Njiva inotakura yakatakurwa nemakadhi eMicroSD inogona kutamisa huwandu hwe data nekukurumidza uye nekuchipa kupfuura chero imwe nzira.
Cherechedza transl.: kunyangwe iyo yepakutanga yechinyorwa ichi yakaonekwa paIEEE Spectrum webhusaiti muna Kubvumbi 1, chokwadi chese chakanyorwa mairi chakavimbika.
Muna Kukadzi nezve kuburitswa kwepasirese microSD flash kadhi ine huwandu hwe1 terabyte. Iyo, semamwe makadhi mune iyi fomati, idiki, inoyera chete 15 x 11 x 1 mm, uye inorema 250 mg. Inogona kukwana yakawanda inoshamisa yedata munzvimbo diki kwazvo yemuviri, uye inogona kutengwa nemadhora mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu. Kungoti iwe unzwisise, ekutanga 550 GB microSD makadhi akaonekwa gore rapfuura, muna Kukadzi 512.
Isu tajaira kumhanya kwekufambira mberi mukombuta zvekuti kuwedzera uku kwehuwandu hwekuchengetera kunoenda zvakanyanya kusaonekwa, dzimwe nguva tichiwana kuburitswa kwenhau uye blog post kana maviri. Chinonyanya kufadza (uye chingangove nemhedzisiro yakakura) kukurumidza kwakadii kugona kwedu kugadzira nekuchengetedza data kuri kukura kana tichienzaniswa nekugona kwedu kuifambisa pamanetiweki anowanikwa nevanhu vazhinji.
Dambudziko iri harisi idzva, uye kwemakumi emakore ikozvino marudzi akasiyana-siyana e "cunnets" ave achishandiswa kutakura data kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe - netsoka, netsamba, kana nedzimwe nzira dzisinganzwisisiki. Imwe yenzira dzekufambisa data iyo yave ichishandiswa zvakanyanya kwechiuru chemakore apfuura ndeye njiva dzinotakura, dzinokwanisa kufamba mazana kana zviuru zvemakiromita kureba, kudzokera kumba, uye kushandisa nzira dzekufambisa, hunhu hwayo husati hwavepo. kunyatsodzidzwa. Zvinoitika kuti maererano nekubuda (huwandu hwe data inotamiswa pamusoro pechinhambwe chakapihwa panguva yakatarwa), njiva-based Peronet inoramba ichishanda kupfuura yakajairika network.
Kubva ku "IP Datagram Transmission Standard kune Air Carriers"
Musi waApril 1, 1990, David Weitzman akaronga Chikumbiro cheKutaura (RFC) chine musoro "", yava kunzi IPoAC. RFC 1149 inotsanangura "nzira yekuedza yekuvharira IP datagrams muvatakuri vemhepo", uye yakatove nezvakawanda zvakagadziridzwa maererano nezvese kunaka kwesevhisi uye kutamira kuIPv6 (yakabudiswa Kubvumbi 1, 1999 naKubvumbi 1, 2011, zvichiteerana).
Kutumira RFC paZuva raKubvumbi Fool itsika yakatanga muna 1978 neRFC 748, iyo yakataura kuti kutumira iyo IAC DONT RANDOMLY-LOSE command kune telnet server kwaizomisa sevha kurasikirwa nedata. Ipfungwa yakanaka, handizvo here? Uye ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zveApril Fool's RFC, inotsanangura , uyo akatungamira Networking Working Group kuCERN kubva ku1985 kusvika 1996, akatungamira IETF kubva 2005 kusvika 2007, uye iye zvino anogara kuNew Zealand. "Inofanira kuve inogoneka nehunyanzvi (kureva, haityore mitemo yefizikisi) uye unofanirwa kuverenga kanenge peji usati waona kuti ijee," anodaro. "Uye, sezvazviri, zvinofanirwa kunge zvisina musoro."
Carpenter, pamwe chete nemumwe wake Bob Hinden, ivo pachavo vakanyora iyo April Fool's RFC, iyo yakatsanangura , muna 2011. Uye kunyange makumi maviri emakore mushure mekusuma kwayo, IPoAC ichiri kuzivikanwa. βMunhu wose anoziva nezvezvinotakura ndege,β Carpenter akatiudza kudaro. "Ini naBob taitaura rimwe zuva kumusangano weIETF nezvekuwedzera kweIPv6, uye pfungwa yekuiwedzera kuIPoAC yakauya yega."
