Zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushanda kweDNS zvakatobatwa kakawanda nemunyori mune akati wandei rakabudiswa sechikamu cheblog. Panguva imwecheteyo, kukoshesa kukuru kwakagara kuri pakuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kweiyi yakakosha yeInternet service.
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, kunyangwe nekusagadzikana kuri pachena kweiyo DNS traffic, iyo ichiri, kazhinji, ichipfuudzwa pachena, kune zvakaipa zviito kune chikamu chevanopa vari kutsvaga kuwedzera mari yavo nekuisa kushambadzira mune zvirimo, masangano ekuchengetedza ehurumende uye censorship, pamwe chete nematsotsi chete, maitiro , zvisinei nekuvapo kwehunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana hwakadai seDNSSEC/DANE, DNScrypt, DNS-over-TLS uye DNS-over-HTTPS, yakamira. Uye kana sevha mhinduro, uye dzimwe dzadzo dzakagara kwenguva refu, dzichizivikanwa zvakanyanya uye dziripo, rutsigiro rwavo kubva kune mutengi software inosiya zvakanyanya kudiwa.
Sezvineiwo, mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuchinja. Kunyanya, vagadziri veiyo yakakurumbira Firefox browser nezve zvirongwa zvekugonesa tsigiro modhi nekusarudzika (DoH) munguva pfupi. Izvi zvinofanirwa kubatsira kuchengetedza iyo WWW mushandisi DNS traffic kubva kutyisidzira pamusoro, asi inogona kuunza itsva.
1. DNS-pamusoro-HTTPS matambudziko
Pakutanga kuona, kutanga kukuru kuiswa kweDNS-pamusoro-HTTPS muInternet software kunongokonzera kuita kwakanaka. Zvisinei, dhiabhorosi, sezvavanotaura, ari mumashoko acho.
Dambudziko rekutanga rinodzikamisa chiyero chekushandiswa kwakapararira kweDoH inotarisa pawebhu traffic chete. Chokwadi, iyo HTTP protocol uye yazvino vhezheni yeHTTP/2, pakavakirwa DoH, ndiyo hwaro hweWWW. Asi Indaneti haisi webhu chete. Kune akawanda masevhisi ane mukurumbira, akadai seemail, vatumwa vakasiyana-siyana pakarepo, masisitimu ekufambisa mafaira, multimedia kutenderera, nezvimwewo, zvisingashandisi HTTP. Nekudaro, zvisinei nemaonero evazhinji veDoH sepanacea, zvinoita kunge zvisingashande pasina kuwedzera (uye kusiri madikanwa) kuedza kune chero chinhu kunze kwebrowser tekinoroji. Nenzira, DNS-pamusoro-TLS inotaridzika semumiriri akakodzera pane iri basa, iro rinoshandisa kuvharirwa kweyakajairwa DNS traffic mune yakachengeteka standard TLS protocol.
Dambudziko rechipiri, iro ringangove rakanyanya kukosha kupfuura rekutanga, ndiko kusiiwa chaiko kweiyo decentralization yeDNS nedhizaini nekuda kwekushandisa imwe sevha yeDoH yakatsanangurwa mumasetiro ebrowser. Kunyanya, Mozilla inokurudzira kushandisa sevhisi kubva Cloudflare. Sevhisi yakafanana yakatangwawo nevamwe vane mukurumbira paInternet, kunyanya Google. Zvinoitika kuti kuisirwa kweDNS-pamusoro-HTTPS muchimiro chairi kurongwa parizvino kunongowedzera kuvimba kwevashandisi vekupedzisira pamasevhisi makuru. Haisi chakavanzika kuti ruzivo rwunogona kupa kuongororwa kweDNS mibvunzo inogona kuunganidza data rakawanda pamusoro payo, pamwe nekuwedzera chokwadi uye kukosha kwayo.
