Musoro wechinyorwa ichi wanga uchibika kwenguva yakareba. Uye kunyangwe pakukumbira kwevaverengi vechiteshi , Ndaingoda kunyora nezvebasa rakachengeteka nehydrogen peroxide, asi pakupedzisira, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvisingazivikanwi kwandiri (pano, hongu!), Imwe nguva yakareba yakaumbwa. Musanganiswa wepopsci, roketi mafuta, "coronavirus disinfection" uye permanganometric titration. Sei zvakarurama chengetedza hydrogen peroxide, ndezvipi zvekudzivirira zvekushandisa paunenge uchishanda uye kuti ungapukunyuka sei kana paine chepfu - tinotarisa pasi pekuchekwa.
ps bete riri pamufananidzo rinodaidzwa kuti "bombardier". Uye aive akarasika kumwe pakati pemakemikari :)
Yakatsaurirwa ku "vana veperoxide" ...
Hama yedu yaida hydrogen peroxide, o, madiro ayaiita. Ini ndinofunga nezve izvi pese pandinosangana nemubvunzo senge "bhodhoro rehydrogen peroxide rakaputika. kuita sei?" Nenzira, ndinosangana newe kazhinji :)
Hazvishamisi kuti munzvimbo dzemashure eSoviet, hydrogen peroxide (3% mhinduro) ndeimwe yevanofarira "vanhu" antiseptics. Uye kudira paronda, uye kuuraya utachiona mumvura, uye kuparadza coronavirus (nguva ichangopfuura). Asi zvisinei nekureruka kwayo uye kuwanikwa, reagent haina kujeka, izvo zvandichataura nezvazvo zvakare.
Mushure mekufamba nebiological "tops" ...
Iye zvino zvese zvine prefix eco zvine fashoni: eco-inoshamwaridzika zvigadzirwa, eco-inoshamwaridzika shampoos, eco-hushamwari zvinhu. Sezvandinozvinzwisisa, vanhu vanoda kushandisa zvipauro izvi kuti vasiyanise zvinhu zviri biogenic (kureva, zvinowanikwa pakutanga muzvinhu zvipenyu) kubva kuzvinhu zvinongogadzirwa chete (βhard chemistryβ). Naizvozvo, kutanga, sumo diki, yandinovimba ichasimbisa kushamwaridzana kwezvakatipoteredza yehydrogen peroxide uye kuwedzera kuvimba kwairi pakati pevazhinji :)
Saka, chii chinonzi hydrogen peroxide? Izvi simplest peroxide compound, iyo ine maatomu maviri eokisijeni panguva imwe chete (akabatanidzwa nechisungo -OO-) Ikoko kune rudzi urwu rwekubatanidza, pane kusagadzikana, kune atomic oxygen, uye yakasimba oxidizing properties nezvose, zvose. Asi pasinei nekuoma kweatomic oxygen, hydrogen peroxide inowanikwa mune zvakawanda zvipenyu, kusanganisira. uye mumunhu. Iyo inoumbwa muhuwandu hudiki panguva yakaoma biochemical maitiro uye oxidize mapuroteni, membrane lipids uye kunyange DNA (nekuda kwezvinoguma peroxide radicals). Muviri wedu, mukushanduka-shanduka, wakadzidza kubata neperoxide zvakanyatsonaka. Anoita izvi nerubatsiro rwe enzyme superoxide dismutase, iyo inoparadza peroxide makomisheni kune oxygen uye hydrogen peroxide, pamwe neiyo enzyme. iyo inoshandura peroxide muokisijeni nemvura kamwechete kana kaviri.
Enzymes akanaka mumhando dzeXNUMXD
Zvivige pasi pemuparadzi. Ndinoda kuvatarisa, asi kamwe kamwe mumwe munhu haazvifarire ...
Nenzira, ndeyekutenda kwechiito che catalase, chiripo mumisumbu yemuviri wedu, kuti ropa "rinopisa" pakurapa maronda (pachava nekamwe chinyorwa pamusoro pemaronda pasi apa).
Hydrogen peroxide inewo "basa rekudzivirira" rinokosha mukati medu. Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakawanda zvine organelle inonakidza yakadaro (chimiro chinodiwa pakushanda kwesero mhenyu) se . Zvimiro izvi lipid vesicles mukati umo mune kristaro-yakafanana musimboti unosanganisira biological tubular "". Zvakasiyana-siyana zvebiochemical maitiro anoitika mukati memukati, semugumisiro we ... hydrogen peroxide inoumbwa kubva mumhepo yemhepo uye yakaoma organic compounds ye lipid nature!
Asi chinonyanya kufadza apa ndechekuti iyi peroxide inobva yashandiswa. Semuenzaniso, mumasero echiropa neitsvo, H2O2 inoumbwa inoshandiswa kuparadza uye kuderedza chepfu inopinda muropa. Acetaldehyde, iyo inoumbwa panguva yemetabolism yezvinwiwa zvinodhaka () - uku ndikowo kukosha kwevashandi vedu vashoma vasinganeti ve peroxisomes, uye "amai" hydrogen peroxide.
Saka kuti zvese zvisaite senge zvakanyanyisa neperoxides, pakarepo Rega ndikuyeuchidze nezve maitiro ekuita kwemwaranzi pane mhenyu tishu. Mamolekyulu ezvinyorwa zvipenyu anotora simba remwaranzi uye ave ionized, i.e. kupinda mune imwe nyika inobatsira pakuumbwa kwemishonga mitsva (kazhinji isingakoshi zvachose mukati memuviri). Mvura inowanzo uye iri nyore kuita ionization; zvinoitika . Muhupo hweokisijeni, pasi pesimba reiyo ionizing mwaranzi, akasiyana siyana emahara radicals (OH- uye mamwe akafanana navo) uye peroxide komputa (H2O2 kunyanya) inomuka.
