processor hondo. Nyaya yetsuro yebhuruu nekamba tsvuku

Nhoroondo yemazuva ano yekupokana pakati peIntel ne AMD mumusika we processor inodzokera kuhafu yechipiri ye90s. Iyo nguva yekuchinja kukuru uye kupinda mukati meiyo mainstream, apo Intel Pentium yakaiswa senge mhinduro yepasirese, uye Intel Inside yakave inenge inonyatso zivikanwa sirogani pasi rose, yakaratidzwa nemapeji akajeka munhoroondo kwete yebhuruu chete, asiwo. tsvuku - kutanga kubva kuchizvarwa cheK6, AMD isina kuneta yakakwikwidza neIntel muzvikamu zvakawanda zvemusika. Nekudaro, zvaive zviitiko zveimwe nhanho yakazotevera - hafu yekutanga yeXNUMXs - iyo yakaita basa rakakosha mukubuda kweiyo inozivikanwa Core architecture, iyo ichiri pasi peIntel processor mutsara.

Nhoroondo shoma, mavambo uye chimurenga

Kutanga kwema2000s kwakabatana zvakanyanya nematanho akati wandei mukuvandudzwa kwema processors - nhangemutange yeanoshuvira 1 GHz frequency, kutaridzika kweyekutanga mbiri-musimboti processor, uye kurwira kunotyisa kwehukuru muchikamu chedesktop. Mushure mekunge Pentium yave isingachashandi uye Athlon 64 X2 yapinda mumusika, Intel yakaunza Core chizvarwa processors, izvo zvakazoita shanduko mukusimudzira indasitiri.

Iwo ekutanga Core 2 Duo processors akaziviswa pakupera kwaChikunguru 2006 - anopfuura gore mushure mekuburitswa kweAthlon 64 X2. Mubasa rayo pachizvarwa chitsva, Intel yaitungamirwa zvakanyanya nenyaya dzekugadzirisa kwekuvaka, kuwana zviratidziro zvesimba zvepamusoro zvatove muzvizvarwa zvekutanga zvemamodheru zvinoenderana neCore architecture, codenamed Conroe - vaive nekamwe nehafu kupfuura iyo. Pentium 4, uye ine yakaziviswa yekupisa pasuru ye65 W, simbi, pamwe , iyo yakanyanya simba-inoshanda processors pamusika panguva iyoyo. Kuita sekubata-bata (izvo zvaiitika zvisingaite), Intel yakaitwa muchizvarwa chitsva tsigiro ye64-bit mashandiro ane EM64T architecture, seti nyowani yeSSSE3 mirairo, pamwe nepasuru yakakura ye x86-based virtualization tekinoroji.

Core 2 Duo microprocessor inofa

Pamusoro pezvo, chimwe chezvakakosha zveConroe processors yaive hombe L2 cache, mabatiro ayo pakuita kwese kwema processor aionekwa zvakanyanya kunyangwe ipapo. Sezvo ndafunga kusiyanisa zvikamu zve processor, Intel yakaremara hafu ye4 MB L2 cache yevamiriri vadiki vemutsara (E6300 uye E6400), nekudaro ichimaka chikamu chekutanga. Nekudaro, iyo tekinoroji maficha eCore (yakaderera kupisa chizvarwa uye yakanyanya simba kushanda nesimba kwakabatana nekushandisa lead solder) yakabvumira vashandisi vepamberi kuwana zvinoshamisa ma frequency epamusoro system logic mhinduro - emhando yepamusoro mamaboards akaita kuti zvikwanise kupfuudza bhazi reFSB. , kuwedzera kuwanda kweiyo junior processor kusvika ku3 GHz uye zvimwe (zvichipa huwandu hwekuwedzera kwe60%), nekuda kwekuti makopi akabudirira eE6400 aigona kukwikwidzana nevakoma vavo vakuru E6600 uye E6700, kunyangwe nemutengo wenjodzi huru yekupisa. . Nekudaro, kunyangwe kuwedzeredza zvine mwero kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwana zvakakomba mhedzisiro - mumabhenji, ma processors akare akatsiva iyo yepamusoro Athlon 64 X2, ichimaka chinzvimbo chevatungamiriri vatsva uye nevanofarirwa nevanhu.

Pamusoro pezvo, Intel yakatanga shanduko chaiyo - quad-core processors yemhuri yeKentsfield ine Q prefix, yakavakirwa paiyo 65 nanometers, asi ichishandisa chimiro cheCore 2 Duo chips pane imwe substrate. Mushure mekuwana simba repamusoro rinogoneka simba (puratifomu yakadya huwandu hwakafanana nemakristasi maviri akashandiswa zvakasiyana), Intel kekutanga yakaratidza kuti hurongwa hune tambo ina hungave nesimba sei - mumashandisirwo emultimedia, kuchengetedza uye mitambo inorema inoshandisa zvinorema. kuenzanisa patambo dzakawanda (muna 2007, idzi dzaive Crysis inokatyamadza uye isingaite magiya ehondo), mutsauko mukuita ne-single-processor kumisikidza unogona kusvika ku100%, yaive mukana unoshamisa kune chero mutengi we iyo Core 2 Quad-based system.

Kubatanidza maC2D maviri pane imwe substrate - Core 2 Quad

Sezvakaita nePentium mutsara, iwo anomhanyisa processors akasarudzwa Zvakanyanya neQX prefix, uye aiwanikwa kune vanofarira uye OEM system vavaki pamutengo wakakwira zvakanyanya. Korona yechizvarwa che65-nm yaive QX6850 ine frequency ye3 GHz uye bhazi rinokurumidza reFSB rinoshanda pafrequency ye1333 MHz. Iyi processor yakatanga kutengeswa ne $999.

Ehe, budiriro inokatyamadza yakadai haigone asi kusangana nemakwikwi kubva ku AMD, asi hofori tsvuku panguva iyoyo yakanga isati yaenderera mberi nekugadzirwa kwequad-core processors, saka kupikisa zvigadzirwa zvitsva kubva kuIntel, iyo yekuyedza Quad FX chikuva. , yakagadziridzwa mukubatana neNVidia, yakaratidzwa uye yakagamuchira imwe chete serial modhi yeASUS L1N64 motherboard, yakagadzirirwa kushandisa maviri Athlon FX X2 uye Opteron processors.

ASUS L1N64

Iyi puratifomu yakave inonakidza tekinoroji innovation munharaunda, asi akawanda ehunyanzvi magungano, mashandisiro emagetsi makuru uye kuita kwepakati (mukuenzanisa neQX6700 modhi) haina kubvumira chikuva kuti chibudirire kukwikwidza chikamu chepamusoro chemusika. - Intel yakawana ruoko rwepamusoro, uye Phenom FX processors ane macores mana akaonekwa mutsvuku chete munaNovember 2007, apo mukwikwidzi akange agadzirira kutora danho rinotevera.

Mutsara wePenryn, wainyanya kunzi kufa-shrink (kuderedzwa kwehukuru hwekufa) we65 nm chips kubva 2007, yakatanga pamusika muna Ndira 20, 2008 neWolfdale processors - mwedzi miviri chete mushure mekuburitswa kweAMD's Phenom FX. . Shanduko kuenda ku2-nm process tekinoroji uchishandisa yazvino dielectrics uye zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvakatibvumira kuwedzera mahorizoni eCore architecture zvakatopfuura. Iwo ma processors akagamuchira rutsigiro rweSSE45, rutsigiro rwezvinhu zvitsva zvekuchengetedza simba (senge Deep Power Down, iyo inopotsa yapera simba rekushandisa munzvimbo yehibernation pane mobile versions ye processors), uye zvakare yakave inotonhorera zvakanyanya - mune mamwe bvunzo musiyano. inogona kusvika madhigirii gumi kana ichienzaniswa neyakapfuura yakatevedzana Conroe. Sezvo yakawedzera frequency nekuita, pamwe nekugamuchira yakawedzera L4.1 cache (yeCore 10 Duo vhoriyamu yayo yakawedzera kusvika 2 MB), maCore processors matsva akachengetedza zvinzvimbo zvavo zvinotungamira mumabhenji, uye akagadzirira nzira yeimwezve kutenderera kwemakwikwi anotyisa. kutanga kwenguva itsva. Nguva dzekubudirira kusati kwamboitika, nguva dzekumira uye kudzikama. Nguva yeCore i processors.

Nhanho imwe kumberi uye zero kumashure. Chizvarwa chekutanga Core i7

Kare muna Mbudzi 2008, Intel yakaunza iyo nyowani Nehalem architecture, iyo yakaratidza kuburitswa kwekutanga processors kubva kuCore i series, iyo inozivikanwa kwazvo kune wese mushandisi nhasi. Kusiyana neiyo inozivikanwa Core 2 Duo, iyo Nehalem dhizaini yakatanga yakapihwa mana emuviri macores pane imwe chip, pamwe nenhamba yezvivakwa zvinozivikanwa kwatiri kubva kuhunyanzvi hunyanzvi kubva ku AMD - yakasanganiswa memory controller, yakagovaniswa yechitatu-level cache. , uye QPI- interface inotsiva HyperTransport.

Intel Core i7-970 microprocessor inofa

Iine ndangariro controller yakafambiswa pasi pechivharo che processor, Intel yakamanikidzwa kuvaka patsva cache chimiro, ichidzikisa saizi yeL2 cache ichifarira yakabatana L3 cache ye8 MB. Nekudaro, danho iri rakaita kuti zvikwanise kudzikisa zvakanyanya huwandu hwezvikumbiro, uye kudzikisa iyo L2 cache kusvika 256 KB pamusimboti yakave mhinduro inoshanda maererano nekumhanya kwebasa nemaverengero ane tambo dzakawanda, uko kuwanda kwemutoro. yakanyorerwa kune yakajairwa L3 cache.
Pamusoro pekugadzirisa cache, Intel yakatora nhanho kumberi neNehalem, ichipa processors nerutsigiro rweDDR3 pamafafitera e800 uye 1066 MHz (zvisinei, zviyero zvekutanga zvaive kure nekumisa kune aya ma processor), uye kubvisa DDR2 rutsigiro, kusiyana ne AMD, iyo yakashandisa musimboti wekudzokera kumashure muPhenom II processors, inowanikwa pane ese AM2 + uye nyowani AM3 zvigadziko. Iyo memory controller pachayo muNehalem inogona kushanda mune imwe yematatu modhi neimwe, mbiri kana nhatu yekurangarira chiteshi pane 64, 128 kana 192-bit bhazi, zvichiteerana, nekuda kweiyo mamaboard vagadziri vakaisa kusvika ku6 DIMM DDR3 memory yekubatanidza paPCB. . Kana iri QPI interface, yakatsiva bhazi reFSB ratove rekare, richiwedzera bandwidth yepuratifomu kanokwana kaviri - yaive yakanyanya kunaka mhinduro kubva pakuona kwekuwedzera zvinodiwa zvendangariro frequencies.

Iyo yakakanganwa Hyper-Threading yakadzokera kuNehalem, ichipa mana ane simba macores ane tambo sere chaiwo, uye ichipa "iyo chaiyo SMT." Muchokwadi, HT yakashandiswa kumashure muPentium, asi kubvira ipapo Intel haina kumbofunga nezvazvo kusvika zvino.

Hyper-Threading Technology

Chimwe chiitiko chehunyanzvi chechizvarwa chekutanga Core ini yaive yemuno yekushanda frequency yecache uye ndangariro controllers, iyo gadziriso yaisanganisira kushandura inodiwa paramita muBIOS - Intel yakakurudzira kupeta kaviri ndangariro frequency yekushanda kwakaringana, asi kunyangwe chinhu chidiki chakadaro. inogona kuve dambudziko kune vamwe vashandisi, kunyanya kana yakawandisa mabhazi eQPI (aka BCLK bhazi), nekuti chete inodhura inodhura mureza weiyo i7-965 mutsara neiyo Extreme Edition tag yakagamuchira isina kukiiwa yekuwedzera, nepo 940 uye 920 yaive neyakagadziriswa frequency. nevakawanda ve22 uye 20, zvichiteerana.

Nehalem yave yakakura zvese mumuviri (iyo processor saizi yakawedzera zvishoma ichienzaniswa neCore 2 Duo nekuda kwemutongi wendangariro ari kufambiswa pasi pechivharo) uye chaizvo.

Kuenzanisa kwema processor saizi

Nekuda kwe "smart" yekutarisisa yesimba system, iyo PCU (Simba-Kudzora Unit) controller, pamwe neiyo Turbo modhi, yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwana zvishoma frequency (uye, nekudaro, kuita) kunyangwe pasina kugadziridzwa kwemaoko, kugumira chete. kune nameplate kukosha kwe130 W. Chokwadi, muzviitiko zvakawanda muganho uyu unogona kusundidzirwa kumashure nekuchinja marongero eBIOS, kuwana imwe 100-200 MHz.

Pakazara, iyo Nehalem architecture yaive nezvakawanda zvekupa - yakakura kuwedzera kwesimba kana ichienzaniswa neCore 2 Duo, multi-threaded performance, ane simba macores uye rutsigiro rweazvino zviyero.

Pane kusanzwisisa kumwe kwakabatana nechizvarwa chekutanga che7, ndiko kuvapo kwezvigadziko zviviri LGA1366 uye LGA1156 zvakafanana (pakutanga kuona) Core i7. Nekudaro, iwo maviri seti epfungwa akange asina nekuda kwekuda kwekambani ine makaro, asi kune shanduko kuenda kuLynnfield architecture, nhanho inotevera mukuvandudzwa kweCore i processor mutsara.