Panyaya iyi, munyori aive uye anoramba ari mutsigiri wekuitwa kwakawanda kwete kweDNS-pamusoro-HTTPS, asi yeDNS-pamusoro-TLS pamwe neDNSSEC/DANE seyepasirese, yakachengeteka uye isingakodzeri kuenderera mberi kwenzvimbo yeInternet. kuitira kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kweDNS traffic. Nehurombo, nezvikonzero zviri pachena, munhu haatarisire kukurumidza kuburitswa kwerutsigiro rwevazhinji kune dzimwe nzira dzeDoH musoftware yemutengi, uye ichiri dura rekuchengetedza tekinoroji vanofarira.
Asi sezvo tave neDoH, wadii kuishandisa mushure mekutiza kuongororwa nemakambani kuburikidza nemaseva avo kune yedu DNS-pamusoro-HTTPS server?
2. DNS-over-HTTPS protocol
Kana iwe ukatarisa pachiyero uchitsanangura iyo DNS-over-HTTPS protocol, unogona kuona kuti ichokwadi, iwebhu API iyo inokutendera kuti uvhare yakajairwa DNS package muHTTP/2 protocol. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza neakakosha misoro yeHTTP, pamwe nekushandurwa kweiyo bhinari fomati yeDNS data (ona. uye magwaro anotevera) mufomu rinokutendera kuti utumire uye ugamuchire, pamwe nekushanda neinodiwa metadata.
Zvinoenderana nechiyero, chete HTTP/2 uye yakachengeteka TLS yekubatanidza inotsigirwa.
Kutumira chikumbiro cheDNS kunogona kuitwa uchishandisa yakajairwa GET uye POST nzira. Muchiitiko chekutanga, chikumbiro chinoshandurwa kuita base64URL-encoded tambo, uye mune yechipiri, kuburikidza nemutumbi wePOST chikumbiro mune binary fomu. Mune ino kesi, yakakosha MIME data mhando inoshandiswa panguva yekukumbira kweDNS uye mhinduro application/dns-message.
root@eprove:~ # curl -H 'accept: application/dns-message' 'https://my.domaint/dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE' -v
* Trying 2001:100:200:300::400:443...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to eprove.net (2001:100:200:300::400) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
* CAfile: /usr/local/share/certs/ca-root-nss.crt
CApath: none
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Encrypted Extensions (8):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, CERT verify (15):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* SSL connection using TLSv1.3 / TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
* ALPN, server accepted to use h2
* Server certificate:
* subject: CN=my.domain
* start date: Jul 22 00:07:13 2019 GMT
* expire date: Oct 20 00:07:13 2019 GMT
* subjectAltName: host "my.domain" matched cert's "my.domain"
* issuer: C=US; O=Let's Encrypt; CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3
* SSL certificate verify ok.
* Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use
* Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed)
* Copying HTTP/2 data in stream buffer to connection buffer after upgrade: len=0
* Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x801441000)
> GET /dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE HTTP/2
> Host: eprove.net
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> accept: application/dns-message
>
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Newsession Ticket (4):
* Connection state changed (MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS == 100)!
< HTTP/2 200
< server: h2o/2.3.0-beta2
< content-type: application/dns-message
< cache-control: max-age=86274
< date: Thu, 12 Sep 2019 13:07:25 GMT
< strict-transport-security: max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains; preload
< content-length: 45
<
Warning: Binary output can mess up your terminal. Use "--output -" to tell
Warning: curl to output it to your terminal anyway, or consider "--output
Warning: <FILE>" to save to a file.
* Failed writing body (0 != 45)
* stopped the pause stream!
* Connection #0 to host eprove.net left intactUyewo teerera kune musoro cache-control: mumhinduro kubva pawebhu server. Mune parameter max-age ine TTL kukosha kweiyo DNS rekodhi iri kudzoserwa (kana iyo shoma kukosha kana seti yadzo iri kudzoserwa).
Zvichienderana nezviri pamusoro, kushanda kweserver yeDoH kune matanho akati wandei.
- Gamuchira chikumbiro cheHTTP. Kana iyi iri GET saka decode pakiti kubva pabase64URL encoding.