Izvo zvinokonzerwa neperoxides zvinopindirana nemakemikari emakemikari mumuviri. Kunyangwe, kana tikatora semuenzaniso iyo superoxide anion (O2-) iyo dzimwe nguva inoumbwa panguva yeradiolysis, zvakakodzera kutaura kuti ion iyi inoumbwawo mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairika, mumuviri une hutano hwakakwana, pasina radicals yemahara. ΠΈ kusadzivirirwa kwedu kwaisagona kuparadza utachiona hwehutachiona. Avo. pasina izvi zvachose Izvi hazvigoneke zvachose - zvinoperekedza biogenic oxidation maitiro. Dambudziko rinouya kana vakawandisa.
Iko kurwisa "yakawanda" peroxide komisheni iyo munhu akagadzira zvinhu zvakadai se antioxidants. Vanodzivisa maitiro e oxidation yezvakaoma organics nekugadzirwa kweperoxides, nezvimwe. mahara radicals uye nokudaro kuderedza mwero .
Oxidative stress inzira yekukuvadzwa kwesero nekuda kweoxidation (= yakawandisa emahara radicals mumuviri)
Kunyange zvazvo, chaizvoizvo, zvibatanidza izvi hazviwedzeri chero chinhu chitsva kune izvo zvagara zviripo, i.e. "yemukati antioxidants" - superoxide dismutase uye catalase. Uye kazhinji, kana ikashandiswa zvisizvo, synthetic antioxidants haingobatsiri chete, asi iyi imwechete oxidative kusagadzikana ichawedzerawo.
Taura nezve "peroxide nemaronda". Kunyangwe hydrogen peroxide iri mugadziriso mumba (uye kubasa) makabati emishonga, pane humbowo hwekuti kushandisa H2O2 kunovhiringa kupora kwemaronda uye kukonzeresa mavanga nekuti peroxide. . Kungodzika kwakaderera chete kune mhedzisiro yakanaka (0,03% mhinduro, zvinoreva kuti iwe unofanirwa kudzikisa 3% mhinduro yemishonga ka100), uye chete nekushandisa kumwe chete. Nenzira, "coronavirus yakagadzirira" 0,5% mhinduro zvakare . Saka, sezvavanotaura, vimba, asi simbisa.
Hydrogen peroxide muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye "kurwisa coronavirus"
Kana hydrogen peroxide inogona kutoshandura ethanol kuita acetaldehyde muchiropa, zvino zvingave zvinoshamisa kusashandisa izvi zvinoshamisa oxidizing zvimiro muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ivo vanoshandiswa muzvikamu zvinotevera:
Hafu yehydrogen peroxide yese inogadzirwa neindasitiri yemakemikari inoshandiswa kubleach cellulose nemhando dzakasiyana dzemapepa. Nzvimbo yechipiri (20%) mukudiwa inogarwa nekugadzirwa kweakasiyana mableach anobva pane inorganic peroxides (sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate, nezvimwewo, nezvimwewo). Iyi peroxides (kazhinji inosanganiswa ne kuderedza kupisa kwekupisa, nokuti peroxo salts haishande patembiricha iri pasi pe60 degrees) inoshandiswa mumhando dzese dze "Persol", nezvimwe. (unogona kuona mamwe mashoko ) Zvino kunouya, nechikamu chidiki, kuchena kwemachira uye fiber (15%) uye kucheneswa kwemvura (10%). Uye pakupedzisira, mugove wakasara wakakamurwa zvakaenzana pakati pezvinhu zvemakemikari chete uye kushandiswa kwehydrogen peroxide nekuda kwekurapa. Ini ndichagara pane iyo yekupedzisira mune zvakadzama nekuti kazhinji denda rekoronavirus richachinja nhamba dziri padhizaini (kana isati yatochinja).
Hydrogen peroxide inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kusvibisa nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana (kusanganisira midziyo yekuvhiya) uye, munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakare muchimiro chemhepo (inonzi inonzi). - vaporized hydrogen peroxide) ye sterilization yenzvimbo. Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoratidza muenzaniso weiyo peroxide vapor jenareta. Nzvimbo inovimbisa zvikuru isati yasvika kuzvipatara zvemumba...
Kazhinji, peroxide inoratidza kushanda kwepamusoro kwekuuraya hutachiona kurwisa huwandu hwakawanda hwehutachiona, mabhakitiriya, mbiriso uye mabhakitiriya spores. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kune ma microorganisms akaoma, nekuda kwekuvapo kwema enzymes anoparadza peroxide (inonzi peroxidases, imwe nyaya inokosha iyo inonzi catalase yataurwa pamusoro), kushivirira (~ resistance) inogona kuonekwa. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kune zvigadziriso zvine huwandu huri pasi pe1%. Asi kusvika ikozvino hapana, kwete hutachiona, kwete bhakitiriya spore, inogona kuramba 3%, uye kunyanya 6-10%.
Muchokwadi, pamwe ne ethyl uye isopropyl doro uye sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide iri pane rondedzero ye "yakakosha" yekukurumidzira antiseptics yekuuraya hutachiona pamusoro peCOVID-19. Kunyangwe kwete chete kubva kuCOVID-19. pakutanga kweiyo coronavirus bacchanalia, isu tiri nevaverengi kushingaira kushandiswa mazano kubva . Kurudziro yacho inoshanda kune coronaviruses zvakajairika, uye COVID-19 kunyanya. Saka ini ndinokurudzira kudhawunirodha uye kudhinda chinyorwa (kune avo vanofarira chinyorwa ichi).
