Mazuva mashoma apfuura, ndakafunga kudzoreredza mainjiniya firmware yangu router ndichishandisa binwalk.
Ndakazvitenga . Haisi iyo yakanakisa router, asi yakakwana kune zvandinoda.
Pese pandinotenga router nyowani, ndinoisa . Yechii? Sezvo mutemo, vagadziri havana hanya zvakanyanya nezve kutsigira ma routers avo uye nekufamba kwenguva iyo software inove yechinyakare, kushaya simba kunooneka, uye zvichingodaro, kazhinji, iwe unowana iyo pfungwa. Naizvozvo, ini ndinosarudza iyo OpenWRT firmware, iyo inotsigirwa zvakanaka neyakavhurika-sosi nharaunda.
Mushure mekurodha OpenWRT, neniwo pasi peArcher C7 yangu nyowani kubva kune yepamutemo webhusaiti uye ndafunga kuiongorora. Kungoitira kunakidzwa uye kutaura nezve binwalk.
Chii chinonzi binwalk?
ndeye yakavhurika sosi chishandiso chekuongorora, reverse engineering uye firmware mufananidzo kutorwa.
Yakagadzirwa muna 2010 naCraig Heffner, binwalk inogona kuongorora firmware mifananidzo uye kuwana mafaera, kuona uye kubvisa faira system mifananidzo, kodhi inogoneka, yakamanikidzwa dura, bootloaders uye kernels, faira mafomati seJPEG uye PDF, uye zvimwe zvakawanda.
Unogona kushandisa binwalk kudzosera injinjini iyo firmware kuti unzwisise kuti inoshanda sei. Tsvaga mabhinari mafaera ekusagadzikana, bvisa mafaera, uye tsvaga kumashure kana zvitupa zvedhijitari. Unogonawo kuwana opcodes kune boka remaCPU akasiyana.
Unogona kubvisa mifananidzo yemafaira kuti utsvage mafaera chaiwo epassword (passwd, mumvuri, nezvimwewo) uye edza kutyora password hashes. Iwe unogona kuita binary parsing pakati pemafaira maviri kana anopfuura. Iwe unogona kuita entropy ongororo pane data kuti uwane yakamanikidzwa data kana encoded encryption kiyi. Zvese izvi pasina chikonzero chekuwana iyo source code.
Kazhinji, zvese zvaunoda zviripo :)
Binwalk inoshanda sei?
Chinhu chikuru chebinwalk ndiko kusaina kwayo. Binwalk inogona kuongorora iyo firmware mufananidzo kutsvaga akasiyana-siyana akavakirwa-mukati mafaera uye mafaera masisitimu.
Unoziva here command line utility file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedchikwata fileanotarisa musoro wefaira uye anotarisa siginecha (nhamba yemashiripiti) kuti uone rudzi rwefaira. Semuenzaniso, kana iyo faira inotanga nekutevedzana kwemabytes 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, inoziva kuti ifaira rePNG. On Pane rondedzero yemasiginecha efaira akajairwa.
Binwalk inoshanda nenzira imwechete. Asi pachinzvimbo chekutsvaga masiginicha chete pakutanga kwefaira, binwalk inoongorora faira rese. Uyezve, binwalk inogona kubvisa mafaira anowanikwa mumufananidzo.
Tools file ΠΈ binwalk shandisa raibhurari libmagic kuziva masiginecha efaira. Asi binwalk inotsigirawo runyoro rwemashiripiti emashiripiti ekutsvaga mafaera akamanikidzwa / akavharwa, misoro ye firmware, Linux kernels, bootloaders, mafaera uye zvichingodaro.
Ngatimbonakidzwa?
Binwalk installation
Binwalk inotsigirwa pamapuratifomu akawanda anosanganisira Linux, OSX, FreeBSD uye Windows.
Kuti uise yazvino vhezheni yebinwalk unogona uye kutevera kana , inowanikwa pawebhusaiti yeprojekiti.
Binwalk ine akawanda akasiyana paramita:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portImage scanning
Ngatitange nekutsvaga masiginecha efaira mukati memufananidzo (mufananidzo kubva pane saiti ).
Kumhanya binwalk ne --signature parameter:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Iye zvino tine ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pemufananidzo uyu.
Mifananidzo inoshandiswa se bootloader (musoro wemufananidzo pa 0x5AC0 uye yakamanikidzwa bootloader mufananidzo pa 0x5B00) Kubva pauImage header pa0x13270, tinoziva kuti processor architecture iMIPS uye Linux kernel ndiyo vhezheni 3.3.8. Uye zvichibva pamufananidzo unowanikwa pakero 0x11CEA5, tinogona kuona izvozvo rootfs iri faira system squashfs.