, iyo yakatanga kutsanangura IPoAC, inotsanangura akawanda mabhenefiti eiyo chiyero chitsva:
Masevhisi mazhinji akasiyana anogona kupihwa kuburikidza nekuisa pamberi. Pamusoro pezvo, pane kucherechedzwa kwakavakirwa-mukati uye kuparadzwa kwehonye. Sezvo IP isingavimbisi 100% packet kuburitsa, kurasikirwa kweanotakura kunogona kubvumidzwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, vatakuri vanopora vari voga. Nhepfenyuro haina kutsanangurwa uye dutu rinogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwedata. Zvinokwanisika kuita kuedza kusingagumi pakusununguka kusvikira mutakuri adonha. Nzira dzekuongorora dzinogadzirwa otomatiki uye dzinowanzo kuwanikwa mumatireyi etambo uye pamatanda [Chirungu log zvinoreva zvese "log" uye "log yekunyora" / approx. shanduro].
Iyo yemhando yekuvandudza (RFC 2549) inowedzera akati wandei akakosha ruzivo:
Multicasting, kunyangwe ichitsigirwa, inoda kuitwa kwechigadzirwa checloning. Vanotakura vanogona kurasika kana vakazvimisa pamuti uri kutemwa. Vatakuri vanogovaniswa pamwe nemuti wenhaka. Vatakuri vane avhareji yeTTL yemakore gumi nemashanu, saka kushandiswa kwavo mukuwedzera kutsvaga mhete kunogumira.
Mhou inogona kuonekwa seimwe nzira yekutakura, ine hukuru hukuru hwekufambisa huwandu hwemashoko, asi ichipa kutakura kunononoka uye inoda mabhiriji pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Imwe nhaurirano yemhando yebasa inogona kuwanikwa mukati .
kubva kuCarpenter, inotsanangura IPv6 yeIPoAC, inotaura, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvinogona kunetsa zvine chekuita nepacket routing:
Kupfuura kwevatakuri kuburikidza nenharaunda yevatakuri vakafanana navo, pasina kumisa zvibvumirano pane peer-to-peer ruzivo rwekuchinjana, kunogona kutungamirira kukuchinja kwakapinza munzira, kukanda pasuru uye kunze-kwe-kurongeka kwekutumira. Kupfuura kwevatakuri kuburikidza nenharaunda yezvikara kunogona kutungamirira mukurasikirwa kukuru kwemapakeji. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti zvinhu izvi zvitariswe mune routing tafura dhizaini algorithm. Avo vanozoshandisa nzira idzi, kuitira kuti vave nechokwadi chekufambiswa kwakavimbika, vanofanirwa kufunga nezvekufambisa kwakavakirwa pamitemo inodzivirira nzvimbo dzine vatakuri venzvimbo nevanopamba.
Pane humbowo hwekuti vamwe vatakuri vane katsika kekudya vamwe vatakuri vozotakura muripo wadyiwa. Izvi zvinogona kupa nzira nyowani yekutunha IPv4 mapaketi muIPv6 mapaketi, kana zvinopesana.
Iyo IPoAC standard yakatsanangurwa muna 1990, asi mameseji akatumirwa nenjiva dzinotakura kwenguva yakareba: mufananidzo unoratidza njiva inotakura ichitumirwa kuSwitzerland, pakati pa1914 na1918.
Zvine musoro kutarisira kubva pachiyero, iyo pfungwa yakave yakagadzirwa kare muna 1990, kuti iyo yekutanga fomati yekufambisa data kuburikidza neIPoAC protocol yakabatana nekudhinda hexadecimal mavara pabepa. Kubva ipapo, zvakawanda zvakachinja, uye huwandu hwe data hunoenderana neiyo yakapihwa vhoriyamu yemuviri uye huremu hwakawedzera zvinoshamisa, nepo saizi yemubhadharo wenjiva yega yakaramba yakafanana. Njiva dzinokwanisa kutakura mubhadharo uri chikamu chakakosha chehuremu hwemuviri wadzo - avhareji homing pigeon inorema magiramu mazana mashanu, uye mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi500 vaigona kutakura 75 gramu makamera kuti vaonekwe munzvimbo yevavengi.
Takataura naye , mumwe anofarira mijaho yenjiva anobva kuMaryland, akasimbisa kuti njiva dzinogona kutakura magiramu 75 nyore nyore (uye zvichida napamusoro zvishoma) βmudaro chero ripi zvaro zuva rose.β Panguva imwecheteyo, vanogona kubhururuka kure kure - rekodhi yenyika yenjiva inobatwa neimwe shiri isingatyi, iyo yakakwanisa kubhururuka kubva kuArras muFrance kuenda kumba kwayo muHo Chi Minh Guta muVietnam, ichifukidza rwendo rwe11. km mumazuva makumi maviri nemana. Homing njiva zhinji, hongu, hadzikwanisi kubhururuka kure zvakadaro. Iyo yakajairika kureba kwekosi refu yekumhanya, maererano neLesofsky, inenge 500 km, uye shiri dzinoifukidza paavhareji yekumhanya ye24 km / h. Pazvinhambwe zvipfupi, vamhanyi vanogona kusvika pakumhanya kusvika 1000 km/h.
