogadziriswa uye isina kudzora michina iripo, semuenzaniso, yeEthernet switch. Musiyano uri mukugadzirisa uye kutarisa maturusi. Mamodemu anogadziriswa anogadziriswa kuburikidza newebhu interface uye anogona kuongororwa kuburikidza neSNMP, nepo modem dzisina kutariswa dzichigona kuongororwa uchishandisa imwe software kuburikidza neiyo console port (yePhoenix Bata iyi ndeyemahara PSI-CONF chirongwa uye mini-USB interface). Kusiyana nekuchinja, modem dzisina kutarisirwa dzinogona kushanda mune network ine ring topology.
Zvikasadaro, mamodhimu anodzorwa uye asina kutariswa akafanana zvachose, kusanganisira kushanda uye kugona kushanda paPlug & Play musimboti, kureva, pasina chero yekutanga kumisikidzwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, mamodemu anogona kuve akashongedzerwa nemabasa ekudzivirira ekuvhiya nekugona kuvaongorora. SHDSL network inogona kuumba mativi akareba kwazvo, uye makondakita anogona kumhanya munzvimbo dzinowedzera mhepo (inokonzeresa misiyano inogona kukonzerwa nekubuda kwemheni kana mapfupi mumitsara yetambo iri pedyo) inogona kuitika. Iyo induced voltage inogona kukonzera discharge currents ye kiloamperes kuyerera. Nokudaro, kudzivirira midziyo kubva muzviitiko zvakadaro, SPDs inovakwa mumamodemu nenzira yebhodhi rinobviswa, iro rinogona kutsiviwa kana zvichidiwa. Iko kune terminal block yebhodhi iyo iyo SHDSL mutsara yakabatana.
Topology
Uchishandisa SHDSL pamusoro peEthernet, zvinokwanisika kuvaka network nechero topology: point-to-point, line, nyeredzi uye mhete. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvichienderana nerudzi rwemodemu, unogona kushandisa zvose 2-waya uye 4-waya kutaurirana mitsetse yekubatanidza.
Ethernet network topology yakavakirwa paSHDSL
Izvo zvakare zvinogoneka kuvaka masisitimu akagoverwa ane yakasanganiswa topology. Imwe neimwe SHDSL network segment inogona kusvika ku50 modem uye, tichifunga nezve kugona kwehunyanzvi tekinoroji (chinhambwe chiri pakati pemamodemu makiromita makumi maviri), kureba kwechikamu kunogona kusvika 20 km.
Kana iyo modem inogadziriswa yakaiswa kumusoro kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe chakadaro, ipapo kutendeseka kwechikamu kunogona kuongororwa uchishandisa SNMP. Uye zvakare, akakwenenzverwa uye asina kutariswa mamodemu anotsigira VLAN tekinoroji, ndiko kuti, ivo vanokutendera iwe kukamura network muma subnets ane musoro. Midziyo iyi zvakare inokwanisa kushanda nemaprotocol ekufambisa data anoshandiswa mune zvemazuva ano otomatiki masisitimu (Profinet, Ethernet/IP, Modbus TCP, nezvimwewo).
Kuchengetedzwa kwenzira dzekutaurirana uchishandisa SHDSL
SHDSL inoshandiswa kugadzira nzira dzekutaurirana dzakawandisa muEthernet network, kazhinji inopenya.
SHDSL uye serial interface
SHDSL modem ine serial interface inokunda zvisingakwanisi kure, topology uye conductor mhando iripo kune echinyakare waya masisitimu anoenderana neasynchronous transceivers (UART): RS-232 - 15 m, RS-422 uye RS-485 - 1200 m.
Kune ma modemu ane serial interfaces (RS-232/422/485) kune ese ari maviri maapplication uye akasarudzika (semuenzaniso, yeProfibus). Midziyo yese yakadai ndeye "isina kutariswa" chikamu, saka inogadziriswa uye inoongororwa uchishandisa yakakosha software.
Topology
Mumanetiweki ane serial interface, uchishandisa SHDSL zvinokwanisika kuvaka network ine point-to-point, line uye nyeredzi topology. Mukati meiyo linear topology, zvinogoneka kusanganisa kusvika ku255 nodes mune imwe network (yeProfibus - 30).
Mumasisitimu akavakwa achingoshandisa RS-485 madivayiri chete, hapana zvirambidzo padanho rekufambisa data rinoshandiswa, asi mutsara uye nyeredzi topology ndeye atypical yeRS-232 uye RS-422, saka kushanda kwemidziyo yekupedzisira pane network yeSHDSL ine matopology akafanana. inogoneka chete muhafu-duplex modhi. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumasisitimu ane RS-232 uye RS-422, kero yemudziyo inofanirwa kupihwa padanho reprotocol, iro risingawanzo kupindirana rinowanzo shandiswa mumambure e-point-to-point.
Kana uchibatanidza zvishandiso nemhando dzakasiyana dzekupindirana kuburikidza neSHDSL, zvinofanirwa kufunga nezve chokwadi chekuti hapana imwe nzira yekumisikidza chinongedzo (ruoko) pakati pemidziyo. Nekudaro, zvichiri kugona kuronga shanduko mune iyi kesi; kune izvi, zvinotevera zvinofanirwa kusangana:
- kurongeka kwekukurukurirana uye kutonga kwekufambisa data kunofanirwa kuitwa pamwero weiyo yakabatana data data data protocol;
- zvese zvigadziriso zvinofanirwa kushanda muhafu-duplex modhi, iyo inofanirwa zvakare kutsigirwa neiyo data protocol.
