Anton Kozubov akatora chikamu muchikamu chechitatu. theoretical group . Takakurukura nezvebasa rake uye zvakanangana neindasitiri.
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Mumufananidzo:
Mazwi mashoma pamusoro pezvakananga zveindasitiri
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: Sekuziva kwangu, iwe unobata nemisoro yakasarudzika.
Anton: Hongu, kune maonero akadaro, asi tiri kuedza kuenderera mberi kune zvimwe zvinokosha. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda vachifarira chikamu che quantum cryptography, haisi iyo inonyanya kupisa yesayenzi. Pane hwaro hwakanaka pano, asi tekinoroji yakatosvika padanho reinjiniya rekusimudzira.
Zvose zvakatanga kukura kumashure kwe80s yezana remakore rapfuura, uye nemitemo yesayenzi, nguva yakawanda yapfuura. Masayendisiti akatama kubva kudzidziso uye zviedzo kuenda kune chaiyo yekunyomba uye inoshanda zvizere zvishandiso. Masisitimu akadaro agara aripo muSwitzerland, uko ID Quantique inoshanda. Vakatanga muna 2005 kana 2006, uye makore gumi aya akatanga kupa quantum cryptography masisitimu kumabhanga eSwitzerland neAustria. Iyi haisisiri tekinoroji yeramangwana.
Pachine mibvunzo yakawanda yasara maererano nekuratidza kuvanzika kwehurongwa hwakadai. Izvi ndizvo zvatinoita zvakanyanya munzvimbo ino. Asi nheyo dzinokosha dzakatoonekwa.
Dmitriy: Unogona here kutiudza chii chakaita kuti nyanzvi dzidzidze nzvimbo iyi zvakadzama? Vakatsanangura sei matambudziko ekutanga nematambudziko avakatarisana nawo?
Anton: Inyaya inosetsa. Sezvinowanzoitika musainzi, takatanga kudzidza nyaya yacho nekuti yakazonakidza. Pakanga pasina chinangwa chaicho. Panguva iyoyo zvaidavirwa kuti iyi yaive nzira yakachengeteka zvachose yekutapurirana data, uye panguva iyoyo yaive mberi chaiko. Musoro wekuchengetedza ruzivo wakawedzera kukosha, asi pamusoro peizvi, takasvikawo kumhedziso yekuti zvinokwanisika kugadzira rudzi rutsva rwekombuta uchishandisa akasiyana quantum mhedzisiro. Ivo vane hunyanzvi hwekunakidza, kusanganisira kugona kutyora iripo cryptography.
Dmitriy: Nyaya dzekudzivirira dzakamuka kare, semuenzaniso, panguva yeHondo Yemashoko. Asi kutanga kweindasitiri iyi kwaive pedyo nekubuda kwema network akawanda here?
Anton: Wataura chokwadi. Iwe unogonawo kuzvitarisa kubva pane ino maonero. Asi chinosekesa ndechekuti ndima ye quantum cryptography yakawanikwa nevanhu vaviri vaive nehukama neIT field. Vakapa basa ravo rekutanga, iro rakatsanangura misimboti yekutanga, pamusangano weIT. Saka hongu, zvinobva ipapo.
Dmitriy: Wakapinda sei mumunda uyu? Chii chaiva kukurudzira kwako?
Anton: Kutaura chokwadi, zvaive zvakafanana - zvainakidza. Asi pakutanga handina kupinda mu quantum cryptography. Zvakatanga . Zvakazoitika kuti matambudziko ari pamusoro penyaya iyi akave asina kukosha kune zvinodiwa murabhoritari, saka ndakachinjira ku quantum cryptography. Asi kuita chinhu chimwe chete hachinyanyi kunakidza, uye kunewo nzvimbo dzakawanda dzine hukama, saka hatigone kutaura nezvemhando yepamusoro yezviitwa zvedu.
Mikana yesainzi kubva kuminda ine hukama
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Dmitriy: By tinogona kutaura kuti denderedzwa rine vanhu vashoma vanobatanidzwa munyaya iyi. Unogona here kufungidzira huwandu hwenyanzvi mumunda wako? Kana kuti ichiri kirabhu yakavharwa zvakanyanya?
