Mazuva mashoma asara kusvika kutanga kwekuyerera kutsva pachiyero kubva kuOTUS. Panyaya iyi, tinoda kugoverana newe shanduro yezvinyorwa zvinobatsira pamusoro wenyaya.
Nhevedzano yezvinyorwa zveblogi pane matipi uye matipi ekugadzirisa IPv6 ping nyaya (ICMPv6 Echo Chikumbiro/Echo Reply)
Ndokumbira utarise kuti ndiri kushandisa Linux (kunyanya Fedora 31), zvisinei iyo ping yekuraira syntax yemamwe masisitimu anoshanda anofanirwa kunge akafanana.
Ping ese IPv6 node pane chiteshi
Yekutanga uye yakapusa zano ndeye ping ese IPv6 node pane chinongedzo.
IPv6 inoshandisa multicast kero kune ese marudzi eimwe-kune-akawanda kutaurirana. Iko hakuna kutepfenyura (kana kutepfenyura) IPv6 kero. Izvi zvinosiyanisa IPv6 neIPv4, uko kune marudzi akati wandei emakero ekutepfenyura, semuenzaniso, kero ye βlimited broadcastβ 255.255.255.255 [RFC1122].
Nekudaro, kune "ese-nodes multicast" IPv6 kero, saka isu tichashandisa iyo kuping ese IPv6 node pane chinongedzo. (Kero "yekutepfenyura" inongori kero ine zita rakanyanya zita remulticast, rinova boka remulticast rinosanganisira node dzese. Ziva kuti, semuenzaniso, "boka" kana kero yemulticast kero inobatidzwa muEthernet nhepfenyuro kero pane yekubatanidza layer. )
All-node multicast IPv6 kero yechiteshi: ff02::1. ff inoreva multicast IPv6 kero. Inotevera 0 ndiyo chikamu chemureza chine mabits asina kuiswa.
mberi 2 inotsanangura nzvimbo yeboka re multicast. Kusiyana nemulticast IPv4 kero, multicast IPv6 kero ine chiyero. Kukosha kwe scope kunoratidza chikamu chetiweki pane iyo multicast packet inotenderwa kuendeswa mberi. Kamwe packet yasvika pamuganho weiyo chiyero chakatarwa, iyo pakiti inofanirwa kudonhedzwa, zvisinei nekuti Hop Count munda wayo haisi nonzero. Ehe, kana iyo hop count ichisvika zero isati yasvika kune yakatsanangurwa multicast boka muganho, zvakare inogadzikiswa ipapo ipapo. Heino runyorwa ruzere rwe IPv6 multicast scope.
Pakupedzisira ::1 inotsanangura boka rese-node multicast boka.
Nezve kero ff02::1 Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti hazvina kujeka. Pane IPv6 host ine akawanda mainterface, senge router kana multihomed host, kero ff02::1 hapana paunogona kutsanangura kuti ndeipi interface yekutumira ICMPv6 echo zvikumbiro kune kana kutarisira kugamuchira ICMPv6 echo mhinduro kana dzasvika. ff02::1 inoshanda uye inogona kushandiswa pane chero mainterfaces uye chiteshi chakabatanidzwa kune yakawanda-interface node.
Saka kana isu ping ese IPv6 node pane chinongedzo, isu tinoda neimwe nzira zvakare kuudza zvinoshandiswa ping yeIPv6, iyo interface yekushandisa.
Kutsanangura Interfaces - Command Line Option
Sezvatatoona, ese-node multicast kero yatinoda kushandisa ndeye - ff02::1 -haipa chero ruzivo rwekuti ndeipi interface yekutumira uye kugamuchira ICMPv6 echo chikumbiro uye echo mhinduro mapaketi.
Saka, isu tinotsanangura sei iyo interface kuti ishandiswe kune multicast kero nzvimbo kana unicast Link-Yenzvimbo kero nzvimbo?
Nzira yekutanga uye yakanyatsojeka ndeyekuipa separameter kune application yatiri kushandisa.