Iyo Modbus RTU protocol, iyo yakajairika protocol yeasynchronous interfaces, inobvumidza iwe kuti udzivise zvese zvinotsanangurwa zvinogumira uye kuvaka imwechete sisitimu ine marudzi akasiyana enzvimbo.
Serial network topologies yakavakirwa paSHDSL
Paunenge uchishandisa maviri-waya RS-485 pamidziyo Iwe unogona kuvaka zvimwe zvakaoma zvimiro nekubatanidza modem kuburikidza nebhazi rimwe paDIN njanji. Simba remagetsi rinogona kuiswa pabhazi rimwe chete (mune iyi nyaya, zvishandiso zvese zvinofambiswa kuburikidza nebhazi) uye optical converters yePSI-MOS akatevedzana kugadzira network yakasanganiswa. Chimiro chakakosha chekushanda kwehurongwa hwakadaro ndeyekumhanya kwakafanana kwese transceivers.
Zvimwe zveSHDSL pane network yeRS-485
Mienzaniso yekushandisa
SHDSL tekinoroji inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumasevhisi ekushandisa muGermany. Makambani anopfuura makumi mashanu anoshandira masisitimu emuguta anoshandisa waya dzemhangura dzekare kubatanidza zvinhu zvakagoverwa muguta rese netiweki imwe. Kudzora uye accounting masisitimu emvura, gasi uye simba rekupa zvinonyanya kuvakwa paSHDSL. Pakati pemaguta akadai Ulm, Magdeburg, Ingolstadt, Bielefeld, Frankfurt an der Oder nemamwe akawanda.
Iyo yakakura SHDSL-yakavakirwa sisitimu yakagadzirwa muguta reLübeck. Iyo sisitimu ine yakasanganiswa chimiro chakavakirwa paOptical Ethernet uye SHDSL, inobatanidza 120 zvinhu zviri kure kubva kune imwe neimwe uye inoshandisa anopfuura makumi mashanu modem. . Iyo yese network inoongororwa uchishandisa SNMP. Chikamu chakareba kubva kuKalkhorst kuenda kuLübeck Airport chakareba 39 km. Chikonzero chakaita kuti kambani yemutengi isarudze SHDSL yaive yekuti yaisave nehupfumi kuti iite chirongwa ichi zvachose pane optics, zvichipihwa kuwanikwa kwetambo dzemhangura dzekare.
Kutumira data kuburikidza ne slip ring
Muenzaniso unonakidza ndewekufambiswa kwedata pakati pezvinhu zvinofamba, sezvinoitwa mumaturbine emhepo kana michina mikuru yekumonyorora maindasitiri. Imwe nzira yakafanana inoshandiswa pakutsinhana kwemashoko pakati pevatongi vari pa rotor uye stator yemiti. Muchiitiko ichi, kutsvedza kubata kuburikidza neinotsvedza mhete inoshandiswa kutumira data. Mienzaniso yakaita seiyi inoratidza kuti hazvifanirwe kuve neiyo static yekutumira data pamusoro peSHDSL.
Kuenzanisa nemamwe matekinoroji
SHDSL vs GSM
Kana tikaenzanisa SHDSL nemasisitimu ekutumira data anoenderana neGSM (3G/4G), saka kusavapo kwemitengo yekushandisa inoenderana nekubhadhara nguva dzose kune opareta yekuwana kune nharembozha kunotaura mukufarira DSL. NeSHDSL, isu takazvimiririra munzvimbo yekuvhara, mhando uye kuvimbika kwenharembozha panzvimbo yeindasitiri, kusanganisira kuramba kukanganiswa kwemagetsi. NeSHDSL hapana chikonzero chekugadzirisa michina, iyo inomhanyisa kutumirwa kwenzvimbo. Wireless network inoratidzwa nekunonoka kukuru mukufambiswa kwedata uye kuomerwa kwekufambisa data uchishandisa multicast traffic (Profinet, Ethernet IP).
Chengetedzo yeruzivo inotaura ichifarira SHDSL nekuda kwekushaikwa kwechido chekuendesa data paInternet uye kukosha kwekugadzirisa VPN kubatana kweizvi.
SHDSL vs Wi-Fi
Zvakawanda zvezvakataurwa nezveGSM zvinogona zvakare kuiswa kune maindasitiri Wi-Fi. Kudzikira kweruzha kusadzivirirwa, kuremerwa kwedhata kudiki, kutsamira pane iyo topology yenzvimbo, uye kunonoka mukufambiswa kwedata kunotaura zvinopesana neWi-Fi. Iyo inonyanya kukosha dhizaini ndeyekuchengetedzeka kweruzivo rweWi-Fi network, nekuti chero munhu ane mukana weiyo data yekufambisa svikiro. NeWi-Fi zvinotogoneka kuendesa Profinet kana Ethernet IP data, izvo zvingaomera GSM.
SHDSL vs Optics
Muzviitiko zvakawanda, optics ine mukana wakakura kupfuura SHDSL, asi mune akati wandei maapplication SHDSL inokutendera iwe kuchengetedza nguva nemari pakuisa uye welding tambo dzeOptical, kuderedza nguva inotora kuisa nzvimbo kushanda. SHDSL haidi zvakakosha zvibatanidza, nekuti tambo yekutaurirana inongobatanidzwa kune iyo modem terminal. Pamusana pemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, kushandiswa kwavo kunogumira mumashandisirwo anosanganisira kutamiswa kwemashoko pakati pezvinhu zvinofamba, uko maconductor emhangura anowanikwa.
Source: www.habr.com