Anton: Yakavharwa, asi chete muchikamu chepamusoro cheiyo. Kune vanhu vazhinji munyika vanobatanidzwa mune quantum information theory mukuratidzwa kwayo kwakasiyana. Ini handina zano rekufungidzira nhamba yavo, asi chokwadi vanhu vanopfuura makumi matatu vaive pamusangano.
Ndinofunga kuti ichi hachisi kunyange chiuru chimwe chete. Vanhu vazhinji vanoenda nekuti iyi ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzepamusoro dzesainzi. Masangano ese anotungamira ane quantum information theory kana quantum optics nezvimwe zvinoenderana. Mumwe mubvunzo ndewekuti vangani vanhu vakanyudzwa mune yakasarudzika niche sekuratidza kusimba kweiyo quantum cryptography masisitimu.
Nharaunda iyi idiki, asi ichiri yakakura. Vakapinda musangano uyu havasi vese vaitungamira nyanzvi munyaya iyi. Kune vanenge zana vavo pasi rose. Uchapupu hwekusimba kwehuwandu hwema cryptography masisitimu hwakabuda munguva pfupi yapfuura, mukutanga kwe2000s. Vanhu vanoshanda mundima iyi vakamboita zvimwe zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, quantum optics, tsvakurudzo inokosha. Dzichiri kukosha. Vakauya kunzvimbo yedu kubva kufizikisi.
Kune zvakare avo vanobva ku classical information theory kana masvomhu. Mukuongorora humbowo hwekupokana, marudzi akasiyana-siyana eentropy anoita basa rakasimba. Ndekupi kumwe kwavanoshandiswa - mune thermodynamics. Vanhu vanonzwisisa mashandiro anoita quantum entropies muruzivo dzidziso vanogona kushandisa ruzivo rwavo kune quantum thermodynamics. Mumwe wemasaenzi anotungamira mundima iyi, Renato Renner anobva kuZurich, anodzidza dzidziso yehuwandu hweruzivo ipapo, uye muSanta Barbara anopa kosi yezvidzidzo zve quantum thermodynamics.
Ndeapi matambudziko akatarisana nenharaunda?
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Dmitriy: Mibvunzo ipi yauri kushanda pairi nhasi? Ndeapi matambudziko ari pamberi? Chii zvino chinomiririra bhawa inoda kuendeswa mberi?
Anton: Tinogona kutaura nezvazvo kubva kumativi maviri akasiyana. Mukuona kwangu, chikamu chakashandiswa hachina kufadza. Quantum kiyi yekugovera yatosvika pachiyero cheindasitiri, asi munhu wese anoda kunzwisisa kuti vangaite sei chokwadi chekuti vari kubata nekugovera kwehuwandu uye kwete chimwe chinhu. Kuti uite izvi, zvinodikanwa kupa chisimbiso chemidziyo, saka kukudziridzwa kwezviyero zvehunyanzvi nderimwe rematambudziko makuru munyika, kuwedzera kune chikamu cheinjiniya. Mazhinji emasaenzi anotungamira mundima iyi ari kunangisa kuedza kwavo kune izvi.
Chechipiri chebasa redu chiratidzo chekusimba kwehurongwa. Classical cryptography yakavakirwa pafungidziro yekuti munhu anorwisa anongoshaya simba rekombuta rakakwana rekudzima data richiri kushanda. Asi zvinogona kunge zviri izvo kuti fungidziro dzakadaro hadzisi dzakarurama nguva dzose, saka isu tinofanirwa kutamira kune imwe nzira yekudzivirira data paradigm - kuve nechokwadi chekuti kugona kwekunyora hakuchinji nekufamba kwenguva.
Tiri kuita quantum key distribution. Izvi zvinoreva kuti tinogovera kiyi inoda kushandiswa kuvharidzira ruzivo. Kiyi yakadaro inogona kubiwa, asi isu tiri kuedza kuunza paradigm umo izvi zvisingagoneke. Kana panguva yekugovera kwayo mumwe munhu akapinda muchiteshi chedu, isu tinogara tichizviona. Iyi ndiyo nheyo ye classical paradigm ye quantum cryptography. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekushandisa mafotoni ega.