Chiratidzo chakakosha chechidiki chekuuraya utachiona
Munguva yakapfuura kubva pakatanga denda, hapana chakanyanya kushanduka maererano nekutarisa kwekushanda. Asi chii chachinja, semuenzaniso, mafomu ayo hydrogen peroxide inogona kushandiswa. Pano ndinoda kukurumidza kuyeuka gwaro nemaumbirwo emishonga inokurudzirwa kuuraya utachiona. Ini ndaigara ndichifarira kupukuta mune iyi runyorwa (nechinyakare, nekuti ini ndinoda disinfectant wipes, hypochlorite iwo. , uye ndiri 100% kugutsikana navo). Muchiitiko ichi, ndaifarira chigadzirwa chakadaro cheAmerica se Oxivir Wipes (kana kuti yakaenzana nayo Oxivir 1 Wipes) kubva kuDiversey Inc.
Pane zvishoma zvinoshanda zvinongedzo zvakanyorwa:
Hydrogen Peroxide 0.5%
Nyore uye inonaka. Asi kune avo vanoda kudzokorora kuumbwa uku uye kupfekedza tsika yavo yekupukuta, ini ndichati kunze kwehydrogen peroxide, iyo impregnating mhinduro inewo:
Phosphoric acid (phosphoric acid - stabilizer) 1-5%
2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (salicylic acid) 0,1β1,5%
Sei zvose izvi "zvisina kuchena" zvichava pachena kana iwe uchiverenga kune chikamu chekugadzikana.
Pamusoro pekuumbwa, ndinodawo kukuyeuchidzai zvarinotaura kune yakataurwa Oxivir. Hapana chinhu chitsva (chinoenderana netafura yekutanga), asi ini ndaifarira huwandu hwehutachiona hunogona kuuraya hutachiona.
Ndeapi mavhairasi anogona kukurira peroxide?
Uye ndingadai ndisiri ini kana ndikasakuyeuchidza zvakare nezve kuratidzwa panguva yekugadzirisa. Sekare (= senguva dzose) zvinokurudzirwa kuita izvozvo Pakupukutwa nemapuku akanyorova, nzvimbo dzese dzakaomarara, dzisina maburi dzinogara dzakanyorova kweinenge masekondi makumi matatu. (kana zvirinani zvakadaro, miniti!) kusvibisa zvese uye munhu wese (kusanganisira iyi COVID-19 yako futi).
Hydrogen peroxide sekemikari
Takafamba-famba musango, ikozvino yave nguva yekunyora nezve hydrogen peroxide kubva pakuona kwemakemikari. Neraki, ndiwo mubvunzo uyu (uye kwete izvo peroxisome inotaridzika) inowanzofarira mushandisi asina ruzivo afunga kushandisa H2O2 nekuda kwezvinangwa zvake. Ngatitangei nematatu-dimensional chimiro (sezvandinozviona):
Musikana Sasha anoona sei chimiro, anotya kuti peroxide inogona kuputika (zvimwe pane izvi pazasi)
"kumhanya kuona cockerel kubva pazasi"
Pure peroxide imvura yakajeka (bluish-tinged for high concentrations) mvura. The density of dilute solutions iri pedyo nekuwanda kwemvura (1 g/cm3), concentrated solutions are more dense (35% - 1,13 g/cm3...70% - 1,29 g/cm3, etc.). Ne density (kana iwe uine hydrometer), unogona kunyatso tarisa kusungirirwa kwemhinduro yako (ruzivo kubva ).
Domestic technical hydrogen peroxide inogona kuva yemagiredhi matatu: A = concentration 30-40%, B = 50-52%, C = 58-60%. Zita rokuti "perhydrol" rinowanzowanikwa (paimbova kunyange nekutaura kwe "perhydrol blonde"). Muchidimbu, ichiri "chinyorwa A", i.e. hydrogen peroxide solution ine musanganiswa we30%.
Taura nezve bleaching. Sezvo isu takarangarira nezve blondes, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti diluted hydrogen peroxide (2-10%) uye ammonia yakashandiswa seyakagadziriswa bleaching ye "operhydrolyzing" bvudzi. Izvi zvino hazvichawanzoitwa. Asi pane peroxide mazino ekuchena. Nenzira, kuchena kweganda remaoko mushure mekusangana neperoxide imhando ye "operhydration" inokonzerwa nezviuru. , i.e. kuvharika kwema capillaries nemabhuru eokisijeni akaumbwa panguva yekuparara kweperoxide.
Medical tekinoroji peroxide inova kana demineralized mvura inowedzerwa kuperoxide ine musanganiswa we59-60%, ichideredza kutarisisa kune yaidiwa nhanho (3% munyika yedu, 6% muUSA).
Mukuwedzera kune density, yakakosha parameter ndiyo pH level. Hydrogen peroxide iasidhi isina simba. Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoratidza kutsamira kwepH yehydrogen peroxide mhinduro pahuwandu hwehuwandu:
Iyo yakanyanya kunyungudutsa mhinduro, iyo iri pedyo pH yayo iri kune pH yemvura. Iyo shoma pH (= yakanyanya acidic) inoitika pazvikamu zve55-65% (giredhi B zvinoenderana nerudzi rwemumba).
Izvo zvakakosha kuti ticherechedze pano, neshungu, kuti pH haigone kushandiswa kuyera kusungirirwa kwezvikonzero zvakati wandei. Chekutanga, inenge yese yemazuva ano peroxide inowanikwa kuburikidza neiyo oxidation yeanthraquinones. Iyi nzira inogadzira acidic byproducts inogona kuguma muperoxide yapera. Avo. Iyo pH inogona kusiyana neiyo inoratidzwa mutafura iri pamusoro zvichienderana nekuchena kweH2O2. Ultra-pure peroxide (somuenzaniso, iyo inoshandiswa pa rocket fuel uye yandichataura nezvayo zvakasiyana) haina tsvina. Chechipiri, acid stabilizers inowanzowedzerwa kune yekutengesa hydrogen peroxide (peroxide yakanyanya kugadzikana pane yakaderera pH), iyo "inozora" kuverenga. Uye chechitatu, chelate stabilizers (yekusunga tsvina yesimbi, yakawanda pamusoro payo pazasi) inogonawo kuva alkaline kana acidic uye inokanganisa pH yemhinduro yekupedzisira.