Kuisa zvose izvi pamwe chete, tinogona kuverenga kuti kana tikatakura njiva inotakura kusvika pakukwanisa kwayo kutakura magiramu 75 nemakadhi e1 TB microSD, imwe neimwe inorema 250 mg, ipapo njiva inogona kutakura 300 TB yedata. Kufamba kubva kuSan Francisco kuenda kuNew York (4130 km) nekumhanya kwepamusoro, kwaizowana kumhanya kwekufambisa kwedata kwe12 TB/awa, kana 28 Gbit/s, inova maodha akati wandei ehukuru kupfuura akawanda ekubatanidza Internet. MuUS, semuenzaniso, inokurumidza avhareji yekumhanyisa kumhanya inoonekwa muKansas City, uko Google Fiber inotamisa data nekumhanya kwe127 Mbps. Pakumhanya uku, zvaizotora mazuva 300 kudhawunirodha 240 TB - uye panguva iyoyo njiva yedu yaizokwanisa kubhururuka pasirese ka25.
Ngatitii uyu muenzaniso hauratidzike sezvauri chaizvo nekuti unotsanangura imwe mhando yenjiva huru, saka ngatidzikei. Ngatitorei imwe yeavhareji yekubhururuka kwe70 km / h, uye takura shiri nehafu yepamusoro-soro mumakadhi ememori terabyte - 37,5 gramu. Uye zvakadaro, kunyange kana tikaenzanisa nzira iyi nekukurumidza zvikuru gigabit connection, njiva inokunda. Njiva ichakwanisa kutenderera inopfuura hafu yepasi munguva iyo inotora kuti faira yedu ipere, izvo zvinoreva kuti ichakurumidza kutumira data nenjiva chaiko chero kupi zvako munyika pane kushandisa Indaneti kuiendesa.
Nomuzvarirwo, uku ndiko kuenzanisa kwekubuda kwakachena. Isu hatitarise nguva uye kushanda nesimba kunodiwa kukopa data kumakadhi eMicroSD, kuaisa panjiva, uye kuverenga data kana shiri yasvika kwainoenda. Latencies sezviri pachena akakwira, saka chero chinhu kunze kwekuchinjisa nzira imwe chete chingave chisingashande. Mhedzisiro huru ndeyekuti homing pigeon inongobhururuka munzira imwe uye kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo, saka haugone kusarudza nzvimbo yekutumira data, uye zvakare unofanirwa kutakura njiva kuenda kwaunoda kutumira kubva, izvo zvakare zvinomisa. kushandiswa kwavo kunoshanda .
Zvakadaro, chokwadi chinoramba chiripo chekuti kunyangwe paine fungidziro dzechokwadi dzekubhadharwa kwenjiva uye kumhanya, pamwe neinternet yayo yekubatanidza, iyo yakachena throughput yenjiva haisi nyore kurova.
Nezvose izvi mupfungwa, zvakakosha kutaura kuti kutaurirana kwenjiva kwakaedzwa munyika chaiyo, uye inoita basa rakanaka. Bergen Linux mushandisi boka kubva kuNorway muna 2001 , kutumira ping imwe nenjiva imwe neimwe pamusoro pechinhambwe chemakiromita mashanu:
Ping yakatumirwa nenguva dza12:15 p.m. Isu takasarudza kuita nguva ye7,5 maminetsi pakati pemapaketi, izvo zvaifanira kunge zvakakonzera kuti mapaketi mashoma arambe asina kupindurwa. Zvisinei, zvinhu hazvina kunyatsofamba saizvozvo. Muvakidzani wedu aiva neboka renjiva dzaibhururuka pamusoro penzvimbo yake. Zvino njiva dzedu dzaisada kubhururuka dzakananga kumba, dzakatanga dzichida kubhururuka nedzimwe hangaiwa. Uye ndiani angavapa mhosva, sezvo zuva rakabuda kekutanga mushure memazuva mashoma ane makore?
Zvisinei, pfungwa dzavo dzakakunda, uye takaona kuti, pashure pokutamba kweinenge awa, njiva mbiri dzakaparadzana neboka ndokunanga munzira yakarurama. Takafara. Chokwadi dzakanga dziri njiva dzedu, nokuti nguva pfupi pashure peizvi takagamuchira mashoko kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuti njiva yakanga yamhara padenga remba.
