Mukupera kwemakumi matatu ezana ramakore rapfuura, muvambi weiyo slat, Gustav Lachmann, akaronga kugadzirira iyo isina muswe nebapiro rinotenderera rakasununguka rakaiswa pamberi pebapiro. Iri bapiro rakanga rakashongedzerwa ne-servo-rudder, nerubatsiro rwayo simba rekusimudza raidzorwa. Yakashanda kutsiva iyo yekuwedzera bapiro diving nguva inoitika kana flap yaburitswa. Sezvo Lachmann aive mushandi wekambani yeHandley-Page, yaive muridzi wepatent yeiyi hunyanzvi mhinduro uye pasi pechiratidzo ichi pfungwa inotaurwa mumabhuku ehunyanzvi. Asi hapasati pachiri kushanda kunoshanda kweiyi pfungwa! Chikonzero chii?
Kuenzanisa kurasikirwa
Bapiro rendege, iro rinogadzira kusimudza, rine inoperekedza, mumwe angati, yakaipa ne-chigadzirwa nenzira yenguva yekunyura iyo inowanzoisa ndege mukunyura. Kudzivirira ndege kuti isanyura, pane bapiro duku pamuswe wayo - stabilizer, iyo inodzivirira iyi dive, ichigadzira pasi, kureva, yakaipa, kusimudza simba. Iyi aerodynamic dhizaini yendege inonzi "yakajairika". Nemhaka yokuti kusimudzwa kwechidziviriro hakuna kunaka, kunowedzera simba regiravhiti rendege, uye bapiro racho rinofanira kuva nokusimudzwa kukuru kupfuura giravhiti.
Musiyano uripo pakati pemasimba aya unonzi kuenzanisa kurasikirwa, kunogona kusvika kusvika ku20%.
Asi ndege yekutanga inobhururuka yeWright Brothers yakanga isina kurasikirwa kwakadaro, nokuti bapiro duku - destabilizer inodzivirira kunyura - yakaiswa kwete shure kwebapiro, asi pamberi payo. Iyi dhizaini yeaerodynamic yendege inonzi "canard". Uye kuitira kudzivirira ndege kuti isanyura, destabilizer inofanira kugadzira kumusoro, ndiko kuti, zvakanaka, kusimudza simba. Inowedzerwa pakusimudzwa kwebapiro, uye mari iyi yakaenzana nekukura kwendege. Somugumisiro, bapiro rinofanira kubudisa simba rinosimudza risingasviki simba regiravhiti. Uye hapana kurasikirwa kwekuenzanisa!
Stabilizer uye destabilizer zvinosanganiswa kuita izwi rimwe - horizontal muswe kana GO.
Nekudaro, nekukura kukuru kwekusimuka uye kumisa mapapiro mechan mukutanga kwemakumi matatu emakore apfuura, "dhadha" rakarasikirwa nemukana uyu. Chinhu chikuru che mechanization ndiyo bhachi - chikamu chekumashure chebapiro chakatsauka pasi. Iyo inopeta kaviri simba rekusimudza rebapiro, nekuda kwekuti zvinokwanisika kudzikisira kumhanya panguva yekumhara uye kusimuka, nekudaro kuchengetedza pane chassis huremu. Asi iyo-yakagadzirwa muchimiro chenguva yekunyura apo iyo flap inoburitswa inowedzera kusvika padanho rekuti destabilizer haigone kurarama nayo, asi iyo stabilizer haigone kurarama. Kuputsa hakusi kuvaka, munyaya iyi simba rakanaka.
Kuti bapiro rigadzire kusimudza, rinofanirwa kutariswa pakona kune nzira yekuuya kwemhepo inoyerera. Iyi kona inonzi angle yekurwisa uye sezvainowedzera, simba rekusimudza rinowedzerawo, asi kwete nekusingaperi, asi kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yakaoma, iyo inotangira kubva ku15 kusvika ku25 degrees. Nokudaro, simba rose reaerodynamic harina kutungamirirwa zvakasimba kumusoro, asi rakarerekera kumuswe wendege. Uye inogona kuderedzwa kuita chikamu chakanangidzirwa kumusoro - simba rekusimudza, uye rinonangidzirwa kumashure - iyo aerodynamic drag force. Chiyero chekusimudza kune simba rekukwevera chinoshandiswa kutonga aerodynamic kunaka kwendege, iyo inogona kubva pa7 kusvika ku25.