Zvekushandisa ping tinozvipa kuburikidza nesarudzo -I.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 -I enp3s2 ff02::1
ping: Warning: source address might be selected on device other than: enp3s2
PING ff02::1(ff02::1) from :: enp3s2: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.589 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=5.15 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=58.0 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.3 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.8 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +5 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.438/31.544/62.786/29.566 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Tichishandisa iyi yose-node multicast ping, takagamuchira mhinduro kubva ku6 IPv6 node. Mhinduro dzakabva ku Link-Local IPv6 node kero, kutanga ne prefix fe80::/10.
kuti ping hairambe ichitumira ICMPv6 echo zvikumbiro kusvika takanganisa, isu tinowanzo tsanangura nhamba yemapakiti ekutumira kuburikidza ne -c sarudzo. Nekudaro, izvi zvinodzivirirawo ping kubva kugamuchira uye kuratidza inodarika imwe ICMPv6 echo mhinduro kana uchitumira multicast ICMPv6 echo chikumbiro. Pane kudaro, takashandisa iyo -w sarudzo kutsanangura kuti ping inofanira kupedzisa mushure mesekondi 1, zvisinei kuti vangani ICMPv6 echo zvikumbiro kana echo mhinduro dzakatumirwa kana kugamuchirwa.
Chimwe chinhu chekuteerera ndechekuti (DUP!) zvabuda pamhinduro yechipiri neinotevera. Aya mapaketi anoonekwa semhinduro dzakadzokororwa nekuti ane iwoyo ICMP kutevedzana kukosha seyemunhu ICMPv6 echo zvikumbiro zvakatumirwa pekutanga. Ivo vanoonekwa nekuti ICMPv6 multicast echo chikumbiro chinoguma mune akawanda emunhu unicast mhinduro. Huwandu hwemaduplicate hunoratidzwa mupfupiso yehuwandu.
Kutsanangura Interfaces - Zone ID
Imwe nzira yekufumura chimiro chekushandisa sechikamu cheIPv6 kero parameter.
Isu tinogona kuona muenzaniso weizvi mune ping inobuda, uko kero dzevanopindura IPv6 mauto zvakare ane suffix. %enp3s2, somuenzaniso:
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 msIyi nzira yekudoma nzvimbo inotsanangurwa zviri pamutemo mu [RFC4007], "IPv6 Yakatsanangurwa Kero Architecture." Kunyangwe ivo vachiwanzo kunzi iyo inoshanda sisitimu interface, ivo vanonyatso tsanangura chimwe chinhu chakajairika - "nzvimbo" kana "chiyero."
Chikonzero chekuve neakawanda mazoni akajairwa kana scope nzvimbo ndechekuti, sezvataurwa mu [RFC4007], IPv6 node inogona kuva akati wandei akasiyana IPv6 mainterface akabatana kune imwechete chiteshi. Aya mainterfaces inhengo dzenzvimbo imwechete.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kuve zvichigoneka kuunganidza akawanda mainterfaces mukati menzvimbo pasi peiyo inoshanda sisitimu; Parizvino ini handizive kana izvi zvichibvira pasi peLinux kana kuti ungazviita sei.
Kushandisa suffix %<zone_id>, tinogona kubvisa sarudzo yemutsara wekuraira -I ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.606 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=6.23 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=157 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=159 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=161 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::23d:e8ff:feec:958c%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=179 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +7 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.106/82.858/179.216/81.281 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Link-Response Kero Yenzvimbo
Kubva pane izvi zvese-node multicast ping takagamuchira huwandu hwe6 mhinduro dzakasiyana.
Mhinduro idzi dzakabva kuunicast Link-Local IPv6 host addresses. Semuenzaniso, heino mhinduro yekutanga:
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 msUnicast Link-Local IPv6 kero inodiwa pane ese IPv6-enabled interfaces [RFC4291], "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture". Chikonzero cheizvi ndechekuti IPv6 node inogara iine unicast IPv6 kero, iyo yainogona kushandisa kutaurirana nedzimwe node pane yayo yakabatana malink. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutaurirana nemaapplication pane mamwe ma host kuburikidza neLink-Local host kero.
Izvi zvinorerutsa dhizaini uye kuita mapuroteni akadai seIPv6 Neighbor Discovery uye OSPFv3. Iyo zvakare inobvumira ekupedzisira-mushandisi maapplication pane anotambira kutaurirana pamusoro pechiteshi pasina kuda chero imwe inotsigira IPv6 zvivakwa pachiteshi. Kukurukurirana kwakananga pakati peyakabatana IPv6 mauto hakudi IPv6 router kana DHCPv6 sevha pane chinongedzo.