Kana ari kukwikwidza kubva ku AMD, hofori tsvuku haina kukurumidza kuchinjika kune imwe shanduko yezvivakwa, ichimhanyisa kufambirana nekumhanya kweIntel. Ichishandisa yakanaka yekare K10, kambani yakaburitsa Phenom II, iyo yakava shanduko kune 45-nm process tekinoroji yechizvarwa chekutanga Phenom pasina shanduko yakakosha yekuvaka.

Nekuda kwekudzikiswa kwenzvimbo yekufa, AMD yakakwanisa kushandisa iyo yakawedzera nzvimbo kuti igare inoyevedza L3 cache, iyo muchimiro chayo (pamwe nekurongeka kwakarongeka kwezvinhu pane chip) inoenderana nekuvandudzwa kweIntel neNehalem, asi ine. akati wandei akashata nekuda kwechishuwo chehupfumi uye kumashure kuenderana nekukurumidza kuchembera AM2 papuratifomu.

Mushure mekugadzirisa zvikanganiso mubasa reCool'n'Quiet, iro risina kushanda muchizvarwa chekutanga chePhenom, AMD yakabudisa zvinyorwa zviviri zvePhenom II, yekutanga iyo yakataurirwa kune vashandisi vekare chipsets kubva kuchizvarwa che AM2, uye yechipiri yepuratifomu yakagadziridzwa AM3 ine rutsigiro rweDDR3 memory. Chaive chishuwo chekuchengetedza rutsigiro rwevagadziri vatsva pamabhodhi ekare airidza hutsinye joke pa AMD (iyo, zvisinei, ichadzokororwa mune ramangwana) - nekuda kwepuratifomu maficha muchimiro chebhiriji rinononoka rekuchamhembe, iyo Phenom itsva. II X4 yaisakwanisa kushanda pane yaitarisirwa frequency yebhazi reuncore (memory controller uye L3 cache), kurasikirwa nekuita kumwe kuita mukudzokorora kwekutanga.

Nekudaro, iyo Phenom II yaive yakachipa uye ine simba rakakwana kuratidza mhedzisiro padanho rekare chizvarwa cheIntel - iyo Core 2 Quad. Ehe, izvi zvaingoreva kuti AMD yakanga isati yagadzirira kukwikwidza neNehalem. Zvachose.
Uye Westmere akabva asvika...

Westmere. Yakachipa kupfuura AMD, inokurumidza kupfuura Nehalem

Zvakanakira iyo Phenom II, yakaratidzwa neiyo red hofori seimwe bhajeti imwe nzira kune Q9400, yakarara muzvinhu zviviri. Yekutanga inoenderana neiyo AM2 papuratifomu, iyo yakawana mafeni mazhinji emakomputa asingadhure panguva yekuburitswa kwechizvarwa chekutanga Phenom. Yechipiri mutengo unonaka, uyo kana iyo inodhura i7 9xx kana iyo inodhura zvakanyanya (asi isingachabatsiri) Code 2 Quad series processors inogona kukwikwidza nayo. AMD yaibhejera pakusvikika kwehuwandu hwevashandisi, vanotamba mitambo uye nyanzvi dzinoziva bhajeti, asi Intel yaitove nehurongwa hwekurova makadhi ese matsvuku echipmaker neruboshwe rumwe.

Pakati payo paive neWestmere, iyo inotevera yekuvaka yeNehalem (musimboti weBloomfield), iyo yakazviratidza pakati pevanofarira uye avo vanosarudza kutora zvakanakisa. Panguva ino, Intel yakasiya zvinodhura zvinogadzirisa mhinduro - iyo nyowani seti yepfungwa yakavakirwa pa LGA1156 socket yakarasa QPI controller, yakagamuchira DMI yakareruka, yakawana mbiri-channel DDR3 memory controller, uye zvakare yakadzoreredza mamwe emabasa pasi pe processor chivharo - panguva ino yakava PCI controller.

Zvisinei nekuti nekuona iyo itsva Core i7-8xx uye Core i5-750 yakafanana muhukuru kuCore 2 Quad, nekuda kweshanduko kuenda ku32 nm, kristaro yakave yakakura muhukuru kupfuura yeNehalem - kupira. yakawedzera QPI yakabuda uye kusanganisa bhuroka yeyakajairwa I / O ports, Intel mainjiniya akabatanidza PCI controller, iyo inogara 25% yenzvimbo yechip uye yakagadzirirwa kudzikisa kunonoka mukushanda neGPU, nekuti mamwe gumi nematanhatu PCI nzira dzaisambove dzakanyanya.

MuWestmere, iyo Turbo mode yakagadziridzwa zvakare, yakavakirwa pamusimboti we "mamwe macores - mashoma frequency", iyo yakashandiswa neIntel kusvika zvino. Zvinoenderana nemafungiro einjiniya, muganho we95 W (ndiyo chaiyo iyo yakagadziridzwa mureza yaifanirwa kushandisa) haina kuwanikwa nguva dzose munguva yakapfuura nekuda kwekusimbisira kwekuwedzeredza macores ese mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu. Iyo yakagadziridzwa modhi yakaita kuti ikwanise kushandisa "smart" overclocking, dosing frequencies nenzira yekuti kana imwe musimboti yakashandiswa, mamwe akadzimwa, achisunungura simba rekuwedzera kuti overclock inobatanidzwa musimboti. Nenzira iri nyore kudaro, zvakazoitika kuti kana overclocking imwe musimboti, mushandisi akasvika pahupamhi hwewachi frequency, kana overclocking mbiri, yaive yakaderera, uye kana overclocking ese mana, yaive isina kukosha. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Intel yakavimbisa kuita kwepamusoro mumitambo mizhinji uye maapplication vachishandisa tambo imwe kana mbiri, uku ichichengetedza simba resimba iro AMD yaingogona kurota kumashure.

Iyo Power Control Unit, iyo ine basa rekugovera simba pakati pemacores uye mamwe mamodule pane chip, yakagadziridzwawo zvakanyanya. Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita uye kuvandudzwa kweinjiniya mumidziyo, Intel yakakwanisa kugadzira inenge yakanakira sisitimu umo processor, ichiri munzvimbo isina basa, inokwanisa kushandisa simba risingaite. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti kuwana mhedzisiro yakadai hakunei neshanduko yekuvaka - iyo PSU controller unit yakafamba pasi pechivharo cheWestmere pasina shanduko, uye kungowedzera zvinodikanwa zvezvinhu uye hunhu hwese hwakaita kuti zvibvire kudzikisa kudonha kwemhepo kubva kune yakadimburwa macores kusvika zero. kana kuda kusvika zero) processor uye anoperekedza mamodule ari munzvimbo isina basa.

Nekuchinjanisa matatu-channel memory controller kune maviri-channel one, Westmere ingadai yakarasikirwa nekuita, asi nekuda kwekuwedzera kwendangariro frequency (1066 yeruzhinji Nehalem, uye 1333 yegamba reichi chikamu chechinyorwa), iyo nyowani. i7 haina kungorasikirwa mukuita, asi mune dzimwe nguva yakave yakakurumidza kupfuura Nehalem processors. Kunyangwe mumashandisirwo asingashandisi ese mana cores, iyo i7 870 yakave yakada kufanana nemukoma wayo mukuru nekuda kweiyo mukana muDDR3 frequency.

Kuita kwekutamba kweiyo i7 yakagadziridzwa kwakada kufanana nemhinduro yakanakisa yechizvarwa chakapfuura - iyo i7 975, iyo inodhura zvakapetwa kaviri. Panguva imwecheteyo, mhinduro yechidiki yakaenzana pamucheto nePhenom II X4 965 BE, dzimwe nguva nechivimbo mberi kwayo, uye dzimwe nguva zvishoma.

Asi mutengo waive chaiwo nyaya yakavhiringa vese maIntel mafeni - uye mhinduro iri muchimiro cheiyo inoshamisa $199 yeCore i5 750 yaienderana nemunhu wese zvakakwana. Ehe, pakanga pasina SMT modhi pano, asi macores ane simba uye kuita kwakanaka kwakaita kuti zvibvire kwete kungopfuura iyo mureza AMD processor, asi zvakare kuzviita zvakachipa zvakanyanya.

Idzi dzaive nguva dzerima kune maReds, asi vaive neace kumusoro sleeve yavo - chizvarwa chitsva AMD FX processor yaive yava kuda kuburitswa. Chokwadi, Intel haina kuuya isina pfuti.

Kuberekwa kwengano uye hondo huru. Sandy Bridge vs AMD FX

Tichitarisa kumashure kunhoroondo yehukama pakati pehofori mbiri idzi, zvinova pachena kuti yaive nguva ya2010-2011 yaisanganiswa netarisiro inoshamisa ye AMD, uye zvisingatarisirwi mhinduro dzakabudirira dzeIntel. Kunyangwe makambani ese ari maviri akatora njodzi nekupa zvivakwa zvitsva zvizere, kune maReds chiziviso chechizvarwa chinotevera chinogona kuve chakashata, nepo Intel, kazhinji, isina kupokana.

Nepo Lynnfield yaive hombe gadziriso yebug, Sandy Bridge akatora mainjiniya kudzokera kubhodhi rekudhirowa. Shanduko kuenda ku32 nm yakaratidza kusikwa kweiyo monolithic hwaro, isingachafanani neyakaparadzana marongero akashandiswa muNehalem, uko mabhuroko maviri eviri cores akakamura kristaro kuita zvikamu zviviri, uye mamodule echipiri aive pamativi. Panyaya yeSandy Bridge, Intel yakagadzira monolithic dhizaini, uko macores aive mune imwechete block, achishandisa yakajairwa L3 cache. Iyo pombi yekutonga inoumba pombi yebasa yakagadziridzwa zvachose, uye bhazi remhete rekumhanya-mhanya rakapa kunonoka kudiki pakushanda nendangariro uye, nekudaro, kuita kwepamusoro mune chero mabasa.

Intel Core i7-2600k microprocessor chip

Yakabatanidzwa magiraidhi akaonekwawo pasi pehodhi, iyo inogara yakafanana 20% yechip munzvimbo - kekutanga mumakore mazhinji, Intel yakafunga kunyatsogadzirisa yakavakirwa-mukati GPU. Uye kunyangwe bhonasi yakadaro isina kukosha nemazinga eakakomba discrete makadhi, ane mwero Sandy Bridge makadhi emifananidzo anogona kunge asina kufanira. Asi kunyangwe iwo mamirioni zana negumi nemaviri transistors akagoverwa iyo graphics chip, muSandy Bridge Intel mainjiniya akavimba nekuwedzera kwekuita kwekutanga pasina kuwedzera nzvimbo yekufa, iyo yekutanga kuona harisi basa riri nyore - yechitatu-chizvarwa kufa ingori 112 mm2 yakakura kupfuura iyo. Q2 yakambove nayo. Intel mainjiniya akakwanisa kuita zvinoshamisa here? Iye zvino mhinduro inoita seyakajeka, asi ngatirambei ichinakidza. Tichadzoka kune izvi munguva pfupi.

Pamusoro pechivakwa chitsva chakazara, Sandy Bridge yakavawo mutsara wakakura wema processor munhoroondo yeIntel. Kana panguva yeLynnfield mablues airatidza 18 modhi (11 for mobile PCs and 7 for desktops), ikozvino huwandu hwavo hwawedzera kusvika 29 (!) SKUs ezvese zvinogoneka profiles. MaPC eDesktop akagamuchira masere kubva pakuburitswa - kubva i8-3 kusvika i2100-7k. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvikamu zvese zvemusika zvakavharwa. Iyo yakanyanya kudhura i2600 yakapihwa $3, uye iyo mureza inodhura $117, iyo yaive yakachipa zvakachipa nezviyero zvezvizvarwa zvakapfuura.
Mukushambadzira, Intel yakadana Sandy Bridge "chizvarwa chechipiri cheCore processors," kunyangwe hazvo paive nezvizvarwa zvitatu zvakadaro zvisati zvaitika. Iwo mablues akatsanangura pfungwa yavo nekuverengwa kwema processors, umo iyo nhamba mushure meiyo i * zita rakaenzana nechizvarwa - ndicho chikonzero nei vazhinji vachiri kutenda kuti Nehalem ndiyo chete yekuvakisa kwechizvarwa chekutanga i7.

Yekutanga munhoroondo yeIntel, Sandy Bridge yakagamuchira zita revasina kuvhurwa processors - iro tsamba K muzita remuenzaniso, zvichireva kuti yemahara inowandisa (sezvaidiwa ne AMD, kutanga muBlack Edition akateedzana processors, uyezve kwese kwese). Asi, sepanyaya yeSMT, humbozha hwakadaro hwaiwanikwa chete kune imwe mari yekuwedzera uye chete pamhando shoma.

Pamusoro pemutsara wekare, Sandy Bridge yaivewo nema processor akanyorwa T uye S, akanangana nevavaki vemakomputa uye anotakurika masisitimu. Pakutanga, Intel anga asina kunyatsofunga nezve chikamu ichi.