Vane zvinhu zvitatu. Izvi zvidiki zvikamu zvesimba; hazvigone kukamurwa uyezve, semuenzaniso, kusimbiswa. Havagoni kukopa. Iyo isingazivikanwi quantum state haigoni kukopa, nokuti nokuda kweizvi inoda kuyerwa, uye izvi hazvigone kuitwa pasina kuparadza quantum state. Kana tichiiyera, inodonha.
Nekuda kwezvivakwa izvi, unogona kutarisa kugona kweanorwisa - tinomuti Evha (kubva kune eavesdropper) - kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekuona. Isu tinoti tinopa Evha zvese zvinogoneka mukati memiganhu yemitemo yefizikisi. Quantum ndangariro, akakodzera madhijitari - isu hatina kana padyo neizvi, asi tinozvipa mikana yakadaro. Uye kunyangwe tiine izvi mupfungwa, tiri kutaura kuti haagamuchire data rakakosha isu tisingazvizive. Izvi ndizvo izvo quantum cryptography paradigm yakatanga kuvakwa pairi.
Asi izvi zvese zvakanaka chero isu tichitaura nezve single photons. Nekudaro, masosi emafotoni ega ega ane capricious, akaderera-kumhanya uye anodhura, saka hapana anoashandisa mukuita uku. Zvese zvinoshandisa attenuated laser radiation.
Dmitriy: Uye izvi zvinoenzaniswa sei nemidziyo yawanga uchitaura nezvayo?
Anton: Inoshandura paradigm uye nzira yekuratidza kusimba. Iri richiri basa rinogoneka, asi rakanyanya kuoma. Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo tiri kushandisa chimwe chinhu chisiri icho chaizvo chatingade mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, kureva nyika dzakasimba dzakasimba, tinofanira kurangarira izvi muumbowo hwedu hwekushingirira. Tiri kuita izvi, uye nyika yose iri kufamba ikananga uku.
Dmitriy: Iyi nzira inofunga nezvemidziyo iri kumagumo echiteshi chekutaurirana here?
Anton: Pakutanga, quantum kiyi yekugovera yakashandisa fungidziro senge zano rekuti Evha haakwanise kupinda mumabhokisi aAlice naBob, asi anongokwanisa kuwana nzira yekutaurirana. Iyi haisi fungidziro inoshanda zvakanyanya. Nhasi kune quantum hacking. Anotiudza kuti mune optical fiber kana quantum chiteshi zvinokwanisika kushandura "zvirongwa" uchishandisa exposure.
Iri gwara rinotariswa munyaya dzekupihwa zvitupa. Tine rabhoritari hombe muMoscow uko Vadim Makarov, zvichida anozivikanwa zvikuru "quantum hacker" munyika, anoshanda. Mune dzimwe nyika vari kushingaira kuita izvi. Izvi ndizvo zvandaiva ndava kuwana. Kuti Evha anogona sei kupinda mumabhokisi edu idambudziko reinjiniya. Ndaigara ndichizviona semusayendisiti, saka zvinondifadza kuti nditarise Evha neimwe nzira. Semuenzaniso, dzidza kuti angapinda sei muchiteshi chekutaurirana oba zvese isu tisingaone. Ini ndinosarudza kushandira kwete yevakomana vakanaka, Alice naBob, asi kuti ndiongorore zvinogona kurwiswa pane quantum kiyi yekugovera masisitimu.
Nhanganyaya Pfupi yeQuantum Hacking
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Dmitriy: Unogona here kutsanangura maitiro ekurwiswa kwakadaro?
Anton: Hunhu hunowanzo gamuchirwa hwakakamurwa kuita makirasi matatu. Kurwiswa kwemunhu-mukati-yepakati kwakafanana neyekare man-in-the-pakati (MITM) kurwisa. Rudzi rwechipiri rwakanyanya kujeka, apo Evha neimwe nzira anodyidzana neparcel yega yega muhuwandu hwedu chiteshi uye anochengeta mhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwakadaro mundangariro dzehuwandu. Mushure maizvozvi, anomirira nzira dzinoitwa naAlice naBob kuti vabvumirane, vanogamuchira ruzivo rwakanyanya, vanotora zviyero, zvichingodaro. Uku kurwiswa kwakaungana, asi kune yechitatu mhando - inotonyanya kufungidzira. Kuongororwa kwema parameters chaiwo kunowedzerwa ipapo.