Nzira yakanakisa yekuziva kuisa pfungwa ndeye () Iyo tekinoroji yakangofanana, asi ese mareagents anodiwa pabvunzo anowanikwa zviri nyore. Iwe unoda concentrated sulfuric acid (bhatiri electrolyte) uye yakajairika potassium permanganate. Sezvo B. Gates akamboshevedzera, "640 kb yendangariro yakakwana kune wese!", Iniwo ndichadanidzira zvino, "Munhu wese anogona titrate peroxide!" :). Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti intuition yangu inondiudza kuti kana iwe ukatenga hydrogen peroxide muchitoro chemishonga uye ukasaichengeta kwemakumi emakore, ipapo kuchinjika kwemukati hakugone kudarika Β± 1%, ini zvakadaro ndichatsanangura nzira yekuyedza, sezvo mareagents ari. iripo uye algorithm iri nyore.
Kutarisa yekutengesa hydrogen peroxide kune inda
Sezvaungafungidzira, isu tichatarisa kushandisa titration. Iyo tekinoroji inobvumira munhu kunyatsoona kutariswa kubva ku0,25 kusvika 50%.
Iyo verification algorithm yakaita seiyi:
1. Gadzirira 0,1N solution ye potassium permanganate. Kuti uite izvi, bvisa 3,3 gramu ye potassium permanganate mu 1 litre yemvura. Pisa mhinduro kumota uye ubike kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu.
2. Sarudza vhoriyamu inodiwa yeperoxide kuti iongororwe (zvichienderana nehuwandu hunotarisirwa, i.e. kana iwe uine 3%, uchitarisira kuti yakangoerekana yava 50% ibenzi):
Isu tinoendesa vhoriyamu yakasarudzwa mubhodhoro uye tinoiyera pazviyero (rangarira kudzvanya bhatani reTara kuti usafunga nezve huremu hwebhodhoro pachayo)
3. Dururira muenzaniso wedu mu 250 ml volumetric flask (kana mucheche bhodhoro rine volume marking) uye pamusoro payo kusvika kune ("250") chiratidzo nemvura yakasvibiswa. Mix.
4. Dururira 500 ml yemvura yakasvibiswa mu 250 ml conical flask (= "hafu-lita chirongo"), wedzera 10 ml ye concentrated sulfuric acid uye 25 ml yemhinduro yedu kubva padanho rechitatu.
5. Donhedza kudonha nedonhwe (zvichida kubva kune pipette ine volume marking) mhinduro ye 0,1N potassium permanganate muhari yedu yehafu-lita kubva padanho rechina. Yakadonha - yakasanganiswa, yakadonha - yakasanganiswa. Uye saka tinoenderera mberi kusvikira mhinduro yakajeka yawana zvishoma pinkish tint. Somugumisiro wekuita, peroxide inoora kuita okisijeni nemvura, uye manganese (VI) mu potassium permanganate inoderedzwa kuva manganese (II).
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4 = 2KHSO4 +2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
6. Isu tinoverenga kuwanda kweperoxide yedu: C H2O2 (mass%) = [Volume ye potassium permanganate solution mu ml * 0,1 * 0,01701 * 1000] / [kuwanda kwemuenzaniso mumagiramu, kubva padanho 2] PROFIT!!!
Hurukuro dzemahara pakugadzikana kwekuchengetedza
Hydrogen peroxide inoonekwa sechinhu chisina kugadzikana chinowanzo kuparara kwega. Mwero wekuparara unowedzera nekuwedzera tembiricha, kutarisisa uye pH. Avo. Kazhinji mutemo unoshanda:
...inotonhora, inonatsa, acidic solutions inoratidza kugadzikana kwakanyanya...
Kuora kunosimudzirwa ne: kuwedzera tembiricha (inowedzera kukurumidza ne2,2 nguva kune yega 10 madhigirii Celsius, uye patembiricha inosvika 150 madhigirii, inoisa zvakanyanya. kuwora semafashama nekuputikaKuwedzera kwepH (kunyanya pa pH> 6-8)
Chirevo pamusoro pegirazi: Chete acidified peroxide inogona kuchengetwa mumabhodhoro egirazi, nekuti girazi rinoita kuburitsa alkaline nharaunda kana yasangana nemvura yakachena, izvo zvinoreva kuti inozobatsira kukurumidza kuora.
Inokanganisa chiyero chekuora uye kuvapo kwetsvina (kunyanya shanduko yesimbi semhangura, manganese, iron, sirivheri, platinum), kuratidzwa kune ultraviolet mwaranzi. Kazhinji kazhinji, chikonzero chikuru chakaomarara kuwedzera kwepH uye kuvapo kwetsvina. Paavhareji, ne mamiriro e30% ehydrogen peroxide anorasikirwa neanenge .
Kuti abvise kusvibiswa, ultrafine filtration (kusabatanidzwa kwezvikamu) kana chelates (complexing agents) iyo inosunga ions yesimbi inoshandiswa. Inogona kushandiswa se chelates , colloidal kana sodium pyrophosphate (25-250 mg / l), organophosphonates, nitrate (+ pH regulators uye corrosion inhibitors), phosphoric acid (+ pH regulator), sodium silicate (stabilizer).
Kufurira kwemwaranzi yeultraviolet pachiyero chekuora haina kutaurwa se pH kana tembiricha, asi inoitikawo (ona mufananidzo):
Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kutsakatika kwema molecular coefficient kunowedzera nekuderera kwe ultraviolet wavelength.