Batanidza-Kero dzeNzvimbo dzinotanga ne10-bit prefix fe80, inoteverwa ne54 zero bits uyezve 64-bit interface identifier (IID). Mumhinduro yekutanga iri pamusoro 2392:6213:a15b:66ff iri 64-bit IID.
Looped Multicast
Nekusagadzikana, mapaketi akawanda anodzoserwa mukati kune node yaakavatumira. Izvi zvinoitika kune ese ari maviri IPv6 uye IPv4 kero.
Chikonzero chemaitiro aya akasarudzika ndechekuti kana mapaketi akawanda akatumirwa, panogona kunge paine yekuteerera yemunharaunda multicast application inomhanya pane inotumira iyo pachayo, pamwe nekumwe kumwe kunetiweki. Iyi yemuno application inofanirwawo kugamuchira multicast mapaketi.
Isu tinogona kuona iyi multicast yemuno loop mune yedu ping kubuda:
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
...Mhinduro yekutanga uye inokurumidza (0,106 ms ichienzaniswa ne0,453 ms) inobva kuChibatanidza-Yenzvimbo kero yakagadziridzwa pane iyo interface pachayo. enp3s2.
[mark@opy ~]$ ip addr show dev enp3s2 | grep fe80
inet6 fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff/64 scope link noprefixroute
[mark@opy ~]$Zvinobatsira ping inopa nzira yekudzvinyirira emunharaunda multicast mhinduro uchishandisa iyo parameter -L. Kana tikatumira ese-node multicast ping nemureza uyu, ipapo mhinduro dzinogumira kumanodhi ari kure. Isu hatigamuchire mhinduro kubva kuChibatanidza-Yenzvimbo kero yekutumira interface.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -L -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.383 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.467 ms (DUP!)
...Ping Link-Kero dzeNzvimbo
Sezvaungafungidzira, unicast Link-Yenzvimbo kero pachayo haipe ruzivo rwakakwana kuratidza kuti ndeipi interface yekushandisa kusvika kwavari. Sezvinei zvese-node multicast ping, isu tinodawo kutsanangura iyo interface seyekuraira mutsara paramende ping kana zone ID ine kero kana pinging Link-Nzvimbo kero.
Panguva ino tinogona kushandisa -ckuderedza nhamba yemapakiti nemhinduro dzinotumirwa nekugamuchirwa ping, sezvo tiri kuita unicast ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -c 1 fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2
PING fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2(fe80::fad1:11ff:feb7:3704%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.395 ms
--- fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.395/0.395/0.395/0.000 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Ping (ese) mamwe ma IPv6 kero?
Muchinyorwa chino, takaona maitiro ekubaya ese IPv6 node pachiteshi uchishandisa ese-node multicast IPv6 kero. ff02::1. Isu takaonawo matsanangurire ekuti ndeipi interface yekushandisa ine ese-node multicast IPv6 kero, sezvo kero pachayo isingakwanise kupa ruzivo urwu. Isu takashandisa iyo yekuraira mutsara sarudzo ping, kana kutsanangura chimiro uchishandisa suffix %<zone_id>.
Ipapo takadzidza nezve unicast Link-Nzvimbo kero, ari kero dzinoshandiswa kupindura kune ese-node multicast ICMPv6 echo zvikumbiro.
Isu takaonawo kuti mapaketi akawanda anodzoserwa sei kune inotumira node nekukasira uye maitiro ekudzima izvi kune yekushandisa. ping.
Pakupedzisira, isu takaisa kero imwe chete yeChibatanidza-Yemunharaunda tichishandisa suffix %<zone_id>, sezvo Link-Local kero pachayo zvakare isingapi ruzivo nezve inobuda interface.
Saka zvakadii nezve ping mamwe ese manodhi uye kuwana yavo unicast kero dzepasirese (GUAs) (kureva, kero yavo yeruzhinji paInternet) kana yavo yakasarudzika kero dzeunicast (ULA)? Tichatarisa izvi mune inotevera blog post.
Ndizvozvo chete.
Unogona kuziva zvakawanda nezvekosi yedu pa.
Source: www.habr.com