Nekuchinja mukushanda kweawandisa uye bhazi reBCLK, Intel yakavharira kugona kupfuudza maSandy Bridge modhi pasina K index, nekudaro kuvhara mukaha wakashanda zvakakwana muNehalem. Dambudziko rakasiyana kune vashandisi raive "limited overclocking" system, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuseta iyo Turbo frequency kukosha kwe processor iyo yakanyimwa mafaro emhando isina kuvhurwa. Nheyo yekushandisa yekuwedzeredza kunze kwebhokisi inoramba isina kuchinjika neLynnfield - kana uchishandisa imwe musimboti, sisitimu inoburitsa yakanyanya kuwanikwa (kusanganisira kutonhora) frequency, uye kana iyo processor yakarongedzerwa zvizere, ipapo overclocking ichave yakaderera zvakanyanya, asi kune ese macores. .

Manual overclocking yemamodhi asina kukiiwa, pane kudaro, yadzika munhoroondo nekuda kwenhamba dzakabvumidzwa neSandy Bridge kuwana kunyangwe pairi peaniswa neinotonhorera inopihwa inotonhorera. 4.5 GHz pasina kushandisa pakutonhora? Hapana akanga ambosvetukira mudenga kudaro. Tisingataure kuti kunyangwe 5 GHz yaive yatove kuwanikwa kubva kune yakawandisa yekuona nekutonhora kwakaringana.
Pamwe chete nehunyanzvi hwekuvaka, Sandy Bridge yakaperekedzwa nehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza - itsva LGA1155 chikuva chakashongedzerwa nerutsigiro rweSATA 6 Gb/s, kutaridzika kweUEFI interface yeBIOS, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvidiki zvinofadza. Iyo yakagadziridzwa puratifomu yakagamuchira rutsigiro rwemunharaunda yeHDMI 1.4a, Blu-Ray 3D uye DTS HD-MA, nekuda kwekuti, kusiyana nedesktop mhinduro dzakavakirwa paWestmere (Clarkdale core), Sandy Bridge haina kusangana nematambudziko asingafadzi pakuburitsa vhidhiyo kumaTV emazuva ano uye. kutamba mabhaisikopo pa24 mafuremu, izvo pasina mubvunzo zvakafadza vatevedzeri vemitambo yekumba.

Nekudaro, zvinhu zvaive zvakatove nani kubva pakuona kwesoftware, nekuti yaive nekuburitswa kweSandy Bridge iyo Intel yakaunza yavo inozivikanwa vhidhiyo yekudhikodha tekinoroji vachishandisa CPU zviwanikwa - Quick Sync, iyo yakaratidza kuve yakanyanya mhinduro pakushanda nevhidhiyo. . Kuita kwemitambo yeIntel HD Graphics, hongu, hakuna kutitendera kutaura kuti kudiwa kwemakadhi evhidhiyo ikozvino chinhu chekare, zvisinei, Intel pachayo yakanyatso cherechedza kuti kune GPU inodhura madhora makumi mashanu kana pasi, yavo graphic chip inogona. kuve mukwikwidzi akakomba, anga asiri kure nechokwadi - panguva yekuburitswa, Intel yakaratidza mashandiro eiyo 50k graphics musimboti pamwero weHD2500 - inodhura zvakanyanya AMD Radeon graphics kadhi.

Intel Core i5 2500k inoonekwa seimwe inonyanya kufarirwa processor. Izvi hazvishamise, nekuti nekuda kweiyo isina kukiyiwa yakawedzera, solder pasi pechifukidziro uye yakaderera kupisa kupisa, yave ngano chaiyo pakati pe overclockers.

Kuita kweSandy Bridge kwemitambo kwakasimbisa zvakare maitiro akaiswa neIntel muchizvarwa chakapfuura - kupa mushandisi kuita padivi neakanakisa Nehalem mhinduro inodhura $999. Uye hofori yebhuruu yakabudirira - pamari shoma inodarika mazana matatu emadhora, mushandisi akagamuchira kuita kwakafanana neiyo i300 7X, yaiita senge isingafungidzike mwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura. Hongu, horizons nyowani dzekuita hadzina kukundwa nechizvarwa chechitatu (kana chechipiri?) cheCore processors, sezvakaitika neNehalem, asi kudzikiswa kwakanyanya mumutengo wemhinduro dzakakosheswa dzepamusoro kwakaita kuti kuve "vanhu" vechokwadi. sarudzo.

Intel Core i5-2500k

Zvinoita sekuti nguva yasvika yekuti AMD itange nekuvaka kwavo kutsva, asi taifanira kumirira kwechinguva chidiki kuti chitarisiko chemukwikwidzi chaiye - nekusunungurwa kwekukunda kweSandy Bridge, pfuti yehofori tsvuku yaisanganisira Phenom yakawedzera zvishoma. II mutsara, wakawedzerwa nemhinduro dzakavakirwa paThuban cores - iyo inozivikanwa matanhatu-musimboti X6 1055 processors uye 1090T. Aya ma processors, kunyangwe shanduko diki dzekuvaka, aingogona kuzvirumbidza nekudzoka kweTurbo Core tekinoroji, umo musimboti wekugadzirisa overclocking yemacores wakadzokera kune yega tuning yemumwe nemumwe wavo, sezvazvaive muPenom yekutanga. Nekuda kwekuchinjika uku, ese ari maviri ehupfumi ekushandisa modhi (nekudonha kwepakati frequency mune idle modhi kusvika 800 MHz) uye ane hukasha kuita chimiro (overclocking cores ne500 MHz pamusoro peiyo fekitori frequency) yakagoneka. Zvikasadaro, Thuban yakanga isina kusiyana nevanin'ina vayo munhevedzano, uye maviri ayo ekuwedzera macores akashanda zvakanyanya seyekutengesa trick ye AMD, ichipa mamwe macores nemari shoma.

Maiwe, nhamba huru yemacores haina kutomboreva kuita kukuru - mumiedzo yemitambo, X6 1090T yakashuvira kusvika pamwero weClarkdale yakaderera, chete mune dzimwe nguva ichipikisa kuita kwei5 750. Kuita kwakaderera pamusimboti, 125 W yekushandiswa kwesimba uye kumwe kukanganisa kwekare kweiyo Phenom II architecture, iyo ichiri pa45 nm, haina kubvumira maReds kuisa makwikwi akaoma pachizvarwa chekutanga Core uye hama dzayo dzakagadziridzwa. Uye nekuburitswa kweSandy Bridge, kukosha kweX6 kwakapotsa kwanyangarika, zvichisara zvichinakidza chete kune yakamanikana denderedzwa yevashandisi vehunyanzvi fan.

Mhinduro huru ye AMD kune zvigadzirwa zvitsva kubva kuIntel yakateverwa chete muna 2011, apo mutsara mutsva we AMD FX processors wakavakirwa paBulldozer architecture wakaunzwa. Tichirangarira akabudirira akatevedzana evagadziri vayo, AMD haina kuzvininipisa, uye zvakare yakasimbisa zvishuvo zvayo zvinoshamisa uye zvirongwa zveramangwana - chizvarwa chitsva chakavimbiswa, sekare, mamwe macores emusika wedesktop, dhizaini yekuvaka, uye, hongu. , kushanda kunoshamisa muzvikamu zvekutengesa-ku-kuita.

Kubva pakuona kwekuvaka, Bulldozer yaitaridzika yakashinga - iyo modular kurongeka kwemacores mumabhuraki mana pane yakajairwa L3 cache pasi pemamiriro akakodzera akagadzirwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuita kwakaringana mumabasa akawanda ane shinda uye mashandisirwo, zvisinei, nekuda kwechido chekuchengetedza kuenderana. Iine kukurumidza kuchembera AM2 chikuva, AMD yakafunga kuchengetedza iyo processor chivharo chekumusoro bhiriji controller, ichigadzira imwe yematambudziko akanyanya kukosha kwayo mumakore anotevera.

Crystal Bulldozer

Kunyangwe mana emuviri cores, maBulldozer processors akapihwa kune vashandisi sevasere-musimboti - izvi zvaive nekuda kwekuvapo kwemaviri ane musoro macores mune yega yega computing unit. Mumwe nemumwe wavo aizvirumbidza ega 4 MB L2 cache, decoder, 2 KB yekuraira buffer uye inoyangarara point unit. Uku kupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zvinoshanda kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kupa kugadziridzwa kwedata mushinda sere, zvichisimbisa kusimbiswa kweiyo dhizaini yezvivakwa zveramangwana rinoonekwa. Bulldozer yakagamuchira rutsigiro rweSSE256 neAESNI, uye imwe FPU unit papakati pemuviri yakave inokwanisa kuita 4.2-bit AVX mirairo.

Nehurombo kune AMD, Intel yakatounza Sandy Bridge, saka zvinodikanwa zvechikamu che processor zvakawedzera zvakanyanya. Pamutengo uri pazasi peX6 1090T, mushandisi wepakati anogona kutenga yakakura i5 2500k uye kuwana mashandiro ari padivi neakanakisa ekupedzisira-gen zvinopihwa, uye maReds aifanira kuita zvimwe chetezvo. Maiwe, chokwadi chenguva yekusunungurwa vaive nemafungiro avo panyaya iyi.

Anga atove matanhatu macores eiyo yekare Phenom II anga akasununguka hafu muzviitiko zvakawanda, ndoda sere AMD FX tambo - nekuda kweiyo yakawanda yemitambo yakawanda uye maapplication anoshandisa 6-1 tambo, dzimwe nguva kusvika 2 shinda, chigadzirwa chitsva. kubva kumusasa mutsvuku yakave yakakurumidza zvishoma yapfuura Phenom II, isina tariro kurasikirwa ne4k. Pasinei nezvimwe zvakanakira mumabasa ehunyanzvi (semuenzaniso, mukuchengetedza data), iyo mureza FX-2500 yakave isingafadze kune vatengi vakatopofumadzwa nesimba reiyo i8150 5k. Kumukira hakuna kuitika, uye nhoroondo haina kuzvidzokorora. Zvakakodzera kutaura iyo yakavakirwa-mukati yekugadzira WinRAR bvunzo, yaive yakawanda-shinda, nepo mubasa chairo muchengeti akashandisa zvizere tambo mbiri chete.

Rimwe zambuko. Ivy Bridge kana uchimirira

Muenzaniso we AMD wairatidza zvinhu zvakawanda, asi chekutanga wakasimbisa kukosha kwekugadzira imwe mhando yehwaro pakuvaka yakabudirira (munezvese) processor architecture. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo AMD yakave yakanakisa yeakanakisa munguva yeK7/K8, uye yaive yekutenda kune imwechete postulates iyo Intel yakatora nzvimbo yavo nekuburitswa kweSandy Bridge.

Magadzirirwo ezvivakwa akave asina basa apo kuhwina-kuhwina musanganiswa kwakaonekwa mumaoko eBlues - ane simba cores, ine mwero TDP uye yakasimbiswa papuratifomu fomati pabhasi remhete, inokurumidza zvinoshamisa uye inoshanda kune chero basa. Zvino chakasara kwaive kusanganisa budiriro, tichishandisa zvese zvakambouya - uye uku ndiko chaizvo budiriro iyo shanduko yeIvy Bridge, yechitatu (sezvainoti Intel) chizvarwa cheCore processors, yakave.

Zvichida shanduko yakakosha kubva pakuona kwekuvaka kwaive kufamba kweIntel kuenda ku22 nm - kwete kusvetuka, asi nhanho ine chivimbo yekudzikisa saizi yekufa, iyo zvakare yakave idiki pane yakatangira. Nenzira, saizi yekufa kweiyo AMD FX-8150 processor ine yekare 32 nm process tekinoroji yaive 315 mm2, nepo Intel Core i5-3570 processor yaive nehukuru inopfuura hafu yakakura: 133 mm2.

Panguva ino, Intel zvakare yakavimba ne-on-board mifananidzo, uye yakapa imwe nzvimbo pane chip yayo - kunyangwe zvishoma zvishoma. Iyo yakasara yechip topology haina kumboita shanduko - iwo mana mabhuraki emacores ane yakajairwa L3 cache block, memory controller uye system I/O controller. Mumwe anogona kutaura kuti dhizaini inotaridzika seyakafanana, asi ndicho chaive musimboti weIvy Bridge chikuva - kuchengetedza zvakanakisa zveSandy, uku uchiwedzera pluses kuhomwe yese.

Crystal Ivy Bridge

Nekuda kwekuchinja kune yakatetepa process tekinoroji, Intel yakakwanisa kudzikisa huwandu hwese simba rekushandisa processors kusvika 77 W - kubva pa95 pachizvarwa chakapfuura. Nekudaro, tarisiro yezvakatonyanya kushamisa mhedzisiro haina kururamiswa - nekuda kwechimiro cheIvy Bridge, kuwana mafambisirwo epamusoro kwaida mavhiriji makuru kupfuura aSandy, saka pakanga pasina kumhanyirira kuseta marekodhi nemhuri iyi yevagadziri. Zvakare, kutsiva iyo yekupisa inopindirana pakati pechivharo chekugovera chivharo che processor uye chip yayo kubva kune solder kuenda kune thermal paste yakanga isiri iyo yakanyanya kunaka yekuwedzeredza.

Neraki kune varidzi vechizvarwa chakapfuura Core, soketi haina kuchinja, uye processor nyowani inogona kuiswa nyore mubhodhi rekare rekare. Nekudaro, machipset matsva akapa mafaro akadai serutsigiro rwe USB 3.0, saka vashandisi vanotevera hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji vangangomhanya kutenga bhodhi nyowani paZ-chipset.