Pakupedzisira, njiva yokutanga yakasvika. Iyo data packet yakanyatsobviswa kubva paruoko rwake, yakaburitswa uye yakaongororwa. Mushure mekutarisa nemaoko OCR uye kugadzirisa akati wandei zvikanganiso, iyo package yakagamuchirwa seyakanaka uye kufara kwedu kwakaenderera.
Kune mavhoriyamu makuru chaiwo e data (sekuti nhamba inodiwa yenjiva inova yakaoma kushanda), nzira dzemuviri dzekufamba dzichiri kufanira kushandiswa. Amazon inopa sevhisi - 45-tsoka yekutakura mudziyo parori. Imwe Snowmobile inogona kutakura kusvika zana PB (100 TB) yedata. Izvo hazvifambe nekukurumidza senge boka rakaenzana renjiva mazana akati wandei, asi zvichave nyore kushanda nazvo.
Vanhu vazhinji vanoita sekunge vari kugutsikana nekutora kwakanyanyisa kudhawunirodha, uye havafarire zvishoma mukudyara mune yavo njiva dzinotakura. Ichokwadi kuti zvinotora basa rakawanda, anodaro Drew Lesofsky, uye njiva pachadzo kazhinji hadziite semapaketi edata:
Tekinoroji yeGPS iri kuramba ichibatsira vanofarira mijaho yenjiva uye tiri kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti njiva dzedu dzinobhururuka sei uye nei dzimwe dzichibhururuka kupfuura dzimwe. Mutsetse mupfupi pakati pemapoinzi maviri mutsara wakatwasuka, asi njiva hadziwanzobhururuka mumutsara wakatwasuka. Dzinowanzo tenderera, dzichibhururuka dzichienda kwainoda dzobva dzagadzirisa nzira sezvadzinoswedera kwadzinoda. Mamwe acho ane simba uye anokurumidza kubhururuka, asi njiva inofamba zviri nani, isina zvinetso zvoutano uye yakarovedzwa mumuviri inogona kukunda njiva inobhururuka nokukurumidza ine kambasi isina kunaka.
Lesofsky ane huwandu hwakaringana hwekuvimba nenjiva sevatakuri ve data: "Ndaizonzwa ndine chivimbo chekutumira ruzivo nenjiva dzangu," anodaro, ndiine hanya nekugadzirisa kukanganisa. βNdaiburitsa kanenge katatu panguva kuti ndive nechokwadi chokuti kunyange dai mumwe wavo aine kambasi yakaipa, mamwe maviri aizova nekambasi iri nani, uye pakupedzisira kumhanya kwevose vari vatatu kwaizokurumidza.β
Matambudziko nekuita IPoAC uye kuwedzera kuvimbika kwekukurumidza zvine musoro (uye kazhinji isina waya) network zvave kureva kuti masevhisi mazhinji aivimba nenjiva (uye pakanga paine mazhinji acho) akachinjira kune dzimwe nzira dzechinyakare dzekufambisa data mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura.
Uye nekuda kwezvese gadziriro dzekutanga dzinodiwa kumisikidza njiva data system, inofananidzwa dzimwe nzira (seyakagadziriswa-mapapiro drones) inogona kuwedzera kushanda. Zvisinei, njiva dzichine zvimwe zvakanakira: dzinoyera zvakanaka, dzinoshandira mbeu, dzinovimbika zvakanyanya, dzine hurongwa hwekudzivirira zvipingamupinyi hwakaoma mukati mazvo zvose pa software uye hardware level, uye vanogona kuzvidzorera ivo pachavo.
Izvi zvese zvichakanganisa sei ramangwana reiyo IPoAC standard? Pane mwero, unowanikwa kumunhu wese, kunyangwe zvikaita zvishoma zvisina musoro. Takabvunza Brian Carpenter kana aigadzirira imwe update kune chiyero, uye akati aifunga nezvekuti njiva dzaigona kutakura qubits. Asi kunyangwe IPoAC iri diki yakaoma (uye benzi diki) kune ako ega ega ekufambisa data, marudzi ese easina-standard ekutaurirana network acharamba akakosha kune ramangwana rinoonekwa, uye kugona kwedu kugadzira huwandu hukuru hwedata kunoramba kuchikura nekukurumidza. kupfuura kugona kwedu kuifambisa.
Kutenda kumushandisi AyrA_ch nekunongedza ruzivo kune wake , uye kuitira nyore , iyo inobatsira kuverenga kuti njiva dziri kure kure kune dzimwe nzira dzekufambisa data.
Source: www.habr.com