Kurudzi rwechipiri rwekurwisa, tinofungidzira kuti Alice naBob vanogovana nhamba isingaperi yemabhiti pakati pavo. Muchokwadi, izvi hazvigoneke, uye kana tangoenda kumavhoriyamu anogumira, kushanduka kwenhamba kunotanga kuoneka. Vanogona kunge vari kutamba mumaoko aEvha. Kurwiswa kwakabatana kunotarisawo kugumira kwezvinhu. Ichi chinhu chakaoma, uye haasi ese ehuwandu kiyi yekugovera maprotocol ane humbowo hwakakwana hwekuchengetedza.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise kuti tiri kufambisa makiyi mabhiti uye kugadzira makiyi. Kuti unozvishandisa sei zvakare zviri kwauri. Apa ndipo panopinda nyaya dzecryptography. Kana iwe ukatora maalgorithms emazuva ano senge asymmetric encryption, uchingoshandisa makiyi aya, hazvina basa. Iyo chete nzira yekusimbisa kuramba ndeye encryption pad. Ipapo hapana mibvunzo, asi kune izvi iwe unofanirwa kugadzira makiyi nguva dzese uye woashandura kune yega meseji. Iyi inzira yakaoma.
β¨Chakakosha chekugovera kiyi yehuwandu ndechekuti kune ese kurwiswa kwaEvha, tinogona kugovera huwandu hwakadai hwemabhiti akagovaniswa ayo chete Alice naBob chete vachaziva. Evha haazoziva nezvake. Ichi ndicho chinangwa chikuru chebasa redu. Asi ini ndinofarira kuuya nekurwiswa kwakadaro kuitira kuti Alice naBob vavimbe mukuchengetedzeka kwavo, uye Eve aizoronga zvese nenzira yekunzvenga dziviriro.
Iwe haugone kungozvitora uye kwete kukanganisa vamwe vako
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Dmitriy: Zvinoitika kuti basa rakadaro kumberi rinogona kudzima zviri nyore mhedzisiro yevanoshanda navo munharaunda yepasirese?
Anton: Ta, seminar yekuCanada yawakataura nezvayo ndiyo chaiyo yairi. Ikoko ndakati ndizvo zvatakaita zvinova zvakakonzera mhirizhonga. Zvinotsanangurwa. Vanhu vanga vachiita sainzi kwemakore makumi maviri nemashanu, uyezve mumwe munhu anouya otaura kuti mhedzisiro yavo yanga isiri yechokwadi. Inoratidzawo kuti zvichaitwa sei nemazvo. Kwaive kuzvitutumadza chaiko. Asi ndinotenda kuti takakwanisa kuita kurwisa uko vazhinji vasingatombofungi kana kufunga.
Dmitriy: Unogona here kutaura nezvazvo uye nekuzvitsanangura mune zvakajairika?
Anton: Hongu chokwadi. Chinhu chinosetsa ndechekuti uku kurwiswa-uye-mberi - iyo yakapfava yaungafunga nezvayo. Chete iyo yakagadziridzwa uye yakaoma, sezvandingataura. Nhasi, kana tichitarisa humbowo hwekushingirira, vanhu vanoti ese quantum chiteshi anongotsanangura kugoverwa kweruzivo pakati paAlice, Bob naEvha.
Chinokosha ndechekuti munyaya iyi zviyero zvose zvehuwandu hwehuwandu hunoitika mushure mekugoverwa uku. Isu tinopa zano kutsanangura quantum chiteshi nenzira yekuti ine dimension ine hukama kune iyo nyika inoshanduka uye inoiswa kuna Bob. Zvichienderana, isu tine chimwe chinhu pakati pechiteshi, chinoedza kusiyanisa pakati penyika, izvo zvinosiyanisa zvinotumira kuna Bob, izvo zvisingasiyanise zvinovharira. Nokudaro, zvose zvinouya kuna Bob zvinozivikanwa kuna Evha. Zvingaita sepfungwa iri pachena, asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero hapana munhu munyika anotaura nezvazvo.
Dmitriy: Uye iwe wakaratidza mukana wekufungidzira wekuita kurwisa kwakadaro.