Iyo molar extinction coefficient chiyero chekuti kemikari inotora chiedza zvine simba zvakadii paurefu hwakapihwa.
Nenzira, iyi nzira yekuora yakatangwa nemafotoni inonzi photolysis:
Photolysis (inozivikanwawo sekuti photodissociation uye photodecomposition) ikemikari inoitika umo kemikari (inorganic kana organic) inoputswa nemafotoni mushure mekunge yadyidzana neinotariswa molecule. Chero photon ine simba rakakwana (yakakwirira kudarika simba rekuparadzanisa kwechinangwa chisungo) inogona kukonzera kuora. Mhedzisiro yakafanana neyeiyo ultraviolet mwaranzi inogona kuwanikwa uyewo x-rays uye Ξ³-mwaranzi.
Tingati kudii pane zvese? Uye chokwadi chekuti peroxide inofanira kuchengetwa mumudziyo wakajeka, kana zviri nani zvakadaro, mumabhodhoro egirazi ebrown inovhara chiedza chakanyanyisa (pasinei nokuti "inosveta" != "inoora pakarepo"). Haufanire kuchengeta bhodhoro reperoxide pedyo nemuchina weX-ray :) Zvakanaka, kubva kune ino (UR 203Ex (?):
... kubva""peroxide (uye mudiwa wako, kutaura chokwadi) inofanirawo kuchengetwa kure.
Zvakakosha kuti kunze kwekuve opaque, mudziyo / bhodhoro rinofanira kugadzirwa ne "peroxide-resistant" zvinhu, zvakadai sesimbi isina tsvina kana girazi (zvakanaka, + mamwe mapurasitiki nealuminium alloys). Chiratidzo chinogona kubatsira pakutarisisa (zvichabatsirawo kune vanachiremba vari kuzogadzira michina yavo):
Iyo ngano yezita ndeiyi: A - kugarisana kwakanaka, B - kugarisana kwakanaka, diki kukanganisa (micro-corrosion kana discoloration), C - kusapindirana kwakashata (kusingakurudzirwe kushandiswa kwenguva refu, kurasikirwa kwesimba kunogona kuitika, nezvimwewo). D - hapana kuenderana (= haigone kushandiswa). Dash zvinoreva "hapana ruzivo rwuripo." Digital indices: 1 - inogutsa pa22 Β° C, 2 - inogutsa pa48 Β° C, 3 - inogutsa kana inoshandiswa mumagaskets uye zvisimbiso.
Kuchengetedza kuchengetedza paunenge uchishanda nehydrogen peroxide
Zvinogona kujeka kune chero munhu akaverenga kusvika apa kuti peroxide ioxidizing agent yakasimba, zvinoreva kuti zvakakosha kuti ichengetwe kure nezvinhu zvinopisa / zvinopisa uye zvinodzikisa. H2O2, zvese zviri muchimiro chakachena uye chakanatswa, inogona kuumba pakubata nema organic compounds. Tichifunga nezvese zviri pamusoro, tinogona kunyora seizvi
Hydrogen peroxide haienderane nezvinhu zvinopisa, chero zvinwiwa zvinopfuta uye simbi nemunyu wazvo (mukuronga kuderera kwecatalytic effect) - osmium, palladium, platinum, iridium, goridhe, sirivheri, manganese, cobalt, mhangura, lead.
Kutaura pamusoro pesimbi yekuora catalysts, munhu haagoni kukundikana kutaura zvakasiyana . Haisi chete simbi yakaomesesa paPasi, zvakare ndiyo chombo chepasi rose chekupwanya hydrogen peroxide.
Mhedzisiro yekukurumidza kuparara kwehydrogen peroxide yesimbi iyi inocherechedzwa muhuwandu husingagone kuonekwa nenzira yega yega yekuongorora - kuitira kuti ibudirire (x3-x5 nguva maererano neperoxide pasina catalyst) inoparadza peroxide muokisijeni nemvura, iwe unongoda 1 gramu ye osmium pa1000 matani eperoxide hydrogen.
Taura nezve "hunhu hunoputika": (Ndakabva ndada kunyora kuti "Ndiri peroxide", asi ndakanyara). Panyaya yehydrogen peroxide, musikana ane spherical Sasha, anofanirwa kushanda neperoxide iyi, anowanzo kutya kuputika. Uye pamusimboti, kutya kwaAlexandra kune musoro. Mushure mezvose, peroxide inogona kuputika nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri. Kutanga, kubva pakuti mumudziyo wakavharwa pachava nekuparara zvishoma nezvishoma kweH2O2, kusunungurwa uye kuunganidza oksijeni. Kumanikidzwa mukati memudziyo kuchawedzera uye kuwedzera uye pakupedzisira BOOM! Chechipiri, pane mukana wekuti kana hydrogen peroxide ikasangana nezvimwe zvinhu, kuumbwa kweasina kugadzikana peroxide komisheni kunoitika, iyo inogona kuputika kubva mukukanganisa, kupisa, nezvimwe. Mubhuku rinotonhorera remavhoriyamu mashanu Zvakawanda zvakataurwa pamusoro peizvi zvekuti ndakatombofunga kuzvivanza pasi pemupopori. Mashoko anoshanda kune yakanyanya hydrogen peroxide > = 30% uye <50%:
Kusapindirana zvachose
inoputika pakubata ne: alcohols + sulfuric acid, acetal + acetic acid + heat, acetic acid + N-heterocycles (pamusoro pe50 Β°C), aromatic hydrocarbons + trifluoroacetic acid, azelaic acid + sulfuric acid (inenge 45 Β°C), tert-butanol + sulfuric acid , carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, tartaric), diphenyl diselenide (pamusoro pe53 Β°C), 2-ethoxyethanol + polyacrylamide gel + toluene + kupisa, gallium + hydrochloric acid, iron (II) sulfate + nitric acid + carboxymethyl +cellulose, nitric acid. ketones (2-butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone), nitrogenous base (ammonia, hydrazine hydrate, dimethylhydrazine), organic compounds (glycerin, acetic acid, ethanol, aniline, quinoline, cellulose, marasha guruva), organic zvinhu + asidhi (kunyanya munzvimbo dzakavharirwa), mvura + ine okisijeni-ine organics (acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, propanol, propanal), vinyl acetate, alcohols + tin chloride, phosphorus oxide (V), phosphorus, nitric acid , stibnite, arsenic trisulfide, chlorine + potassium hydroxide + chlorosulfonic acid, copper sulfide, iron (II) sulfide, formic acid + organic contaminants, hydrogen selenide, lead di- uye monoxide, lead (II) sulfide, manganese dioxide. , mercury oxide (I), molybdenum disulfide, sodium iodate, mercuric oxide + nitric acid, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, thiourea + acetic acid
inovhenekera paunosangana nayo: furfuryl doro, upfu simbi (magnesium, zingi, iron, nickel), sawdust
kuita zvechisimba ne: aluminium isopropoxide+heavy metal salts, marasha, marasha, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, alkali simbi, methanol+phosphoric acid, unsaturated organic compounds, tini (II) chloride, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, lead hydroxide, nickel oxide.