Ngatitorei ikozvino bootloader (U-Boot) tichishandisa murairo dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sSezvo mufananidzo wacho wakamanikidzwa kushandisa LZMA, tinoda kuibvisa:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaIye zvino tave neU-Boot mufananidzo:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binZvakadini nekutsvaga iyo default kukosha kwe bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MU-Boot Environment Variable bootargs inoshandiswa kupfuudza ma parameter kuLinux kernel. Uye kubva pamusoro, isu tine kunzwisisa kuri nani kweye flash memory yemudziyo.
Zvakadini nekubvisa iyo Linux kernel mufananidzo?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sTinogona kutarisa kuti chifananidzo chakabudiswa zvinobudirira kushandisa murairo file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94Iyo uImage faira fomati ndeye Linux kernel mufananidzo une wekuwedzera musoro. Ngatibvisei musoro uyu kuti titore iyo yekupedzisira Linux kernel mufananidzo:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sMufananidzo wacho wakamanikidzwa, saka ngatiiburitse:
$ unlzma Image.lzmaIye zvino tave neLinux kernel mufananidzo:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImageChii chatingaita nemufananidzo wekernel? Isu tinogona, semuenzaniso, kutsvaga tambo mumufananidzo uye nekutsvaga vhezheni yeLinux kernel uye tidzidze nezve nharaunda inoshandiswa kugadzira kernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Kunyangwe iyo firmware yakaburitswa gore rapfuura (2019), pandinonyora chinyorwa ichi chiri kushandisa yekare vhezheni yeLinux kernel (3.3.8) yakaburitswa muna 2012, yakaunganidzwa neshanduro yekare kwazvo yeGCC (4.6) zvakare kubvira 2012. !
(approx. transl. uchiri kuvimba nemarouta ako muhofisi uye kumba?)
With sarudzo --opcodes isu tinogona zvakare kushandisa binwalk kutarisa kumusoro mirairo yemuchina uye kuona iyo processor dhizaini yemufananidzo:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueZvakadini neiyo root file system? Panzvimbo pekubvisa mufananidzo nemaoko, ngatishandisei sarudzo binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binIyo yakazara midzi faira system ichaburitswa kune subdirectory:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Iye zvino tinogona kuita zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana.
Tinogona kutsvaga mafaera ekugadzirisa, password hashes, cryptographic kiyi uye zvitupa zvedhijitari. Tinogona kuongorora mafaira emabhinari e uye kusasimba.
Nekubatsirwa kwe ΠΈ isu tinogona kunyange kumhanya (kutevedzera) chinoitwa kubva pamufananidzo:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatHukuru! Asi ndapota cherechedza kuti BusyBox shanduro iri 1.19.4. Iyi ishanduro yekare kwazvo yeBusyBox, yakabudiswa muna April 2012.
Saka TP-Link inoburitsa mufananidzo we firmware muna 2019 uchishandisa software (GCC toolchain, kernel, BusyBox, nezvimwewo) kubva 2012!
Zvino unonzwisisa here kuti nei ndichigara ndichiisa OpenWRT pamarouter angu?
Handizvo zvoga
Binwalk inogonawo kuita entropy analysis, kudhinda mbishi entropy data, uye kugadzira entropy graph. Kazhinji, entropy yakakura inocherechedzwa kana ma byte ari mumufananidzo asina kurongeka. Izvi zvinogona kureva kuti chifananidzo chine encrypted, compressed, kana obfuscated faira. Hardcore encryption kiyi? Kuregererei.
Tinogona zvakare kushandisa parameter --raw kuwana tsika mbishi byte kutevedzana mumufananidzo kana parameter --hexdump kuita hex dump kuenzanisa maviri kana anopfuura mafaera ekuisa.
inogona kuwedzerwa kune binwalk kana kuburikidza netsika siginecha faira inotsanangurwa pamutsetse wekuraira uchishandisa parameter --magic, kana nekuvawedzera kune dhairekitori $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
Unogona kuwana rumwe ruzivo nezve binwalk pa .
binwalk extension
Pane binwalk, inoshandiswa sePython module iyo inogona kushandiswa nechero Python script kuita programmatically kuita binwalk scan, uye binwalk command line utility inogona kunge yakadhindwa zvakapetwa nemitsara miviri chete yePython kodhi!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()Uchishandisa iyo Python API iwe unogona zvakare kugadzira kugadzirisa uye kuwedzera binwalk.
Kune zvakare uye cloud version .
Saka wadii kurodha iyo firmware mufananidzo kubva paInternet uye edza binwalk? Ndinokuvimbisa iwe uchave nekunakidzwa kwakawanda :)
Source: www.habr.com