Kuita kwese kweIvy Bridge hakuna kuwedzera zvakanyanya zvekuti kunzi kumwe kumukira, asi zvakangofanana. Mumabasa ehunyanzvi, iyo 3770k yakaratidza mibairo inofananidzwa nehunyanzvi X-series processors, uye mumitambo yaive pamberi peyaimbofarirwa 2600k uye 2700k nemusiyano ungangoita gumi%. Vamwe vanogona kufunga kuti izvi hazvina kukwana kusimudzira, asi Sandy Bridge inoonekwa seimwe yemhuri-inogarisa processor mhuri munhoroondo nekuda kwechikonzero.

Chekupedzisira, kunyangwe ivo vakanyanya hupfumi PC yemitambo vashandisi vakakwanisa kunzwa kumberi - Intel HD Graphics 4000 yakave yakakurumidza zvakanyanya kupfuura chizvarwa chakapfuura, ichiratidza avhareji yekuwedzera ye30-40%, uye zvakare yakagamuchira rutsigiro rweDirectX 11. Zvino zvaive zvichikwanisika kutamba mitambo yakakurumbira pakati-yakaderera marongero, kuwana kuita kwakanaka.

Kuzvipedzisa, Ivy Bridge yaive yekuwedzera inogamuchirwa kumhuri yeIntel, ichidzivirira marudzi ese enjodzi kubva mukuwedzeredza kwekuvaka, uye nekutevera iyo tick-tock musimboti iyo Blues haina kumbotsauka kubva. The Reds yakaita kuyedza kuita basa rakakura-pamwe pazvikanganiso nenzira yePiledriver - chizvarwa chitsva muchimiro chekare.
Yakapera 32 nm haina kubvumira AMD kuita imwe shanduko, saka Piledriver akadanwa kuti agadzirise zvikanganiso zveBulldozer, achiteerera kune husina kusimba maficha eiyo AMD FX architecture. Zambezi cores yakatsiviwa neVishera, iyo yaisanganisira kumwe kuvandudzwa kubva kumhinduro dzakabva kuTriniti - mobile processors yehofori tsvuku, asi TDP yakaramba isina kuchinjwa - 125 W yemhando yepamusoro ine index 8350. Zvimiro, yakanga yakafanana nemukoma wayo mukuru. , asi kuvandudzwa kwekuvaka uye kuwedzera kwefrequency ne400 MHz zvakatibvumira kubata.

Masiraidhi ekusimudzira e AMD manheru ekuburitswa kweBulldozer akavimbisa vateveri vechiratidzo kuwedzera kwe10-15% mukuita kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa, asi kuburitswa kweSandy Bridge uye kusvetuka kukuru kumberi hakuna kutendera kuti zvipikirwa izvi zvinzi zvinonyanya kuda chinzvimbo. - ikozvino Ivy Bridge yaive yatove pamasherufu, ichisundidzira kumashure muganho wepamusoro wechikumbaridzo kubereka zvakanyanya. Kuti udzivise kukanganisa zvakare, AMD yakaunza Vishera seimwe nzira kune chikamu chebhajeti cheIvy Bridge line - iyo 8350 yaipokana neiyo i5-3570K, iyo yaikonzerwa kwete chete nechenjedzo yeReds, asiwo kune yekambani. mutemo wemitengo. Iyo mureza Piledriver yakave inowanikwa kune veruzhinji nemadhora zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe, izvo zvakaita kuti zvichipe pane angangoita mukwikwidzi - zvisinei, zvakafanana hazvigone kutaurwa zvechokwadi nezvekuita.

Mabasa ehunyanzvi ndiwo aive nzvimbo inopenya kwazvo yeFX-8350 kuratidza kugona kwayo - macores akashanda nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, uye mune dzimwe nguva chigadzirwa chitsva kubva ku AMD chaitove pamberi pe3770k, asi paitaridzika vashandisi vazhinji (kutamba kwemitambo), iyo processor yakaratidza mibairo yakafanana neiyo i7-920, uye pazvakanakisa kwete kure zvakanyanya kumashure kwe2500k. Nekudaro, mamiriro ezvinhu aya haana kushamisa chero munhu - iyo 8350 yaive 20% inobereka zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo 8150 mumabasa mamwe chete, nepo TDP yakaramba isina kuchinjwa. Basa rekugadzirisa zvikanganiso rakabudirira, kunyange zvazvo risina kujeka sezvinoda vakawanda.

Rekodhi repasi rose rekuwandisa iyo AMD FX 8370 processor yakawanikwa neFinnish overclocker The Stilt muna Nyamavhuvhu 2014. Akakwanisa kupfuudza kristaro kusvika 8722,78 MHz.

Haswell: Zvakanaka kuti uve chokwadi zvakare

Intel's architectural path, sezvingatoonekwa, yakawana goridhe chirevo - kunamatira kune yakamisikidzwa chirongwa mukuvaka yakabudirira yekuvaka, kuita kuvandudzwa mune zvese zvikamu. Sandy Bridge yakave muvambi wezvivakwa zvinoshanda zvakavakirwa pabhazi remhete uye yakabatana musimboti unit, Ivy Bridge yakaikwenenzvera maererano nehardware uye magetsi, uye Haswell yakava rudzi rwekuenderera mberi kweyakatangira, ichivimbisa mitsva yemhando nekuita. .

Architectural masiraidhi kubva kuIntel's presentation yakaratidza zvinyoro nyoro kuti dhizaini yaizoramba isina kuchinjwa. Iko kunatsiridzwa kwakangokanganisa mamwe maficha mune optimization fomati - madoko matsva akawedzerwa kune maneja webasa, iyo L1 uye L2 cache yakagadziridzwa, pamwe neTLB buffer mune yekupedzisira. Izvo hazvigoneke kuti usacherechedze kuvandudzwa kwePCB controller, iyo ine basa rekushanda kweiyo nzira mune dzakasiyana modhi uye yakabatana mari yemagetsi. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, pakuzorora Haswell ave nehupfumi zvakanyanya kupfuura Ivy Bridge, asi pakanga pasina kutaura kwekuderedzwa kwese kweTDP.

Epamberi mamaboards ane tsigiro yeakakwira-kumhanya DDR3 modules akapa vanofarira nemufaro, asi kubva pakuona kwekuwedzeredza zvese zvakazove zvinosuruvarisa - mhedzisiro yaHaswell yakatoipa kupfuura chizvarwa chakapfuura, uye izvi zvakanyanya kukonzerwa neshanduko dzimwe nzvimbo dzinopisa, izvo chete neusimbe hadzisi kuseka zvino. Yakabatanidzwa magiraidhi yakagamuchirawo mabhenefiti ekuita (nekuda kwekuwedzera kukoshesa nyika yemalaptops anotakurika), asi kubva kumashure kwekushaikwa kwekukura kunoonekwa muIPC, Haswell akanzi "Hasfail" yekuwedzera kunosiririsa kwe5-10% mukuita kana ichienzaniswa. kuchizvarwa chakapfuura. Izvi, pamwe chete nezvinetso zvekugadzira, zvakakonzera kuti Broadwell - chizvarwa chinotevera cheIntel - chakashanduka kuita ngano isipo, nekuti kuburitswa kwayo pamapuratifomu enhare uye kumbomira kwegore rose kwakanganisa maonero evashandisi vese. Kuti agadzirise mamiriro acho ezvinhu, Intel yakaburitsa Haswell Refresh, inozivikanwawo seDhiyabhorosi Canyon - zvisinei, pfungwa yayo yese yaive yekuwedzera mafambiro eHaswell processors (4770k uye 4670k), saka isu hatizopa chikamu chakasiyana kwairi.

Broadwell-H: Kunyanya hupfumi, nekukurumidza

Kumbomira kwenguva refu mukuburitswa kweBroadwell-H kwakakonzerwa nekunetseka kwakabatana neshanduko kune itsva tekinoroji maitiro, zvisinei, kana tikapinda mukuongorora kwekuvaka, zvinova pachena kuti kuita kweIntel processors kwasvika padanho risingawanikwe nevakwikwidzi. kubva ku AMD. Asi izvi hazvireve kuti maReds aive kutambisa nguva yavo - nekuda kwekudyara muAPUs, mhinduro dzakavakirwa paKaveri dzaive mukudiwa kukuru, uye mhando dzechikuru dzeA8 dzakateedzana dzaigona kupa kutanga musoro kune chero akasanganiswa magirafu kubva kuBlues. Sezviri pachena, Intel yakanga isingafarire nemamiriro ezvinhu aya - uye saka iyo Iris Pro graphics musimboti yakatora nzvimbo yakakosha muBroadwell-H architecture.

Yakabatana neshanduko kuenda ku14 nm, iyo Broadwell-H saizi yekufa yakaramba yakafanana - asi iyo yakawanda compact dhizaini yakatibvumira kuti titarise zvakanyanya pakuwedzera simba remifananidzo. Mushure mezvose, yaive pamalaptops uye nzvimbo dzemultimedia iyo Broadwell yakawana imba yayo yekutanga, saka hutsva hwakadai serutsigiro rwehardware decoding yeHEVC (H.265) uye VP9 inoita seyakanyanya kunaka.

Intel Core i7-5775C microprocessor chip

Iyo eDRAM crystal yakakodzera kutaurwa kwakakosha, yakatora nzvimbo yakaparadzana pakristaro substrate uye ikava rudzi rwekumhanya-mhanya data buffer - L4 cache - ye processor cores. Kuita kwacho kwakatibvumira kuti tiverenge nhanho yakakomba kumberi mumabasa ehunyanzvi anonyanya kutarisisa kumhanya kwekugadzirisa data rakachengetwa. Iyo eDRAM controller yakatora nzvimbo pane main processor chip; mainjiniya akaishandisa kutsiva nzvimbo iyo yakave yemahara mushure mekuchinja kune itsva tekinoroji maitiro.

eDRAM yakabatanidzwa zvakare kuti ikurumidze kushanda kwe-on-board graphics, ichiita senge inokurumidza furemu cache - ine huwandu hwe128 MB, kugona kwayo kunogona kurerutsa basa repa-board GPU. Muchokwadi, kwaive mukuremekedza eDRAM crystal kuti iyo C yakawedzerwa kuzita re processor - Intel yakadana iyo yakakwirira-kumhanya data caching tekinoroji pane chip Crystal Wall.

Hunhu huzhinji hwechigadzirwa chitsva, zvisingaite, hwakave hunyoro kupfuura Haswell - iyo yekare 5775C yaive neiyo base frequency ye3.3 GHz, asi panguva imwechete yaigona kuzvirumbidza neyakavhurwa yekuwedzera. Nekuderedzwa kwemafrequencies, TDP yakadererawo - ikozvino yaingova 65 W, iyo kune processor yezinga iri pamwe ndiyo yakanakisa kubudirira, nekuti kuita kwakaramba kusingachinji.

Zvisinei nekudzikama kwayo (neSandy Bridge zviyero) kuwedzeredza kugona, Broadwell-H yakashamisika nekushanda kwayo kwesimba, ichiita kunge yakanyanya hupfumi uye inotonhorera pakati pevakwikwidzi, uye iyo-bhodhi mifananidzo yaive pamberi pemhinduro kubva kumhuri ye AMD A10, kuratidza kuti bheji pane giraidhi musimboti pasi pehodhi yaive yakarurama.

Izvo zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti Broadwell-H yakave yepakati zvekuti mukati memwedzi mitanhatu ma processors akavakirwa paSkylake architecture akaunzwa, yakave chizvarwa chechitanhatu mumhuri yeCore.

Skylake - Nguva yekuchinja yaenda kare

Sezvineiwo, zvizvarwa zvakawanda zvakapfuura kubva kuSandy Bridge, asi hapana kana mumwe wavo akakwanisa kuvhundutsa veruzhinji nechinhu chinoshamisa uye chitsva, kunze kwekunge, pamwe, cheBroadwell-H - asi ipapo pakanga paine zvakawanda zvekusvetuka kusati kwamboitika mumifananidzo. uye kuita kwayo (kuenzaniswa neAMD's APUs), pane nezve budiriro huru mukuita. Mazuva eNehalem aenda uye haadzoke, asi Intel yakaramba ichienda mberi mumatanho madiki.

Nekuvakwa, Skylake yakarongedzerwa patsva, uye kurongeka kwakatwasuka kwemayuniti emakomputa kwakatsiviwa neyakajairwa sikweya dhizaini, umo macores anoparadzaniswa neyakagovaniswa-LLC cache, uye ine simba giraidhi musimboti uri kuruboshwe.

Intel Core i7-6700k microprocessor chip

Nekuda kwehunyanzvi maficha, iyo eDRAM controller yave kuwanikwa munzvimbo yeI / O yekudzora unit sewedzero kune yemufananidzo inobuda control module kuitira kuti ipe yakanakisa mhando yekufambisa yemifananidzo kubva kune yakasanganiswa giraidhi core. Iyo yakavakirwa-mukati voltage regulator yakashandiswa muHaswell yakanyangarika kubva pasi pechivharo, bhazi reDMI rakagadziridzwa, uye nekuda kweiyo musimboti wekudzokera kumashure, Skylake processors yakatsigira zvese DDR4 uye DDR3 ndangariro - itsva SO-DIMM DDR3L chiyero chakagadzirirwa ivo. , kushanda nemagetsi mashoma .