- Tumira pakiti iyi kuDNS server.
- Wana mhinduro kubva kuDNS server
- Tsvaga iyo shoma TTL kukosha mumarekodhi akagamuchirwa.
- Dzosa mhinduro kumutengi kuburikidza neHTTP.
3. Yako wega DNS-over-HTTPS server
Iyo yakapusa, inokurumidza uye inoshanda kwazvo nzira yekumhanyisa yako DNS-pamusoro-HTTPS server ndeye kushandisa HTTP/2 web server. , iyo munyori akatonyora nezvayo muchidimbu (ona "").
Sarudzo iyi inotsigirwa nenyaya yekuti kodhi yese yeseva yako yeDoH inogona kuitwa zvizere uchishandisa muturikiri akabatanidzwa muH2O pachayo. . Pamusoro pemaraibhurari akajairwa, kuchinjana data neDNS server, unoda (mrbgem) Socket raibhurari, iyo, nerombo rakanaka, yakatoverengerwa mune yazvino vhezheni yeH2O 2.3.0-beta2 muFreeBSD ports. Nekudaro, hazvina kuoma kuiwedzera kune chero yapfuura vhezheni nekugadzira iyo repository kucatalog /deps pamberi pekubatanidza.
root@beta:~ # uname -v
FreeBSD 12.0-RELEASE-p10 GENERIC
root@beta:~ # cd /usr/ports/www/h2o
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # make extract
===> License MIT BSD2CLAUSE accepted by the user
===> h2o-2.2.6 depends on file: /usr/local/sbin/pkg - found
===> Fetching all distfiles required by h2o-2.2.6 for building
===> Extracting for h2o-2.2.6.
=> SHA256 Checksum OK for h2o-h2o-v2.2.6_GH0.tar.gz.
===> h2o-2.2.6 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/ruby26 - found
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # cd work/h2o-2.2.6/deps/
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # git clone https://github.com/iij/mruby-socket.git
Клонирование в «mruby-socket»…
remote: Enumerating objects: 385, done.
remote: Total 385 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 385
Получение объектов: 100% (385/385), 98.02 KiB | 647.00 KiB/s, готово.
Определение изменений: 100% (208/208), готово.
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # ll
total 181
drwxr-xr-x 9 root wheel 18 12 авг. 16:09 brotli/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 4 12 авг. 16:09 cloexec/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 5 12 авг. 16:09 golombset/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 35 12 авг. 16:09 klib/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 5 12 авг. 16:09 libgkc/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 26 12 авг. 16:09 libyrmcds/
drwxr-xr-x 13 root wheel 32 12 авг. 16:09 mruby/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 11 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-digest/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-dir/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-env/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 9 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-errno/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 14 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-file-stat/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-iijson/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 11 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-input-stream/
drwxr-xr-x 6 root wheel 11 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-io/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-onig-regexp/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-pack/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-require/
drwxr-xr-x 6 root wheel 10 12 сент. 16:10 mruby-socket/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 9 12 авг. 16:09 neverbleed/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 13 12 авг. 16:09 picohttpparser/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 4 12 авг. 16:09 picotest/
drwxr-xr-x 9 root wheel 16 12 авг. 16:09 picotls/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 8 12 авг. 16:09 ssl-conservatory/
drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 18 12 авг. 16:09 yaml/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 8 12 авг. 16:09 yoml/
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # cd ../../..
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # make install clean
...Iyo web server configuration inowanzoenderana.