Anton: Hongu, ndakataura nezvazvo muToronto. Takaita hurukuro dzakakasharara nevanhu vave vachishanda mundima iyi kwenguva yakareba sezvandave ndiri mupenyu. Zvaifadza, chiitiko chinobatsira zvikuru.
Sei zvakakosha kuti usamhanye mukushambadzira nzira dzekudzivirira
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Dmitriy: Kuti ushandise kuenzanisa kwekutanga nehutachiona uye antivirus, munda wako wekuita uye pfungwa unosanganisira maitiro akaumbwa neT kure negwara remujaho weimwe mushure meimwe. Tinogona here kutaura kuti maitiro akadaro achagadzira masumbu matsva ematambudziko uye achafanirwa kugadziriswa pane dzimwe ndege, uye kwete pane imwe chete, sezvazvino?
Anton: Mubvunzo wakanaka kwazvo. Ndinofanira kujeka pano. Hongu, ini ndiri kunyanya kufarira kuuya nenzira dzekurwisa. Asi isu tese tinoshanda mumunda wekugovera kiyi ye quantum, tinobhadharwa, uye isu hatidi chaizvo kuisa speaker mumavhiri edu. Zvine musoro. Paunouya nekurwisa kutsva pane quantum kiyi yekugovera masisitimu, zvingave zvakanaka kuti uuye neimwe mhando yekupikisa. Takazviita, takawana nzira yekugadzirisa nayo. Haisi iyo yakanyanya diki, asi iripo. Zvinokwanisika kutaura nezvematambudziko akadaro, asi mumwe mubvunzo ndewokuti kana vanhu vasingataudzane nezvematambudziko, zviri pachena kuti havaafungidzire. Izvi zvinoreva kuti havana nzira dzekupikisa.
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Dmitriy: Iyi nzira ndeimwe rudzi rwekodhi isina kutaurwa munharaunda yako here?
Anton: Hongu, asi handifungi kuti zvakanaka kupa mhinduro. Zvakakosha kusimudza nyaya. Ipapo mumwe munhu anogona kuwana maside solutions kunze kweauinawo. Kana iwe ukatumira zvese kamwechete, vanhu vanotora izvo zvakagadzirira uye hapazove nekukudziridza kwekufunga.
Dmitriy: Zvakachengeteka here kutaura ipapo kuti mhinduro yako inogona kunge iri chimwe chinhu chebeta vhezheni, uye kumwe kukwira kumusoro kweruoko rwako panogona kunge paine chinhu chinotonyanya kunakidza chawakazvichengetera?
Anton: Zvinogoneka.
Zvishoma nezvekudyidzana nemasangano anodzora
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Dmitriy: Iyi nzvimbo inokwezva kutarisa kwemarudzi ese ezviremera zvinotonga uye masangano ehungwaru. Zvese izvi zvinotora nguva here maererano nekuronga chero zviitiko?
Anton: Mubvunzo wakanaka kwazvo! Ndichaedza kuipindura ndichinzvenga sezvinobvira. Izvi zvinotora chikamu chakakosha chenguva chinogona kushandiswa pazvirongwa zvesainzi zvechokwadi. Asi ndinonzwisisa kuti nei zvichikosha.
Dmitriy: Sezvakangoita necertification yatakataura nezvayo pakutanga. Iwe haugone kuhaya mubatsiri anokuudza iwe. Masayendisiti anofanirwa kutsanangura nuances zvakananga kumasangano ese anodzora uye nekuvabatsira kuti vazvione?
Anton: Hongu, ndizvo chaizvo. Iyi ndiyo nzira yakarurama. Hapana anogona kutsanangura zviri nani kupfuura iwe pachako zvawakaita. Kana iwe usingakwanise kuita izvi, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pechokwadi chezvawakaita. Asi dai paiva nemukana wekuita sainzi chete, ndaizoda kuita sainzi chete. Asi izvi zvese chikamu chakakosha chebasa redu, ratinoitawo.
Dmitriy: Une nguva yemapurojekiti ako pachako here?
Anton: Nyaya yakaoma. Tinowana nguva nekuita zvinhu zveparutivi. Aya ndiwo mamwe matambudziko akanyanya kukosha. Tora quantum teleportation, semuenzaniso-semuenzaniso, tiri kugadzirira chinyorwa pane iyi nyaya. Isu tinotora mamwe matambudziko, chimwe chinhu kubva ku quantum optics, kubva ku quantum information theory. Izvi zvinhu zvinonakidza. Tinoedza kuwana nguva, nokuti upenyu husinahwo hunofinha chose. Hazvibviri kubata nemapepa chete. Tinofanirawo kuita sainzi.