Panguva imwecheteyo, munhu haagone kubatsira asi kucherechedza kuti Intel inobhadhara zvakadini kushambadzira chizvarwa chinotevera che-on-board mifananidzo - kana iri Skylake, yanga yatove yechitanhatu mumutsara webhuruu. Intel inonyanya kudada nekuwedzera kwekuita, iyo yainyanya kukosha muchiitiko cheBroadwell, asi panguva ino inovimbisa kunyanya bhajeti-vanoziva gamers iyo yepamusoro-soro yekushanda uye kutsigirwa kweazvino APIs, kusanganisira DirectX 12. The graphics subsystem chikamu. yezvinonzi System paChip (SOC), iyo Intel zvakare yakashingairira kusimudzira semuenzaniso weyakabudirira yekuvaka mhinduro. Asi kana iwe ukarangarira kuti iyo yakasanganiswa voltage controller yanyangarika, uye iyo subsystem yemagetsi inotsamira zvachose paVRM yebhodhi reamai, hongu, Skylake haisati yasvika yakazara-yakazara SOC. Iko hakuna kutaura zvachose nezvekubatanidza iyo yekumaodzanyemba bhiriji chip pasi pechivharo.

Nekudaro, iyo SOC pano inobata basa remurevereri, rudzi rwe "bhiriji" pakati peGen9 graphics chip, processor cores uye system I / O controller, iyo ine basa rekudyidzana kwezvikamu ne processor uye kugadzirisa data. Panguva imwecheteyo, Intel yakasimbisa kukosha kwesimba rekushandisa uye akawanda matanho akatorwa neIntel mukurwira kushandisa mashoma watts - Skylake inopa akasiyana "magedhi emagetsi" (ngatitiidze masimba masimba) chikamu chimwe nechimwe cheSOC, kusanganisira bhazi rinomhanya-mhanya remhete, graphics subsystem uye media controller. Iyo yapfuura P-state-based processor phase power control system yakashanduka kuita Speed ​​​​Shift tekinoroji, inopa zvese zviri zviviri kuchinja pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana (semuenzaniso, pakumuka kubva pakurara panguva yebasa rinoshanda kana kutanga mutambo unorema mushure mekusevha ) uye kuyera mutengo wemagetsi pakati peanoshanda CPU mayuniti kuti uwane yakanyanya kunaka mukati meTDP.

Nekuda kwekugadzirisa patsva kwakabatana nekutsakatika kwemutongi wemagetsi, Intel yakamanikidzwa kutamisa Skylake kune itsva LGA1151 socket, iyo mamaboards akavakirwa paZ170 chipset akaburitswa, akagamuchira rutsigiro rwemakumi maviri PCI-E 20 nzira, imwe USB 3.0 Type A port, yakawedzera nhamba ye USB 3.1 ports, rutsigiro rweSATA uye M3.0 madhiraivha. Iyo ndangariro yakanzi inotsigira DDR2 modules ine ma frequency anosvika 4 MHz.

Kana zviri zvekuita, kuburitswa kweSkylake hakuna kuratidza kuvhunduka. Kuwedzera kwekuita kuri kutarisirwa kwezvikamu zvishanu kubva muzana kana zvichienzaniswa naDhiyabhorosi Canyon kwakasiya vateveri vazhinji vakavhiringidzika, asi zvaive pachena kubva kuIntel mharidzo masiraidhi kuti kukoshesa kukuru kwaive pakushanda kwesimba uye kuchinjika kwepuratifomu nyowani, inokwanisa kuve yakakodzera kune ese ari maviri-anoshanda-micro. -ITX masisitimu uye uye epamberi emitambo mapuratifomu. Vashandisi vaitarisira kusvetukira kumberi kubva kuSandy Bridge Skylake vakaodzwa mwoyo; mamiriro acho aiyeuchidza kuburitswa kweHaswell; kuburitswa kwesoketi nyowani kwakaodzawo moyo.

Iye zvino yave nguva yekutarisira Kaby Lake, nekuti mumwe munhu, uye aifanira kunge ari iye ...

Kaby Lake. Dziva idzva uye hutsvuku husingatarisirwi

Kunyangwe pfungwa yekutanga ye "tick-tock" zano, Intel, nekuona kusavapo kwechero makwikwi kubva kuAMD, yakafunga kuwedzera kutenderera kwega kwega kusvika kumatanho matatu, umo, mushure mekuiswa kwechivakwa chitsva, mhinduro iripo inonatswa pasi zita idzva kwemakore maviri anotevera. Nhanho ye14 nm yaive Broadwell, ichiteverwa neSkylake, uye Kaby Lake, maererano, yakagadzirirwa kuratidza yakanyanya yepamusoro tekinoroji level mukuenzanisa neyekare Nebesnozersk.

Musiyano mukuru pakati peKaby Lake neSkylake kwaive kuwedzera kwemafrequency ne200-300 MHz - zvese maererano nebase frequency uye boost. Architecturally, chizvarwa chitsva hachina kugamuchira chero shanduko - kunyangwe iyo yakasanganiswa magiraidhi, kunyangwe nekuvandudza mamaki, yakaramba yakafanana, asi Intel yakaburitsa chipset yakavakirwa paZ270 nyowani, iyo yakawedzera 4 PCI-E 3.0 nzira kune mashandiro eiyo yapfuura. Sunrise Point, pamwe nerutsigiro rweIntel tekinoroji Optane Memory kune hofori yepamusoro michina. Kuzvimiririra kuwedzeredza kwezvikamu zvebhodhi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvepuratifomu yapfuura zvakachengetwa, uye mashandisirwo emultimedia akagamuchira AVX Offset basa, iyo inobvumira kudzikisa processor frequency painogadzirisa AVX mirairo kuti iwedzere kugadzikana pakakwirira frequencies.

Intel Core i7-7700k microprocessor chip

Panyaya yekuita, zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvechizvarwa chechinomwe zveCore kekutanga zvakazofanana nevakazvitangira - vamboteerera zvakare kukwirisa mashandisirwo emagetsi, Intel yakakanganwa zvachose nezve hutsva maererano neIPC. Nekudaro, kusiyana neSkylake, chigadzirwa chitsva chakagadzirisa dambudziko rekupisa zvakanyanya pamazinga akakomba, uye zvakare rakaita kuti rinzwe senge mumazuva eSandy Bridge, overclocking processor kusvika 4.8-4.9 GHz ine mwero mashandisiro emagetsi uye tembiricha yakaderera. Mune mamwe mazwi, overclocking yave nyore, uye processor yave 10-15 madhigirii inotonhorera, iyo inogona kunzi mhedzisiro yeiyo optimization chaiyo, kutenderera kwayo kwekupedzisira.

Hapana angadai akafungidzira kuti AMD yaitogadzirira mhinduro chaiyo kuIntel makore mazhinji ebudiriro. Zita rayo ndi AMD Ryzen.

AMD Ryzen - Kana munhu wese akaseka uye hapana akatenda

Mushure meiyo yakagadziridzwa Bulldozer, Piledriver architecture yakaunzwa muna 2012, AMD yakanyatso tamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dze processor musika, ichiburitsa akati wandei akabudirira APU mitsara, pamwe nemamwe ehupfumi uye anotakurika mhinduro. Nekudaro, iyo kambani haina kumbokanganwa nezve kurwira patsva kwenzvimbo muzuva pamakomputa edesktop, ichiita kunge kushaya simba, asi panguva imwechete ichishanda paZen architecture - mhinduro nyowani chaiyo yakagadzirirwa kumutsidzira mweya wakamborasika wemakwikwi muCPU. market.

Kugadzira chigadzirwa chitsva, AMD yakatendeukira kune rubatsiro rwaJim Keller, mumwe chete "baba vemacores maviri" ane ruzivo rwebasa rwakatungamira hofori tsvuku mukurumbira uye kuzivikanwa mukutanga 2000s. Ndiye iye, pamwe chete nevamwe mainjiniya, vakagadzira chivakwa chitsva chakagadzirirwa kukurumidza, chine simba uye chitsva. Nehurombo, munhu wese akarangarira kuti Bulldozer yakavakirwa pamisimboti imwechete - imwe nzira yaidiwa.

Jim Keller

Uye AMD yakatora mukana wekushambadzira, ichizivisa kuwedzera kwe52% muIPC zvichienzaniswa nechizvarwa cheExcavator - iwo achangoburwa cores akakura kubva muBulldozer imwechete. Izvi zvaireva kuti zvichienzaniswa ne8150, maZen processors akavimbisa kukurumidza kupfuura 60% nekukurumidza, uye izvi zvakafadza munhu wese. Pakutanga, pazviratidziro zve AMD vakapa nguva chete kumabasa ehunyanzvi, vachienzanisa processor yavo nyowani ne5930K, uye gare gare ne6800K, asi nekufamba kwenguva vakatangawo kutaura nezvedivi rekutamba redambudziko - rinonyanya kudzvanya kubva panzvimbo yekutengesa. yemaonero. Asi kunyangwe apa AMD vaive vakagadzirira kurwa.

Iyo Zen architecture yakavakirwa patsva 14 nm process tekinoroji, uye magadzirirwo, zvigadzirwa zvitsva hazvina zvachose kufanana nemodular architecture kubva 2011. Iye zvino chip inogadzira mabhuroki maviri makuru anoshanda anonzi CCX (Core Complex), imwe neimwe inogona vane macores anosvika mana anoshanda . Sezvakaitika paSkylake, akasiyana masisitimu controllers anowanikwa pane chip substrate, kusanganisira 24 PCI-E 3.0 nzira, tsigiro inosvika 4 USB 3.1 Type A ports, pamwe nembiri-channel DDR4 memory controller. Zvinonyanya kukosha kucherechedza saizi yeL3 cache - mune mureza mhinduro huwandu hwayo hunosvika 16 MB. Imwe neimwe musimboti yakagamuchira yayo inoyangarara point unit (FPU), iyo yakagadzirisa imwe yematambudziko makuru eiyo yekare dhizaini. Kushandiswa kwe processor kwadzikirawo zvakanyanya - kune iyo mureza Ryzen 7 1800X yakasarudzwa pa95 W ichienzaniswa ne220 W ye "inopisa" (mupfungwa dzese) AMD FX modhi.

AMD Ryzen 1800X microprocessor inofa

Kuzadzwa kwetekinoroji kwakave kusiri kushomeka mune zvitsva - saka mapurosesa matsva e AMD akagamuchira seti yese yetekinoroji nyowani pasi pemusoro weSenseMI, iyo yaisanganisira Smart Prefetch (kurodha data mu cache buffer kuti ikurumidze kushanda kwezvirongwa). Pure Power (chaizvoizvo analogue ye "yakangwara" yekudzora magetsi ekugadzirisa uye zvikamu zvayo, inoshandiswa muSkylake), Neural Net Prediction (algorithm inoshanda pamisimboti yekuzvidzidzira neural network), pamwe neYakawedzerwa Frequency. Range (kana XFR), yakagadzirirwa kupa vashandisi masisitimu epamusoro ekutonhodza ane mamwe 100 MHz ma frequency. Kekutanga kubvira Piledriver, overclocking yakaitwa kwete neTurbo Core, asi nePrecision Boost - tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa yekuwedzera frequency zvichienderana nekuremerwa pamacores. Takaona tekinoroji yakafanana kubva kuIntel kubvira Sandy Bridge.

Iyo itsva Ryzen architecture yakavakirwa paInfinity Fabric bhazi, rakagadzirirwa kubatanidza ese ari maviri macores uye maviri maCCX mabhuroka pane chip substrate. Iyo yepamusoro-yekumhanya interface yakagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi chekukurumidza kudyidzana pakati pemacores uye zvivharo, uye zvakare kukwanisa kuitiswa pane mamwe mapuratifomu - semuenzaniso, pahupfumi APUs uye kunyangwe mu AMD VEGA makadhi emifananidzo, uko bhazi rakapetwa neHBM2 memory. inofanirwa kushanda nebandwidth inosvika 512 Gb/s

Infinity Fabric

Zvese izvi zvakabatana nezvirongwa zvekuda kuwedzera mutsara weZen kusvika kumapuratifomu epamusoro-soro, maseva uye maAPU - kubatana kwemaitiro ekugadzira, sekugara, kunotungamira mukugadzirwa kwakachipa, uye mitengo yakaderera yekuyedza yagara iri prerogative ye AMD.

Pakutanga, AMD yakaratidza chete Ryzen 7 - mhando dzekare dzemutsara, dzakanangana nevanonyanya kusarudzwa nevagadziri venhau, uye mwedzi mishoma gare gare vakateverwa neRyzen 5 uye Ryzen 3. Yakanga iri Ryzen 5 iyo yakazova mhinduro dzinoyevedza maererano nemutengo uye kuita kwemitambo, iyo Intel, kutaura chokwadi, yakanga isati yagadzirira. Uye kana padanho rekutanga zvaiita sekuti Ryzen aifanira kudzokorora magumo eBulldozer (kunyangwe aine dhigirii shoma redhirama), nekufamba kwenguva zvakava pachena kuti AMD yakakwanisa kumisa makwikwi zvakare.

Matambudziko makuru neRyzen aive ehunyanzvi nuances aiperekedza varidzi vekutanga kudzokororwa mukati memwedzi mishoma yekutanga - nekuda kwematambudziko nekurangarira, Ryzen aive asiri kukurumidza kukurudzirwa kutengwa, uye kutsamira kwema processor pane frequency ye RAM. yakanangana nekudiwa kwekuwedzera mari. Nekudaro, vashandisi vane ruzivo mukumisikidza nguva vakawana kuti neakakwira-kumhanya ndangariro mamodule akarongedzerwa kusvika kushoma nguva, Ryzen inokwanisa kusundira kunyange 7700k, izvo zvakakonzera kunakidzwa chaiko mumusasa weAMD fan. Asi kunyangwe pasina mafaro akadai, iyo Ryzen 5 mhuri ye processors yakave yakabudirira zvekuti mafungu ekutengesa kwavo akamanikidza Intel kuita shanduko yekuchimbidza mukuvaka kwayo. Mhinduro kune yakabudirira kufamba kwe AMD kwaive kuburitswa kweazvino (panguva yekunyora) Coffee Lake architecture, iyo yakagamuchira 6 cores pachinzvimbo chechina.