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # cd /usr/local/etc/h2o/
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # cat h2o.conf
# this sample config gives you a feel for how h2o can be used
# and a high-security configuration for TLS and HTTP headers
# see https://h2o.examp1e.net/ for detailed documentation
# and h2o --help for command-line options and settings
# v.20180207 (c)2018 by Max Kostikov http://kostikov.co e-mail: [email protected]
user: www
pid-file: /var/run/h2o.pid
access-log:
path: /var/log/h2o/h2o-access.log
format: "%h %v %l %u %t "%r" %s %b "%{Referer}i" "%{User-agent}i""
error-log: /var/log/h2o/h2o-error.log
expires: off
compress: on
file.dirlisting: off
file.send-compressed: on
file.index: [ 'index.html', 'index.php' ]
listen:
port: 80
listen:
port: 443
ssl:
cipher-suite: ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!DSS
cipher-preference: server
dh-file: /etc/ssl/dhparams.pem
certificate-file: /usr/local/etc/letsencrypt/live/eprove.net/fullchain.pem
key-file: /usr/local/etc/letsencrypt/live/my.domain/privkey.pem
hosts:
"*.my.domain":
paths: &go_tls
"/":
redirect:
status: 301
url: https://my.domain/
"my.domain:80":
paths: *go_tls
"my.domain:443":
header.add: "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains; preload"
paths:
"/dns-query":
mruby.handler-file: /usr/local/etc/h2o/h2odoh.rbChinosarudzika ndeye mubati we URL /dns-query iyo yedu DNS-pamusoro-HTTPS sevha, yakanyorwa mumruby uye yakadanwa kuburikidza nemubati sarudzo, ndiyo ine basa. mruby.handler-file.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # cat h2odoh.rb
# H2O HTTP/2 web server as DNS-over-HTTP service
# v.20190908 (c)2018-2019 Max Kostikov https://kostikov.co e-mail: [email protected]
proc {|env|
if env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] == "application/dns-message"
case env['REQUEST_METHOD']
when "GET"
req = env['QUERY_STRING'].gsub(/^dns=/,'')
# base64URL decode
req = req.tr("-_", "+/")
if !req.end_with?("=") && req.length % 4 != 0
req = req.ljust((req.length + 3) & ~3, "=")
end
req = req.unpack1("m")
when "POST"
req = env['rack.input'].read
else
req = ""
end
if req.empty?
[400, { 'content-type' => 'text/plain' }, [ "Bad Request" ]]
else
# --- ask DNS server
sock = UDPSocket.new
sock.connect("localhost", 53)
sock.send(req, 0)
str = sock.recv(4096)
sock.close
# --- find lowest TTL in response
nans = str[6, 2].unpack1('n') # number of answers
if nans > 0 # no DNS failure
shift = 12
ttl = 0
while nans > 0
# process domain name compression
if str[shift].unpack1("C") < 192
shift = str.index("x00", shift) + 5
if ttl == 0 # skip question section
next
end
end
shift += 6
curttl = str[shift, 4].unpack1('N')
shift += str[shift + 4, 2].unpack1('n') + 6 # responce data size
if ttl == 0 or ttl > curttl
ttl = curttl
end
nans -= 1
end
cc = 'max-age=' + ttl.to_s
else
cc = 'no-cache'
end
[200, { 'content-type' => 'application/dns-message', 'content-length' => str.size, 'cache-control' => cc }, [ str ] ]
end
else
[415, { 'content-type' => 'text/plain' }, [ "Unsupported Media Type" ]]
end
}Ndokumbira utarise kuti iyo yemuno caching server ine basa rekugadzirisa DNS mapaketi, mune iyi kesi kubva kune yakajairwa FreeBSD kugovera. Kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedza, iyi ndiyo mhinduro yakakwana. Nekudaro, hapana chinokutadzisa kutsiva localhost kune imwe kero yeDNS yakasiyana yauri kuda kushandisa.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # local-unbound verison
usage: local-unbound [options]
start unbound daemon DNS resolver.
-h this help
-c file config file to read instead of /var/unbound/unbound.conf
file format is described in unbound.conf(5).
-d do not fork into the background.
-p do not create a pidfile.
-v verbose (more times to increase verbosity)
Version 1.8.1
linked libs: mini-event internal (it uses select), OpenSSL 1.1.1a-freebsd 20 Nov 2018
linked modules: dns64 respip validator iterator
BSD licensed, see LICENSE in source package for details.