Muchidimbu, kana iwe uchibata peroxide yakanyanyisa neruremekedzo uye usingaisanganisi nezvinhu zvataurwa pamusoro apa, unogona kushanda zvakanaka kwemakore uye usatya chero chinhu. Asi Mwari anodzivirira zvakanakisa, saka isu tinoenda zvakanaka kune zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo.
PPE uye mhinduro
Pfungwa yekunyora chinyorwa yakasimuka pandakafunga kunyora , yakatsaurirwa kune nyaya dzebasa rakachengeteka neine concentrated H2O2 solutions. Nenzira yakanaka, vaverengi vakawanda vakatenga zvidhinha zveperhydrol (kana kuti "hapana chinhu mu pharmacy" / "hatigoni kusvika kune pharmacy") uye kunyange vakakwanisa kuwana kemikari inopisa mukupisa kwechinguva. Naizvozvo, zvizhinji zvezvakanyorwa pazasi (uye pamusoro) zvinonyanya kushanda kune zvigadziriso zvine kutariswa kuri pamusoro pe6%. Iyo yakakwira iyo yekumisikidza, iyo inonyanya kukosha kuwanikwa kwePPE.
Zvebasa rakachengeteka, zvese zvaunoda semidziyo yekuzvidzivirira wega magurovhosi akagadzirwa nepolyvinyl chloride/butyl rabha, polyethylene, polyester uye mamwe mapurasitiki kudzivirira ganda remaoko ako, magogi kana masks ekudzivirira anogadzirwa nezvinhu zvakajeka zvepolymer kudzivirira maziso ako. Kana maaerosols akaumbwa, wedzera chidziviriro chine anti-aerosol dziviriro kukiti (kana zviri nani zvakadaro, kabhoni ABEK sefa cartridge ine P3 kudzivirira). Paunenge uchishanda nemhinduro dzisina simba (kusvika ku6%), magurovhosi anokwana.
Ini ndicharamba ndichifunga nezve "zvinoshamisa mhedzisiro" zvakadzama. Hydrogen peroxide chinhu chine ngozi zvine mwero chinoita kuti kemikari inopisa kana ikasangana neganda nemaziso. Zvinokuvadza kana ukafemerwa kana kumedzwa. Ona mufananidzo kubva kuSDS ("Oxidizer" - "Corrodes" - "Irritant"):
Kuti urege kurova gwenzi, ini ndichabva ndanyora nezve zvekuita kana hydrogen peroxide ine musanganiswa we> 6% ikasangana nemumwe munhu spherical asina midziyo yekudzivirira.
pa kusangana neganda β pukuta nemucheka wakaoma kana swab yakanyoroveswa nedoro. Zvadaro unoda kushambidza ganda rakakanganiswa nemvura yakawanda kwemaminitsi gumi.
pa kusangana nemaziso - pakarepo sukurudza maziso akasvinura, pamwe nepasi pemaziso, nerukova rusina simba rwemvura (kana 2% mhinduro yesoda yekubheka) kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu. Bata ophthalmologist.
Kana ikamedzwa - inwa zvinwiwa zvakawanda (=mvura yakachena mumarita), activated carbon (1 piritsi pa10 kg yehuremu), saline laxative (magnesium sulfate). Usaita kuti urutse (= gastric lavage CHETE nachiremba, uchishandisa probe, uye kwete yenguva dzose "minwe miviri mumuromo"). Usape chero chinhu nemuromo kumunhu afenda.
General kupinza kune ngozi zvakanyanya, sezvo panguva yekuora mudumbu yakawanda gasi inoumbwa (10 nguva yakawanda ye 3% solution), iyo inotungamirira kukuputika uye kudzvinyirira kwenhengo dzomukati. Izvi ndizvo zvinonzi activated carbon ndeye...
Kana zvinhu zvose zvakanyanya kana zvishoma zvakajeka nekurapa kwemigumisiro yemuviri, saka zvakakodzera kutaura mamwe mazwi mashomanana pamusoro pekuraswa kwekuwedzera / yekare / yakasvibiswa hydrogen peroxide nekuda kwekusaziva.