Coffee Lake. Chando chapwanyika

Zvisinei nekuti iyo 7700k yakabata zita remhando yepamusoro yemitambo processor kwenguva yakareba, AMD yakakwanisa kuwana budiriro inoshamisa pakati pemutsara, ichishandisa mutemo wekare we "mamwe macores, asi akachipa." Iyo Ryzen 1600 yaive ne6 cores uye tambo gumi nembiri, uye iyo 12k yakanga ichiri yakanamatira pa7600 cores, ichipa AMD kuhwina kuri nyore kwekushambadzira, kunyanya nerutsigiro rwevazhinji vanoongorora uye mablogiki. Ipapo Intel yakashandura hurongwa hwekuburitsa ndokuunza Kofi Lake kumusika - kwete imwe chete mashoma muzana uye akati wandei watts, asi nhanho chaiyo yekumberi.

Chokwadi, pano zvakare zvakaitwa nekuchengetera. Zvitanhatu zvakamirirwa kwenguva refu, kwete pasina mufaro weSMT, zvakanyatsoonekwa pahwaro hweSkylake imwechete, yakavakwa pa14 nm. MuKaby Lake, hwaro hwayo hwakagadziridzwa, kugadzirisa matambudziko nekuwedzeredza uye tembiricha, uye muKofi Lake yakagadziridzwa kuti iwedzere huwandu hwema block block ne2, uye yakagadziridzwa kuti inotonhorera uye yakagadzikana kushanda. Kana tikaongorora zvivakwa kubva pakuona kwezvitsva, saka hapana hutsva (kunze kwekuwedzera kwenhamba yemacores) yakaonekwa muKofi Lake.

Intel Core i7-8700k microprocessor chip

Asi pakanga paine tekinoroji zvipimo zvakabatana nekudiwa kwemabhodhi emamai matsva akavakirwa paZ370. Zvirambidzo izvi zvine chekuita nekuwedzera kwesimba rinodiwa, kubva pakuwedzera kwemacores matanhatu uye kugadziridzwa patsva kweiyo sisitimu uchifunga nezvekukura kukara kwekristaro kunodiwa kusimudza mashoma emagetsi emagetsi. Sezvatinorangarira kubva munhoroondo yeBroadwell, Intel yanga ichiedza mumakore achangopfuura kuita zvakapesana - kuderedza kusawirirana kumativi ese, asi ikozvino zano iri rasvika kumagumo. Nehunyanzvi, LGA1151 yakaramba yakafanana, zvisinei, nekuda kwenjodzi yekukuvadza mutongi weVRM, Intel yakaganhura kuenderana kwe processor nemabhodhi ekare, nekudaro ichizvidzivirira kubva kuzvinonyadzisa (sezvaive zvakaita neRX480 uye AMD yakatsva-PCI. -E zvibatanidza). Iyo yakagadziridzwa Z370 haichatsigire yakapfuura DDR3L ndangariro, asi hapana aitarisira kuenderana kwakadaro.

Intel ivo pachavo vaive vachigadzira yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yepuratifomu nerutsigiro rwe USB 3.1 yechizvarwa chechipiri, SDXC memori makadhi uye yakavakirwa-mukati Wi-Fi 802.11 controller, saka kuburitsa kumhanyisa neZ370 kwakave chimwe chezviitiko izvo. akaita kuti zvibvire kugumisa pamusoro pechitarisiko chechikuva. Nekudaro, pakanga paine zvakawanda zvinoshamisa muKofi Lake - uye chimwe chikamu chazvo chaive chakanangana nekuwandisa.

Intel yakabhadhara zvakanyanya kwairi, ichisimbisa basa rakaitwa kukwirisa iyo overclocking maitiro - semuenzaniso, muKofi Lake zvakave zvichigoneka kugadzirisa akati wandei nhanho-ne-nhanho overclocking presets akasiyana-siyana ekurodha mamiriro, kugona kushandura ndangariro. nguva pasina kusiya sisitimu yekushandisa, tsigiro yechero ipi, kunyangwe isingagoneke DDR4 kuwandisa (yakataurwa tsigiro yemafrequency kusvika ku8400 MHz), pamwe neyakagadziridzwa simba system yakagadzirirwa mitoro yakakura. Nekudaro, kutaura zvazviri, overclocking iyo 8700k yaive kure nekunyanya kushamisa - nekuda kwekusashanda kweiyo thermal interface inoshandiswa pasina deliding, iyo processor yaiwanzo kugumira ku4.7-4.8 GHz, ichisvika pakupisa kwakanyanya, asi nekuchinja kwechimiro chaigona. ratidza zvinyorwa zvitsva muchimiro che5.2 kana kunyange 5.3 GHz. Nekudaro, ruzhinji rwevashandisi vanga vasingafarire izvi, saka iyo overclocking mukana weiyo matanhatu-musimboti Kofi Lake inogona kunzi yakadzorwa. Hongu, hongu, Sandy haasati akanganwa.

Kuita kwemitambo yeCoffee Lake hakuna kuratidza zvishamiso zvakakosha - zvisinei nekuonekwa kwemaviri emuviri cores uye tambo ina, iyo 8700k panguva yekuburitswa yaingova nezve imwechete yekuita nhanho ye5-10% pamusoro peiyo yapfuura mureza. Hongu, Ryzen haana kukwanisa kukwikwidzana nayo mu niche yemitambo, asi kubva pakuona kwekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa, zvinoratidzika kuti Coffee Lake inongova imwe "ikozvino", asi kwete "tiki", iyo Sandy Bridge yaiva muna 2011. .

Neraki kune vateveri ve AMD, mushure mekuburitswa kweRyzen, kambani yakazivisa zvirongwa zvenguva refu zve AM4 socket uye kuvandudzwa kweZen architecture kusvika 2020 - uye mushure mekunge Kofi Lake yadzosa kutarisisa kuIntel yepakati-renji chikamu, yaive nguva. yeRyzen 2 - shure kwezvose. AMD inofanira kuva neyayo "ikozvino".

Chokwadi chine hutsinyeHatina kuona Intel sezvairi nhasi kana isina kushandisa makwikwi asina kunaka kusimudzira zvigadzirwa zvayo. Saka muna Chivabvu 2009, kambani iyi yakabhadhariswa mari neEuropean Commission mari yakawanda inosvika bhiriyoni imwe nehafu yemadhora ekuAmerica yekupa chiokomuhomwe vanogadzira makomputa avo uye kambani imwe yekutengesa yekusarudza mapurosesa kubva kuIntel. Intel manejimendi akabva ataura kuti hapana vashandisi vaigona kutenga makomputa nemutengo wakaderera kana kururamisira kwaizobatsirikana nesarudzo yekumhan'arira.

Intel zvakare ine yekare uye inoshanda nzira yemakwikwi. Nekusanganisira iyo CPUID rairo kekutanga, kutanga neiyo i486 processors, uye nekugadzira nekugovera yayo yega compiler yemahara, Intel yakave nechokwadi chekubudirira kwayo kwemakore mazhinji ari kuuya. Iyi compiler inogadzira yakakwana kodhi yeIntel processors uye mediocre kodhi yemamwe ese ma processor. Nekudaro, kunyangwe tekinoroji ine simba kubva kune vakwikwidzi "yakapfuura nepakati" isiri-yakanyanya chirongwa matavi. Izvi zvakaderedza kuita kwekupedzisira mukushandisa uye hazvina kutendera kuti iratidze yakaenzana nhanho yekuita seIntel processor ine hunhu hwakafanana.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro emakwikwi, VIA yaisakwanisa kumirisana nemakwikwi, ichideredza zvakanyanya kutengeswa kwema processors. Yayo-inoshanda nesimba Nano processor yaive yakaderera kune yazvino Intel Atom processor nyowani. Zvese zvingadai zvakanaka dai mumwe muongorori ane hunyanzvi, Agner Fog, atadza kushandura CPUID paNano processor. Sezvaitarisirwa, zvibereko zvakawedzera uye zvakapfuura zvemukwikwidzi. Asi nhau hadzina kubudisa mugumisiro webhomba remashoko.
Makwikwi ne AMD (yechipiri pakukura mugadziri we x86/x64 microprocessors munyika) haanawo kufamba zvakanaka kune yekupedzisira; muna 2008, nekuda kwematambudziko emari, AMD yaifanira kusiya neyakagadzira yayo semiconductor yakabatanidzwa maseketi, GlobalFoundries. AMD, mukurwa kwayo neIntel, yaivimba ne-multi-cores, ichipa ma processor anodhura ane akawanda cores, nepo Intel yaigona kupindura muchikamu ichi chechigadzirwa nema processor ane mashoma macores, asi neHyper-Threading tekinoroji.

Kwemakore mazhinji, Intel yanga ichiwedzera chikamu chayo chemusika munharembozha uye desktop processors, ichibvisa mukwikwidzi wayo. Iyo server processor musika yakatove yatove yakatorwa zvachose. Uye munguva pfupi yapfuura mamiriro acho akatanga kuchinja. Kuburitswa kwe AMD Ryzen processors kwakamanikidza Intel kuti ichinje maitiro ayo ekutanga ekuwedzera zvishoma mafambisirwo ekushanda kwevagadziri. Kunyangwe iwo bvunzo mapakeji akabatsira Intel kuti asanetseka zvakare. Semuenzaniso, mune zvekugadzira SYSMark bvunzo, mutsauko uripo pakati pechizvarwa chechitanhatu nechinomwe cheCore i7 desktop processors wanga usina kuenzana nekuwedzera kwema frequency ane akafanana musimboti hunhu.

Asi ikozvino Intel yatangawo kuwedzera huwandu hwemacores edesktop processors, uye yakadzokorodza chikamu chiripo processor mhando. Iri idanho rakanaka rekuti vatengi vayo vave nehunyanzvi hwekuverenga.

Munyori wenyaya yacho ndiPavel Chudinov.

2019 - Blue Point yeNo Return kana iyo Chiplet Revolution

Mushure mezvizvarwa zviviri zvakabudirira zvikuru zveRyzen processors, AMD yakanga yakagadzirira kutora danho risati ramboitika kumberi kwete mukuita chete, asiwo mune yazvino matekinoroji ekugadzira - kuenda ku7nm process tekinoroji, ichipa 25% kuwedzera kwekuita uku ichichengetedza inogara ichipisa pasuru. , pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwakawanda kwekuvaka uye optimizations zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kutora AM4 papuratifomu kune imwe nhanho, ichipa vese varidzi veakapfuura "akakurumbira" masisitimu nekusimudzira kusingarwadze nekutanga BIOS update.

Uye iyo yakakosha yepfungwa 4 GHz chiratidzo, icho munzira dzakawanda chaive chigumbuso munzira yekuenda kumakwikwi anotyisa neIntel, vainetseka vanofarira mune imwe nzira - kubva pakaonekwa runyerekupe rwekutanga, vazhinji vakacherekedza kuti kuwedzera kwehuwandu muRyzen 3000. mhuri haifanire kunge inopfuura makumi maviri muzana, asi hapana aigona kumira kurota nezve 20 GHz iyo Intel yakaratidza. "Kuvuza" kwakawanda kwakakurudzirawo kufarira, pamwe nemitsara yakazara ye processor uye zvinoshamisa ruzivo, mazhinji acho akazove kure kure nechokwadi. Asi mukururama, zvakakosha kuziva kuti kumwe kuvuza kwainyatsoenderana nemhedzisiro yakaonekwa - hongu, nekumwe kusachengeteka.

Nehunyanzvi, iyo Zen 2 yekuvakisa yakagamuchira akati wandei misiyano kubva kune yakatangira, iyo iri pasi pezvizvarwa zviviri zvekutanga zveRyzen. Musiyano wakakosha waive kurongeka kweiyo processor, ikozvino ine matatu akapatsanurwa makristasi, maviri ayo ane zvivharo zvemacores, uye chechitatu, akanyanya kushamisa muhukuru, anosanganisira block yevatongi uye nzira dzekutaurirana (I / O). Kunyangwe paine akawanda mabhenefiti esimba-rinoshanda uye epamberi 7nm maitiro, AMD yaisakwanisa kubatsira asi kutarisana nekuwedzera mari yekugadzira, nekuti iyo 7nm maitiro akange asati aedzwa uye akaunzwa kune yakaringana chiyero cheakaremara machipisi kune akachena. Nekudaro, pakanga paine chimwe chikonzero - mubatanidzwa wakazara wekugadzira, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kusanganisa mitsara yekugadzira yakasiyana kuita imwe, uye sarudza makristasi kune ese ari maviri anodhura Ryzen 5 uye inoshamisa EPYC. Iyi mhinduro inodhura yakabvumira AMD kuchengetedza mitengo padanho rimwe chete, uye zvaive zvakanaka kufadza vateveri nekuburitswa kweRyzen 3000.