Report bugs to [email protected]
root@eprove:/usr/local/etc/h2o # sockstat -46 | grep unbound
unbound local-unbo 69749 3 udp6 ::1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 4 tcp6 ::1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 5 udp4 127.0.0.1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 6 tcp4 127.0.0.1:53 *:*Chasara kutangazve H2O uye kuona zvinouya nazvo.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # service h2o restart
Stopping h2o.
Waiting for PIDS: 69871.
Starting h2o.
start_server (pid:70532) starting now...4. Kuedza
Saka, ngatitarisei mhedzisiro nekutumira chikumbiro chekuyedza zvakare uye kutarisa kune network traffic uchishandisa utility tcpdump.
root@beta/usr/local/etc/h2o # curl -H 'accept: application/dns-message' 'https://my.domain/dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE'
Warning: Binary output can mess up your terminal. Use "--output -" to tell
Warning: curl to output it to your terminal anyway, or consider "--output
Warning: <FILE>" to save to a file.
...
root@beta:~ # tcpdump -n -i lo0 udp port 53 -xx -XX -vv
tcpdump: listening on lo0, link-type NULL (BSD loopback), capture size 262144 bytes
16:32:40.420831 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 37575, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 57, bad cksum 0 (->e9ea)!)
127.0.0.1.21070 > 127.0.0.1.53: [bad udp cksum 0xfe38 -> 0x33e3!] 43981+ A? example.com. (29)
0x0000: 0200 0000 4500 0039 92c7 0000 4011 0000 ....E..9....@...
0x0010: 7f00 0001 7f00 0001 524e 0035 0025 fe38 ........RN.5.%.8
0x0020: abcd 0100 0001 0000 0000 0000 0765 7861 .............exa
0x0030: 6d70 6c65 0363 6f6d 0000 0100 01 mple.com.....
16:32:40.796507 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 37590, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 73, bad cksum 0 (->e9cb)!)
127.0.0.1.53 > 127.0.0.1.21070: [bad udp cksum 0xfe48 -> 0x43fa!] 43981 q: A? example.com. 1/0/0 example.com. A 93.184.216.34 (45)
0x0000: 0200 0000 4500 0049 92d6 0000 4011 0000 ....E..I....@...
0x0010: 7f00 0001 7f00 0001 0035 524e 0035 fe48 .........5RN.5.H
0x0020: abcd 8180 0001 0001 0000 0000 0765 7861 .............exa
0x0030: 6d70 6c65 0363 6f6d 0000 0100 01c0 0c00 mple.com........
0x0040: 0100 0100 0151 8000 045d b8d8 22 .....Q...].."
^C
2 packets captured
23 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernelZvakabuda zvinoratidza kuti chikumbiro chekugadzirisa sei kero Example.com yakagamuchirwa uye yakagadziriswa neDNS server.
Iye zvino chasara kumisa server yedu muFirefox browser. Kuti uite izvi, unofanirwa kushandura zvirongwa zvakawanda pamapeji ekugadzirisa pamusoro: config.
Chekutanga, iyi ndiyo kero yeAPI yedu iyo browser inozokumbira DNS ruzivo mukati network.trr.uri. Zvinokurudzirwawo kudoma domain IP kubva pane iyi URL kuitira yakachengeteka IP resolution uchishandisa browser pachayo pasina kuwana DNS mukati network.trr.bootstrapAddress. Uye pakupedzisira, iyo parameter pachayo network.trr.mode kusanganisira kushandiswa kweDoH. Kuisa kukosha ku "3" kunomanikidza bhurawuza kuti ishandise chete DNS-pamusoro-HTTPS yekugadzirisa zita, nepo iyo yakavimbika uye yakachengeteka "2" ichapa pamberi kuDoH, ichisiya yakajairwa DNS kutarisa senge yekudzokera kumashure.
5. PROFITI!
Nyaya yacho yakabatsira here? Ipapo ndapota usanyara uye kutsigira nemari kuburikidza nefomu rekupa (pazasi).
Source: www.habr.com