... Hydrogen peroxide inodzokororwa kana a) kuinyungurusa nemvura nekuidururira pasi mudhiraini, kana b) kuparara uchishandisa zvinokonzeresa (sodium pyrosulfite, zvichingodaro), kana c) kuparara nekudziya (kusanganisira kufashaira)
Heino muenzaniso wekuti zvese zvinotaridzika sei. Semuenzaniso, murabhoritari ndakadurura rita ye30% hydrogen peroxide netsaona. Ini hapana chandinopukuta, asi wedzera mvura mumusanganiswa wehuwandu hwakaenzana (1: 1: 1) +jecha+ (=" bentonite filler yematireyi"). Zvadaro ndinonyorovesa iyi musanganiswa nemvura kusvikira slurry ichiita, tora slurry mumudziyo uye uende nayo kubhakiti remvura (zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvizere). Uye nechekare mubhakiti remvura ini zvishoma nezvishoma ndinowedzera mhinduro ye sodium pyrosulfite ine 20% yakawandisa. Kumisa chinhu ichi chose nekuita:
Na2S2O5 + 2H2O2 = Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2O
Kana iwe ukatevera mamiriro edambudziko (rita ye30% mhinduro), zvino zvinozoitika kuti kune neutralization unoda 838 magiramu epyrosulfite (kirogiramu yemunyu inobuda yakawandisa). Kunyungudika kwechinhu ichi mumvura ndiko ~ 650 g/l, i.e. Inenge rita imwe nehafu yeconcentrated solution ichadiwa. Tsika ndeiyi: kana kusadurura perhydrol pasi, kana kuideredza zvakanyanya, kana zvikasadaro hauzowana ma neutralizers akakwana :)
Paunenge uchitsvaga zvinogona kutsiva pyrosulfite, Captain Obvious anokurudzira kushandisa izvo reagents izvo zvisingaburitse huwandu hwakakura hwegasi kana uchiita nehydrogen peroxide. Izvi zvinogona kuva, somuenzaniso, iron (II) sulfate. Inotengeswa muzvitoro zvehardware uye kunyange muBelarus. Kuti uderedze H2O2, mhinduro ine acidified ne sulfuric acid inodiwa:
2FeSO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
Iwe unogona zvakare kushandisa potassium iodide (zvakare acidified ne sulfuric acid):
2KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 = I2 + 2H2O + K2SO4
Rega ndikuyeuchidze kuti kufunga kwese kunobva padambudziko rekutanga (30% mhinduro); kana iwe wakadurura peroxide pakadzika yakadzika (3-7%), unogona zvakare kushandisa potassium permanganate acidified ne sulfuric acid. Kunyangwe kana okisijeni ichiburitswa ipapo, saka nekuda kwekudzika kwakadzika haizokwanisi "kuita zvinhu" kunyangwe ichida.
Nezve bete
Asi handina kukanganwa nezvake, mudiwa. Ichava semubairo kune avo vakapedza kuverenga yangu inotevera longread. Handizive kana mudiwa Alexey JetHackers Statsenko aka nezve jetpacks dzangu, asi ini zvechokwadi ndaive nemimwe mifungo yakadaro. Kunyanya pandakava nemukana wekuona (kana kutoonazve) bhaisikopo reDisney Fairy tale paVHS tepi." (mukutanga Rocketeer).
Kubatana pano ndekwekutevera. Sezvandakanyora pakutanga, hydrogen peroxide yeyakanyanya kuwanda (seyemumba giredhi B) ine yakakwira dhigirii rekucheneswa (chinyorwa - iyo inonzi yakakwira-test peroxide kana ) inogona kushandiswa sehuni mumakomba (uye torpedoes). Uyezve, inogona kushandiswa sese oxidizer mune maviri-chikamu injini (somuenzaniso, sechinotsiva okisijeni yemvura), uye nenzira yezvinonzi. monofuel. Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, H2O2 inoputirwa mu "kamuri inopisa", iyo inoparara pane simbi inogadzirisa (chero ipi zvayo yesimbi yakambotaurwa munyaya, somuenzaniso, sirivha kana platinamu) uye, pasi pekumanikidzwa, nenzira yemhepo. ine tembiricha ingangoita 600 Β° C, inobuda mumuromo, ichigadzira traction.
Chinhu chinonyanya kufadza ndechokuti bheti duku kubva pasi pebeetle subfamily ine chimiro chemukati chakafanana ("kupisa chamber", nozzles, etc.) mukati memuviri wayo. inonzi zviri pamutemo, asi kwandiri chimiro chayo chemukati (= mufananidzo uri panotangira chinyorwa) inondiyeuchidza nezvechikamu kubva mufirimu ra1991 rataurwa pamusoro apa :)
Chipembenene chinodaidzwa kuti bombardier nekuti chinokwanisa kunyatsopfura kana kushoma mvura iri kufashaira ine hwema husingafadzi kubva mumatumbu ari kuseri kwedumbu.
Ejection tembiricha inogona kusvika 100 madhigirii Celsius, uye ejection kumhanya i10 m/s. Kupfurwa kumwechete kunotora kubva pa8 kusvika ku17 ms, uye ine 4-9 pulses pakarepo ichitevera mumwe nemumwe. Kuti ndisafanirwa kudzoreredza kumavambo, ndichadzokorora mufananidzo pano (unoratidzika kunge wakatorwa mumagazini. kubva pachinyorwa chezita rimwe chete).