Kurongeka kwechimiro chechiplets

Kupatsanura processor chip muzvikamu zvitatu zvidiki kwakabvumira kufambira mberi kwakakosha mukugadzirisa akanyanya kukosha mabasa akatarisana neanjiniya e AMD - kuderedza Infinity Fabric latency, kunonoka kuwana cache uye kuchinjisa data kubva kwakasiyana CCX zvidhinha. Ikozvino saizi yecache yakawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri (32 MB L3 ye3600 kupesana ne16 MB yegore rapfuura 2600), nzira dzekushanda nayo dzakagadziridzwa, uye iyo Infinity Fabric frequency ine yayo FCLK yekuwedzeredza, iyo inobvumira kushandiswa kwe RAM inosvika 3733 MHz ine mhedzisiro mhedzisiro (kunonoka mune iyi kesi hakuna kudarika 65-70 nanoseconds). Nekudaro, iyo Ryzen 3000 ichiri kunzwira ndangariro nguva, uye inodhura yakaderera-latency zvimiti zvinogona kuunza varidzi vezvitsva hardware kusvika ku30% kana kupfuura mashandiro ekuwedzera - kunyanya mune mamwe mamiriro nemitambo.

Iyo yekupisa pasuru yema processor yakaramba yakafanana, asi mafambiro akawedzera sezvaitarisirwa - kubva pa4,2 mukuwedzera pa3600 kusvika 4,7 mu3950X. Mushure mekupinda mumusika, vashandisi vazhinji vakasangana nedambudziko re "malaise", apo processor haina kuratidza mafambiro akaziviswa nemugadziri kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka - iyo "tsvuku" yaifanira kuita yakakosha BIOS revision (1.0.0.3ABBA), umo dambudziko rakagadziriswa zvinobudirira, uye mwedzi wapfuura Global 1.0.0.4 yakaburitswa, ine zvinopfuura zana nehafu zvigadziriso uye optimizations - kune vamwe vashandisi, mushure mekuvandudza, iyo processor frequency yakawedzera kusvika 75 MHz, uye yakajairwa. voltages yakadzikira zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, izvi hazvina kukanganisa kugona kwekuwedzeredza munzira ipi neipi - iyo Ryzen 3000, sevakatangira, inoshanda zvakanaka kunze kwebhokisi, uye haikwanise kupa overclocking kugona kupfuura kuwedzera kwekufananidzira - izvi zvinoita kuti ifadze kune vanofarira, asi yakawanda. yemufaro kune avo Sei asingadi kubata zvirongwa muBIOS?

Zen 2 yakagamuchira kuwedzera kukuru kwe-per-core performance (kusvika gumi neshanu muzana mumashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana), yakabvumira AMD kuti iwedzere zvakanyanya huwandu muzvikamu zvese zvemusika, uye kekutanga mumakumi emakore kushandura mafambiro mairi. Chii chakaita kuti izvi zvibvire? Ngatinyatsoongororai.

Ryzen 3 - Tekinoroji Fantasy

Vazhinji vakatevera kubuda kwacho maererano nechizvarwa cheZen 2 vainyanya kufarira Ryzen 3 itsva. Mapurosesa aiwanika akavimbiswa 6 cores, ane simba akabatanidzwa magirafu uye mutengo unoseka. Nehurombo, vatevedzeri vanotarisirwa kuRyzen 3, iyo AMD yakashongedza chikamu chezasi chepuratifomu yayo muna 2017, havana kumboona chiedza chezuva. Panzvimbo iyoyo, maReds akaenderera mberi nekushandisa iyo Ryzen 3 mhando seyepasi-yekupedzisira mhando, kusanganisira mbiri inodhura-inoshanda uye yakapusa APU mhinduro - yakawedzera zvishoma yakawedzera (ichienzaniswa neyakatangira) 3200G ine yakasanganiswa Vega 8 mifananidzo inokwanisa kubata basic system mitoro. uye mitambo ine resolution ye720p, pamwe nemukoma wayo mukuru 3400G, iyo yakagamuchira inokurumidza vhidhiyo musimboti neVega 11 graphics, pamwe neanoshanda SMT + yakawedzera mafrequency pamativi ese. Mhinduro iyi inogona kukwana kumitambo yakapusa pa1080p, asi mhinduro idzi dzekupinda-nhanho dzinotaurwa pano kwete nekuda kwechikonzero ichocho, asi nekuda kwekukakavadzana nekudonha kwakafanotaura Ryzen 3 kwete chete 6 cores, asiwo kuchengetedza mutengo wakapusa (unosvika $120. -150 ). Nekudaro, isu hatifanirwe kukanganwa nezve chaiyo mamiriro eiyo APU - ivo vachiri kushandisa Zen + cores, uye kutaura zvazviri vamiriri ve3000 akateedzana chete zviri pamutemo.

Nekudaro, kana tikataura nezve kukosha kwechizvarwa chitsva chose, AMD yakave nechokwadi chekuchengetedza hutungamiriri hwayo husina kupokana muzvikamu zvakawanda - yakawana budiriro muchikamu chepakati-renji processors.

Ryzen 5 3600 - Gamba revanhu pasina kuzorora

Chimwe chezvakakosha zveZen 2 processor architecture yaive shanduko kubva kune imwechete-chip classic dhizaini kusvika pakugadzirwa kwe "modular" dhizaini - AMD yakashandisa patent yayo ye "chiplets", makristasi madiki ane processor cores akabatana neInfinity. Fabric bhazi. Nokudaro, "tsvuku" haina kungopinda mumusika neboka idzva rezvitsva, asiwo yakaita basa rakakomba pane rimwe rematambudziko anonyanya kunetsa ezvizvarwa zvakapfuura - high latencies zvose pakushanda nekuyeuka uye kana kuchinjana data pakati pemacores kubva kwakasiyana. CCX blocks.

Uye sumo iyi yanga iri pano nechikonzero - iyo Ryzen 3600, mambo asina kupokana wepakati-renji chikamu, akawana kukunda kusingaverengeki nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwakaitwa ne AMD muchizvarwa chitsva. Kuwedzera kwakakura kwekuita kwese-musimboti uye kugona kushanda nendangariro nekukurumidza kupfuura 3200 MHz (iyo yakawanda yaive sirin'i inoshanda yechizvarwa chakapfuura) yakaita kuti zvikwanise kusimudza bhari nyore kusvika pakakwirira zvisati zvamboitika, chinangwa kwete chete iyo inokurumidza i5-9600K, asiwo pamureza i7-9700.

Kuenzaniswa neyakatangira, iyo Ryzen 2600, mutsva akawana kwete chete kuvandudzwa kwakawanda mumunda wezvivakwa, asiwo kushomeka maitiro (iyo 3600 inodziya kupisa zvishoma, ndosaka AMD yakatokwanisa kuchengetedza pane inotonhorera. nekubvisa mhangura yemhangura), musoro unotonhorera uye kukwanisa kusanyara kukanganisa. Sei? Zviri nyore - iyo 3600 haina ivo, kunyangwe izvi zvichiita sezvisina musoro. Zvitongere wega - iyo peak frequency yakawedzera ne200 MHz, iyo nameplate 65 W haisisiri yekupokana, uye 6 cores akaenzana (kana kutopfuura!) Ikozvino Intel cores muKofi Lake. Uye zvese izvi zvakapihwa mafeni kune yekirasi $199, yakavhenekerwa nekudzokera kumashure kunoenderana nemazhinji mamaboards e AM4. Iyo Ryzen 3600 yakarongerwa kubudirira - uye kutengesa kutenderera pasirese kunoratidza zvakajeka izvi kwemwedzi wechitatu mumutsara. Mune mamwe matunhu ave akavimbika kuIntel, mamiriro emusika akachinja husiku, uye nyika dzeEurope (uye kunyange Russia!) Mukukura kwenyika yedu, processor yakatora gumi muzana yemusika wekutengesa kweCPU munyika, pamberi peiyo i10-7K uye i9700-9K yakasanganiswa. Uye kana mumwe munhu achifunga kuti zvose pamusoro pemutengo unonaka, saka zvinhu zvose hazvisi nyore: Ryzen 9900, kuenzanisa, panguva imwe chete mushure mekupinda mumusika haina kutora zvinopfuura 2600%. Chakavanzika chebudiriro chakarara kumwe kunhu - AMD yakarova Intel muchikamu chakazara vanhu chemusika we processor, uye yakataura izvi pachena pamharidzo panguva yekutanga processors kuCES3. Uye mutengo unonaka, kuenderana kwakakura uye kutonhora kwaisanganisira kwakasimbisa hutungamiriri hwagara husina kupokana.

Saka nei mukoma, 3600X, aidiwa? Zvakafanana muhunhu hwese, processor iyi yakakurumidza neimwe 200 MHz (uye yaive nekuwedzera frequency ye4.4 GHz), uye yakatibvumira kuwana mukana wekufananidzira pamusoro peiyo diki processor, iyo isingataridzike inogutsa pakatarisana nekumashure kweiyo zvakanyanya. kuwedzera mutengo ($229). Nekudaro, iyo yekare modhi yakanga ichine zvimwe zvakanaka - uku kwaive kusavapo kwechido chekushandura masiraidhi muBIOS mukutsvaga mafambiro pamusoro pechigadziko, uye Precision Boost 2.0, iyo inogona dynamically overclock processor mumamiriro ezvinhu anonetsa, uye inorema. inotonhorera (Wraith Spire pachinzvimbo Wraith Stealth). Kana zvese izvi zvichinzwika senge chirevo chinoyedza, iyo 3600X ibwe rakanaka kubva kumutsara mutsva we AMD. Kana kubhadhara zvakanyanya isiri yako sarudzo, uye musiyano mukuita kwe2-3% hautaridziki wakakosha, sununguka kusarudza 3600 - haungazvidembi.

Ryzen 7 3700X - Old New Flagship

AMD yakagadzirira kutsiva aimbove mutungamiri asina nzira dzakawanda - munhu wese ainzwisisa kuti zvichienzaniswa nevakwikwidzi varipo, iyo 2700X yaitaridzika kunge ishoma, uye nhanho hombe yekumberi (sezvakaitika ku3600) yaive pachena uye inotarisirwa. Pasina kushandura chiyero chesimba maererano nemacores uye tambo, iyo "tsvuku" yakaunza vaviri processors kumusika, isina chero misiyano yakakosha, asi yakasiyana zvakanyanya mumutengo.

Iyo 3700X yakaunzwa seyakatsiva yakananga yekutsiva iyo yapfuura mureza - pamutengo unokurudzirwa wemadhora mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nepfumbamwe, AMD yakaratidza mukwikwidzi akazara kune i329-7K, ichisimbisa imwe neimwe yemabhenefiti ayo, senge yakawedzera tekinoroji mhinduro uye kuvapo kweakawanda. -threading, iyo Intel yakasarudza kuchengetera chete "yehumambo" processors yemhando yepamusoro. Panguva imwecheteyo, AMD yakaunzawo iyo 9700X, iyo, kutaura zvazviri, yaingokurumidza zvishoma (3800 MHz pachigadziko uye zana mukusimudzira) shanduro, uye haina kukwanisa kuzvisiyanisa neimwe nzira kubva kuhama yayo diki. Nekudaro, kune vanhu vachiri kunzwa kutyisa nezve izwi rekuti "manual overclocking", iyi sarudzo inotaridzika zvakanaka, asi iwe unofanirwa kubhadhara yakawanda yekuwedzera pazvinhu zvidiki zvakadaro - zvinosvika makumi manomwe emadhora pamusoro.

Ryzen 9 3900X uye 3950X - Kuratidza kweSimba

Zvisinei, chinonyanya kukosha (uye kutaura chokwadi, chinodiwa!) Chiratidzo chekubudirira kweZen 2 yaive mhinduro dzekare kubva kumhuri yeRyzen 9 - iyo 12-core 3900X uye 16-core shasha muchimiro che3950X. Aya ma processors, ane tsoka imwe munharaunda yeHEDT mhinduro, anoramba ari echokwadi kune pfungwa ye AM4 papuratifomu, iine hombe yekuchengetedza zviwanikwa izvo zvinogona kushamisa kunyange vateveri vegore rapfuura Threadripper.

Iyo 3900X, hongu, yaive yakarongedzerwa kuzadzisa iyo Ryzen 3000 mutsara uchipokana neazvino mutambo wengano - iyo 9900K, uye mune izvi processor yakave yakanaka kwazvo. Nekukwidziridzwa kwe4.5 GHz pamusimboti uye 4.3 kune ese aripo, iyo 3900X yatora danho rakakosha kuenda kune yakamirirwa kwenguva refu parity neIntel mukuita kwemitambo, uye panguva imwechete inotyisa simba mune chero mamwe mabasa - kupa, komputa, kushanda nearchives, nezvimwe. 24 tambo dzakabvumira iyo 3900X kubata neiyo diki Threadripper mukuita kwakachena, uye panguva imwe chete isingatamburi nekushomeka kwakanyanya kwesimba pamusimboti (sezvazvaive zvakaita ne2700X) kana kukanganisa kwe akati wandei epakati maitiro ekushandisa (uye. iyo ine mukurumbira weGame Mode, iyo yakaremadza hafu yemacores mu AMD HEDT processors). AMD yakatamba pasina kukanganisika, uye nepo korona yeanokurumidza mutambo processor ichiri mumaoko eIntel (uyo achangobva kuburitsa iyo 9900KS, ine gakava shoma-edition processor yevateresi), maReds akakwanisa kuendesa yakanyanya kuchinjika-yekupedzisira. gem parizvino pamusika. Asi kwete iyo ine simba zvakanyanya - uye zvese kutenda kune iyo 3950X.