Pamusiyano uripo pakati pesayenzi yakakosha neyakashandiswa
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Dmitriy: Kana iwe ukaedza kufungidzira mwero wekuchinja mumunda wako, huwandu hwezvinyorwa zvesainzi. Zvinokanganisa sei basa rako uye kufarira mumaindasitiri ane hukama?
Anton: Nzvimbo yedu inyaya inopisa. Pane huwandu hwemusango hwezvinyorwa zvinobuda. Kunyange nhamba yezvinyorwa zvine chokuita zvechokwadi yakakura. Zvakaoma kuvatevera vese, hazvigoneke.
Dmitriy: Pane kutsamira kwakasimba pane iyi nzira yekutevera? Kana kuti mapurojekiti ako akaparadzaniswa zvakakwana kuti arove mucherechedzo pasina zvinokanganisa?
Anton: Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe ndiko kungobvisa. Paunobika muto wako wega, unorega kuona kukanganisa. Iwe unogona kufunga kuti uri kuita zvese nemazvo, asi pane chikanganiso chakakosha chiri kupinda mune imwe nzvimbo chauri kurasikirwa. Zvakanaka kana munyika mune vanhu vanoita zvakafanana. Kana iwe uchikwanisa kuwana zvinhu zvakafanana kusvika pamwero wakati, saka uri kuenda nenzira kwayo. Kana mibairo ikasiyana, ichi ndicho chikonzero chekuva nehurukuro uye kuziva kuti ndiani ari pachokwadi.
Dmitriy: Asi basa rinoitika mudenderedzwa rakavharika revanhu? Haasi mazana evanhu here aya?
Anton: Zvakanaka, asi kwete nguva dzose. Muboka redu, vanhu vatatu vanobatanidzwa mukuratidza kushingirira: ini, wandaishanda naye uye mutariri wedu wesainzi. Kana tikatora nzvimbo dzakafara - quantum optics, dzidziso yeruzivo - kune vashanu vedu. Kana tikataura nezve quantum key distribution systems, kune vanhu muMoscow, Novosibirsk, Kazan. Asi muEurope neUSA aya mapoka makuru edzidziso.
Dmitriy: Chii chinoratidza musiyano uyu pachiyero?
Anton: Idzi inzira dzakasiyana dzekuvandudza sainzi. Yedu yakasiyana neyekuEurope. Sayenzi pano inotevera nzira yekutsvagisa yakashandiswa, inodiwa uye yakakodzera izvozvi. Ini handishore nzira iyi, asi ndinoiona isiri yesainzi zvakanyanya. Ndiri kunyanya kufadzwa neWestern one - mutsauko wakajeka pakati peiyo yakakosha uye inoshandiswa sainzi. Kana pasina chikonzero chekuda chero mhedzisiro inoshanda kubva kune yakakosha sainzi izvozvi. Ndicho chikonzero zvakakosha, kuitira kuti usatarisane nezvinhu zvakashandiswa.
Kunyanya, kudzokera kuZurich. Iri isangano hombe rinobata netsvakiridzo yakakosha chete. Vanhu vanodzidza zvinhu zvinotitsanangurira zvinhu zvinokosha zvemuchadenga uye zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani. Vanouya ikoko nekuti ndizvo zvavanoda kuita. Kwatiri, kufarira kunoperekedzwa nechido, kudikanwa kwokuita chimwe chinhu munguva yacho. Naizvozvo, pane musiyano wakadaro mukuona nekukura. Idzi inzira mbiri dzakasiyana zvachose.
Dmitriy: Ichi chinodiwa chinotsamira pakuronga kwesangano rinodzora, nzanga yesainzi, kana chimwewo chinhu?
Anton: Izvi zvinodzorwa nemunhu anogovera mari. Anoripira anodana rwiyo. Isu tinoona kufarira kwakawanda kuve nemimwe michina pano uye ikozvino. MuEurope mune mari yakanangana netsvakurudzo inokosha. Zvinoenderana nevanopa mari.
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