Chipembenene chinobudisa maviri "rocket fuel components" mukati mawo (kureva kuti, haisati "monopropellant"). Yakasimba yekudzikisa agent - (yaimboshandiswa semugadziri mukutora mifananidzo). Uye yakasimba oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide. Parinotyisidzirwa, chipembenene chinobata tsandanyama dzinosunda zvinhu zviviri zvinoshandisa mavharuvhu kupinda mukamuri rokuvhenganisa rine mvura uye musanganiswa wemaenzayimu (peroxidases) anoodza peroxide. Kana zvabatanidzwa, ma reagents anoburitsa mhirizhonga exothermic reaction, iyo mvura inovira uye inoshanduka kuita gasi (= "kuparadza"). Kazhinji, bete rinopisa muvengi nerukova rwemvura iri kufashaira (asi zviri pachena kuti haina kukwana kuti itange kukanda nzvimbo). Asi ... Kanenge bete rinogona kutorwa semufananidzo wechikamu Kuchengetedza kuchengetedza paunenge uchishanda nehydrogen peroxide. Moral ndeiyi:
%USERNAME%, usaite sebhombardier bete, usasanganise peroxide nemushonga wekudzikisa usinganzwisise! π
Addendum pamusoroΡ : βZvinoita senge Earth bombardier betle rakafuridzirwa ne plasma betle kubva kuStarship Troopers. Iyo inongove nekukasira kwakaringana (kwete kusundidzira!) kugadzira yekutanga kupukunyuka velocity; iyo michina yakagadziridzwa panguva yekushanduka uye yakashandiswa kukanda spores mu orbit kuti iwedzere huwandu hwayo, uye zvakare yaibatsira sechombo kurwisa clumsy muvengi cruisers. β
Zvakanaka, ndakamuudza nezvebete uye ndakagadzirisa peroxide. Ngatimbomira ipapo.
Zvinokosha! Zvimwe zvese (kusanganisira nhaurirano yezvinyorwa, zvinyorwa zvepakati uye zvachose zvinyorwa zvangu) zvinogona kuwanikwa muchiteshi cheteregiramu. . Nyorera uye tevera zviziviso.
Inotevera mumutsara wekutariswa ndeye sodium dichloroisocyanurate uye "chlorine mapiritsi."
Kutenda: Munyori anoratidza kutenda kwakadzama kune vese vanoita basa munharaunda LAB-66 - vanhu vanoshingairira kutsigira nemari "kona yesainzi uye tekinoroji" yedu (= telegraph chiteshi), chat yedu (uye nyanzvi mairi dzinopa kutenderera-nguva (!!!) rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi), uye munyori wekupedzisira pachake. Ndatenda nezvese izvi, vakomana, kubva !
"osmium catalyst" yekukura nekusimudzirwa kwenharaunda yataurwa pamusoro apa: ===>
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Kushandiswa zvinyorwa
Shandala M.G. Nyaya dzazvino dze general disinfectology. Hurukuro dzakasarudzwa. - M.: Mushonga, 2009. 112 p.
Lewis, R. J. Sr. Sax's Dangerous Properties yeIndustrial Materials. 12th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. V4: 2434
Haynes, WM CRC Handbook yeKemistry uye Fizikisi. 95th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 4-67
WT Hess "Hydrogen Peroxide". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia ye Chemical Technology. 13 (4th ed.). New York: Wiley. (1995). pp. 961β995.
C. W. Jones, J. H. Clark. Kushandiswa kweHydrogen Peroxide uye Zvigadzirwa. Royal Society yeChemistry, 1999.
Ronald Hage, Achim Lienke; Lienke Zvishandiso zveShanduro-Metal Catalysts kune Textile uye Wood-Pulp Bleaching. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45(2):206β222. (2005).
Schildknecht, H.; Holoubek, K. Chipembenene chebhombardier uye kuputika kwemakemikari. Angewandte Chemie. 73:1β7. (1961).
Jones, Craig W. Zvikumbiro zve hydrogen peroxide uye zvinobva mairi. Royal Society yeChemistry (1999)
Goor, G.; Glenneberg, J.; Jacobi, S. Hydrogen Peroxide. Ullmann's Encyclopedia yeIndustrial Chemistry. Ullmann's Encyclopedia yeIndustrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. (2007).
Ascenzi, Joseph M., ed. Handbook ye disinfectants uye antiseptics. New York: M. Dekker. p. 161. (1996).
Rutala, WA; Weber, DJ Disinfection uye Sterilization muHealth Care Facilities: Izvo Vakiriniki Vanofanira Kuziva. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 39(5):702β709. (2004).
Block, Seymour S., ed. Chitsauko 9: Peroxygen compounds. Disinfection, sterilization, uye kuchengetedza (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 185β204. (2000).
O'Neil, M. J. The Merck IndexβAn Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society yeChemistry, 2013, p. 889
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. Nhoroondo ye John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, p. 735
Sittig, M. Handbook yeToxic uye Hazardous Chemicals uye Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985, p. 510
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. Nhoroondo ye John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, p. 735
Kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zvepamutemo panyaya dzekuuraya utachiona, sterilization, disinfestation, deratization: Mumavhoriyamu mashanu / Inform.-ed. pakati peDare reHurumende reSanitary uye Epidemiological Supervision yeRussia. Federation, Research Institute of Prevention. toxicology uye disinfection; Under general ed. M. G. Shandaly. - M.: Rarog LLP, 5
Uye ndakapotsa ndakanganwa, yambiro kune vasina hanya nemakomuredhi :)
Disclaimer: Ruzivo rwese rwunopihwa muchinyorwa rwunopihwa chete nekuda kwezvinangwa zveruzivo uye harisi kudana kwakananga kuita. Iwe unoita zvese manipulations nemakemikari reagents uye zvishandiso panjodzi yako uye nenjodzi. Munyori haana chero mutoro wekubata zvisina hanya kwemhinduro dzehasha, kusagona kuverenga, kushaya ruzivo rwechikoro chekutanga, nezvimwe. Kana iwe usinganzwe uine chivimbo mukunzwisisa zvakanyorwa, bvunza hama / shamwari / waunoziva ane dzidzo yakasarudzika kuti atarise zvaunoita. Uye iva nechokwadi chekushandisa PPE nepamusoro-soro inobvira yekuchengetedza.
Source: www.habr.com