Iyo 3950X yakava munda wekuyedza AMD - kusanganisa simba rekushandisa reHEDT uye zita re "yekutanga 16-musimboti mutambo wemitambo processor" inogona kunzi kubhejera kwakachena, asi kutaura zvazviri "tsvuku" vanga vasinganyepe. Iyo yepamusoro-soro inosimudzira frequency muchimiro che 4.7 GHz (ine mutoro pa 1 core), kugona kushandisa ese gumi nematanhatu cores pa frequency ye 16 GHz pasina exotic kutonhora, pamwe nemachiplets akasarudzwa ekirasi yepamusoro, anokubvumidza iwe kugadzira. iyo monster nyowani yakatonyanya hupfumi kupfuura yayo gumi-yepakati hama nekuti yekudzikisa ekushanda voltages. Ichokwadi, sarudzo yekutonhodza nguva ino inoramba iri pahana yemutengi - AMD haina kutengesa processor neinotonhorera, ichizvimisa pakungokurudzira kutengwa kwe4.4 kana 12 mm inotonhorera.

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, iyo 3950X inoratidza kuita kwemitambo padanho regumi nemaviri-musimboti mhinduro, inotonhorera, uchirangarira nyaya inosiririsa yemabatiro akaita Threadripper. Nekudaro, mumitambo umo kushandiswa kwetambo kwakaderedzwa zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, muGTA V), iyo mureza haina kufadza ziso - asi izvi ndizvo zvinosiyana nemutemo.

Iyo itsva 16-musimboti processor inozviratidza nenzira yakasiyana zvachose mumabasa ehunyanzvi - hazvisi zvenhando kuti kuburitswa kwakawanda kwakataura kuti AMD yakashandura kusimbisa kwayo muchikamu chevatengi zvekuti iyo 3950X itsva inonzwa ine chivimbo kunyangwe ichipokana neanodhura analogues senge i9. -9960X, ichiratidza kuwedzera kukuru kwekuita muBlender, POV Mark, Premiere uye mamwe maapplication-akasimba ekushandisa. Zuva rapfuura, Threadripper akange atovimbisa kuratidzwa kukuru kwesimba rekombuta, asi kunyangwe iyo 3950X yakaratidza kuti chikamu chevatengi chinogona kunge chakasiyana zvachose - uye kunyangwe semi-nyanzvi. Kurangarira zvakawanikwa zvegumi nematanhatu-musimboti mureza we AM16 papuratifomu, mumwe haagone kubatsira asi kurangarira mapinduriro akaita Intel pakurwiswa kwakanangana neHEDT.

Intel 10xxxX - Kukanganisa paCompromise

Kunyangwe manheru ekuburitswa kwechizvarwa chitsva che Threadripper, data inopokana yakaonekwa pano neapo nezve iri kuuya HEDT mutsara kubva kuIntel. Zvakawanda zvekuvhiringidzika kwaienderana nemazita ezvigadzirwa zvitsva - mushure mekuburitswa kwezvinonetsa, asi zvichiri nyowani nharembozha kubva kuIce Lake mutsara pa10 nm process tekinoroji, vazhinji vanofarira vakatenda kuti Intel yakafunga kusimudzira zvigadzirwa pane zvakachiva. 10 nm mumatanho madiki, isingatore iyo yakawanda niches. Kubva pakuona kwemusika welaptop, kuburitswa kweIce Lake hakuna kukonzeresa kuvhunduka - hofori yebhuruu yakagara ichidzora musika wenharembozha, uye AMD haisati yakwanisa kukwikwidza nehofori yeOEM muchina uye mafuta. zvibvumirano zvemakambani akashanda pamwe neIntel kubva pakutanga kwemaXNUMX. Zvisinei, munyaya yechikamu chepamusoro-chekuita maitiro, zvinhu zvose zvakashanduka zvakasiyana zvachose.

Isu tinoziva zvese nezve i9-99xxX mutsara - mushure mezvizvarwa zviviri zveThreadripper, AMD yakatozvizivisa yakashinga seanokwikwidza mumusika weHEDT, asi hutongi hwemusika hwebhuruu hwakaramba husingazununguki. Nehurombo kune Intel, maReds haana kumira pane zvavakaita kare - uye mushure mekutanga kweZen 2, zvakava pachena kuti munguva pfupi yakakwira-inoshanda masisitimu kubva ku AMD yaizosimudza zvakanyanya bar rekuita, iyo Intel yakanga isina simba rekupindura, nekuti iyo hofori yebhuruu yaive nemhinduro nyowani zvaive zvisiri diki.
Chokutanga pane zvose, Intel aifanira kutora danho risati ramboitika - kuderedza mitengo ne2 nguva, izvo zvisati zvamboitika mumakore akawanda emakwikwi ne AMD. Ikozvino iyo mureza i9-10980XE ine gumi nemasere cores pabhodhi inongodhura $18 pachinzvimbo chemadhora 979 kune yakatangira, uye dzimwe mhinduro dzadzikira mumutengo pachiyero chakafanana. Nekudaro, vazhinji vakatonzwisisa zvekutarisira kubva pakuburitswa kuviri uye kuti ndiani aizobuda akakunda, saka Intel yakatora matanho akanyanya nekusimudza embargo yekuburitsa wongororo yezvigadzirwa zvitsva maawa matanhatu zuva rakarongwa risati rasvika.

Uye wongororo dzakatanga kuoneka. Kunyangwe zviteshi zvakakura uye zviwanikwa zvakaramba zvakaodzwa mwoyo nemutsara mutsva - kunyangwe shanduko huru mumutemo wemitengo, mutsara mutsva we109xx wakave nyore "basa pamabhugi" echizvarwa chakapfuura - mafambiro akachinja zvishoma, kuwedzera PCI. -E migwagwa yakaonekwa, uye iyo yekupisa pasuru yaive yakanakisa overclocking kugona haina kusiya mukana kunyangwe kune hardcore mafeni ane maSVO akakura - pakakwirira iyo 10980X yaigona kupedza 500 W, ichizvikudza kwete chete kuita kwakanakisa mumabhenji, asi zvakare kuratidza pachena kuti Hachisi chimwe chinhu chekudzvanya kubva pasekuru-sekuru 14 nm.

Izvo hazvina kubatsira Intel kuti ma processors aienderana neiyo HEDT puratifomu yechizvarwa chakapfuura - madiki emhando yemutsara mutsva akarasika ku3950X nekudonha kwepasi, zvichisiya vateveri vazhinji veIntel vachivhiringidzika. Asi zvakaipisisa zvakanga zvichiri kuuya.

Threadripper 3000 - 3960X, 3970X. Monsters yenyika yekombuta.

Zvisinei nekukahadzika kwekutanga pamusoro pehuwandu hudiki hwemacores (24 uye 32 cores haina kugadzira kunzwa kwakadai sekupeta kaviri macores akamboitwa mune yapfuura Threadrippers), zvaive pachena kuti AMD yaisazounza mhinduro kumusika "yekuratidzira" -Kuwedzera kukuru kwekuita kweNekuda kwekuwanda kwekugadzirisa kweZen 2 uye kuvandudzwa kwakanyanya kweInfinity Fabric, yakavimbisa kuita kwaimbove kusingaonekwe pane semi-pro papuratifomu - uye isu takanga tisingatauri nezve 10-20%, asi chimwe chinhu chinotyisa. . Uye apo embargo yakasimudzwa, munhu wese akaona kuti mitengo mikuru yeThreadripper itsva haina kubviswa mumhepo yakatetepa, uye kwete kubva pakuda kwe AMD kubvarura mafeni.

Kubva pamaonero ekuchengetedza mutengo, iyo Threadripper 3000 ndeye apocalypse yechikwama chako. Ma processor anodhura akatamira kune imwe nyowani, yakawedzera tekinoroji uye yakaoma TRx40 chikuva, ichipa anosvika makumi masere nemasere PCI-e 88 nzira, uye nekudaro ichipa tsigiro yeakaomesesa RAID arrays kubva kune ichangoburwa SSD kana boka rehunyanzvi makadhi evhidhiyo. Iyo ina-channel memory controller uye inoshamisa ine simba subsystem yakagadzirirwa kwete chete yemhando dzazvino, asiwo yeramangwana mureza wemutsara - iyo 4.0-core 64X, iyo inovimbisa kuburitswa mushure meGore Idzva.

Asi kunyangwe mutengo ungaite senge dambudziko hombe, maererano nekuita AMD yakasiya pasina dombo risina kubviswa kubva kuIntel zvigadzirwa zvitsva - mune akati wandei maapplication iyo yakaunzwa Threadripper yakakurumidza zvakapetwa kaviri senge mureza 10980XE, uye avhareji yekuwedzera kwekuita yaive ingangoita 70% . Uye izvi zvisinei nekuti zvishuwo zve3960X uye 3970X zvine mwero - ese ari maviri ma processor haadyi kupfuura yakayerwa 280 W, uye neanopfuura overclock ye4.3 GHz pamacores ese anoramba ari 20% zvakanyanya hupfumi kupfuura tsvuku- hot nightmare kubva kuIntel.

Nekudaro, AMD yakakwanisa kekutanga munhoroondo kupa kumusika isingachinjiki premium chigadzirwa chinopa kwete chete kuwedzera kukuru kwekuita, asi zvakare haina chero zvakakosha zvinokanganisa - kunze kwekunge mutengo, asi, sezvavanotaura, iwe unofanirwa kubhadhara yakawedzera kune zvakanakisa. Uye Intel, sezvisinganzwisisike sezvazvingaite, yachinja kuita imwe nzira yehupfumi, iyo, zvisinei, isingataridzike ine chivimbo pakatarisana neiyo $3950 750X papuratifomu inodhura zvakanyanya.

Athlon 3000G - Kununura kune peni rakanaka

AMD haina kukanganwa nezve chikamu chebhajeti chepasi-simba processors ane yakarongwa magiraidhi pabhodhi - pano iyo nyowani (asi zvakare yekare) Athlon 5400G iri kumhanyisa kununura avo vanotarisa Pentium G3000 nekuzvidza kukuru. 2 cores uye 4 tambo, 3.5 GHz base frequency uye inozivikanwa Vega 3 vhidhiyo musimboti (yakamonyoroka kusvika ku100 MHz) ine TDP ye35 W - uye zvese izvi zvemadhora makumi mana nemapfumbamwe. Iwo maReds akabhadharawo zvakanyanya kutarisisa mukana wekuwandisa processor, ichipa angangoita imwe 49% yekuita pane frequency ye30 GHz. Panguva imwecheteyo, haufanirwe kushandisa mari pane inodhura inotonhorera mukuvaka bhajeti - iyo 3.9G inouya nekutonhorera kwakanakisa kwakagadzirirwa 3000 W yekupisa - izvi zvinokwana kunyangwe kuwedzeredza.

Pazviratidziro, AMD yakaenzanisa iyo Athlon 3000G nemukwikwidzi aripo kubva kuIntel - iyo Pentium G5400, iyo yakave yakadhura zvakanyanya (mutengo unokurudzirwa - $73), yakatengeswa isina inotonhorera, uye yakaderera zvakanyanya mukuita kune chigadzirwa chitsva. . Zvinosetsawo kuti 3000G haina kuvakwa paZen 2 architecture - inobva pane yakanaka yekare Zen + pa12 nm, iyo inotibvumira kudana chigadzirwa chitsva kuzorodza zvishoma kweAthlon 2xx GE yegore rapera.

Zvigumisiro zve "red" revolution

Kuburitswa kweZen 2 kwakave nekukanganisa kukuru pamusika weprocessor - pamwe shanduko dzakanyanya zvakadaro hadzisati dzamboonekwa munhoroondo yemazuva ano yeCPU. Tinogona kurangarira kukunda kwe AMD 64 FX, tinogona kutaura kukunda kweAthlon pakati pemakore gumi apfuura, asi isu hatigone kupa fananidzo kubva kare ye "dzvuku" hofori, uko zvese zvakachinja nekukurumidza. uye kubudirira kwacho kwaishamisa. Mumakore maviri chete, AMD yakakwanisa kuunza zvigadziriso zvine simba zvinoshamisa zveEPYC, yakagamuchira zvibvumirano zvakawanda kubva kumakambani eIT epasi rose, yakadzokera kumutambo muchikamu chevatengi chevagadziri vemitambo neRyzen, uye yakatodzinga Intel kubva kumusika weHEDT nerubatsiro rwe. iyo isingaenzaniswi Threadripper. Uye kana pakutanga zvaiita sekunge zano rakanakisa raJim Keller ndiro raive shure kwekubudirira kwese, zvino nekuburitswa kweZen 2 architecture pamusika, zvakava pachena kuti kusimukira kweiyo pfungwa kwaive kwaenda kure. chirongwa chepakutanga - isu takawana yakanakisa bhajeti mhinduro (Ryzen 2 yakava inonyanya kufarirwa processor pasirese - uye zvichiri zvakadaro), zvine simba zvepasirese mhinduro (3600X inogona kukwikwidza ne3900K, uye kushamisika nekubudirira kwayo mumabasa ehunyanzvi), kuedza kwakashinga (9900X !), uye kunyange ekupedzisira-economical mhinduro kune akareruka emazuva ese mabasa (Athlon 3950G). Uye AMD inoramba ichienderera mberi - gore rinouya tichava nechizvarwa chitsva, kubudirira kutsva uye zviitiko zvitsva zvinozokundwa!

Imba yeNHTi koramu "Processor Wars" muzvikamu zvinomwe paYouTube - poke

Munyori wechinyorwa: Alexander Lis.

Vashandisi vakanyoresa chete ndivo vanogona kutora chikamu muongororo. Nyorera mu, Munogamuchirwa.

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Source: www.habr.com