Chiitiko chinoshanda mukufarira chirongwa chenguva dzose ndeye bevel rekuyerera kwemhepo kuseri kwebapiro, iro rinosanganisira kudzika kwakadzika kwegwara rekuyerera, iyo yakakura kusimudzwa kwebapiro. Naizvozvo, kana iyo flap yakadzoserwa, nekuda kweaerodynamics, iyo chaiyo yakaipa angle yekurwiswa kweiyo stabilizer inongoerekana yawedzera uye, nekudaro, yayo yakaipa yekusimudza simba.
Mukuwedzera, mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro sekuvimbisa kugadzikana kwenguva refu kwekubhururuka kwendege inoshandawo mukuda kwe "yakajairika" chirongwa chichienzaniswa ne "canard". Kona yekurwisa kwendege inogona kuchinja semugumisiro wekufamba kwakatwasuka kwemhepo zhinji. Ndege dzakagadzirwa dzichifunga nezvechiitiko ichi uye dzinoedza kutsungirira mhirizhonga. Nzvimbo yega yega yendege ine aerodynamic tarisiro - poindi yekushandiswa kweiyo increment mukusimudza kana kona yekurwisa yachinja. Kana tikafunga mhedzisiro yebapiro uye GO increments, saka ndege inewo yakatarisa. Kana kutarisa kwendege kuri kuseri kwepakati pehuremu, zvino nekuwedzera kusingaite mukona yekurwisa, iyo increment mukusimudza inorerekera ndege kuitira kuti kona yekurwisa ideredze. Uye ndege inodzokera kune yayo yapfuura maitiro ekubhururuka. Muchiitiko ichi, mune "zvakajairika" gadziriro, bapiro rinogadzira nguva yekudzikamisa (kuwedzera kona yekurwisa), uye stabilizer inogadzira nguva yekudzikamisa (kudzikisa kona yekurwisa), uye iyo yekupedzisira inokunda inosvika gumi muzana. . Mune canard, nguva yekudzikisa inogadzirwa ne destabilizer, uye nguva yekudzikama, iyo inenge 10% yakakura, inogadzirwa nemapapiro. Nokudaro, kuwedzera kwenharaunda uye pfudzi remuswe wakadzikama kunotungamirira kukuwedzera kwekugadzikana mukugadzirwa kwemaitiro uye nekuderera kwayo mu "canard". Zvose nguva dzinoita uye dzinoverengerwa maererano nechepakati pehuwandu hwendege (ona mufananidzo 10).
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Kana kutarisa kwendege kuri kumberi kwepakati pehuwandu, saka nekuwedzera kudiki kudiki kwekona yekurwisa inowedzera zvakanyanya uye ndege ichave isina kugadzikana. Iyi nzvimbo yehukama yekutarisa uye yepakati yehuwandu inoshandiswa muvarwi vemazuva ano kurodha stabilizer uye kugamuchira kwete yakaipa, asi kusimudza kwakanaka pairi. Uye kubhururuka kwendege kunochengetedzwa kwete neaerodynamics, asi nekakapetwa kana kakapetwa otomatiki artificial stability system, iyo "inotungamira" kana ndege ichifamba kubva painodiwa kona yekurwisa. Kana iyo otomatiki ichidzimwa, ndege inotanga kutendeuka muswe kutanga, izvi ndizvo zvakavakirwa pamufananidzo we "Pugachev's Cobra", umo mutyairi anodzima nemaune otomatiki uye, kana iyo inodiwa yekutenderera angle yasvika, inodzima moto. rocket mukati mehemisphere yekumashure, yobva yabatidza otomatiki zvakare.
Muzvinotevera, isu tinofunga chete statically yakagadzikana ndege, sezvo chete ndege yakadaro inogona kushandiswa muhurumende yendege.
Nzvimbo yakatarisana nendege uye pakati pehuremu inoratidza pfungwa ye "centering."
Sezvo kutarisa kuri kuseri kwepakati pehuwandu, zvisinei nemuenzaniso, chinhambwe chiri pakati pavo, chinonzi kugadzikana margin, chinowedzera GO ruoko mune yakajairika pateni uye inoideredza mu "canard".
Chiyero chemaoko emapapiro kune canard ndechekuti simba rekusimudza re destabilizer pahupamhi hwekutsauka kweelevator rinoshandiswa zvachose kana ndege inounzwa kumakona akakwirira ekurwisa. Uye ichashaikwa kana maflaps aburitswa. Naizvozvo, ese "madhadha" eakakurumbira American mugadziri Rutan haana michina. Ndege yake yeVoyager ndiyo yaive yekutanga pasi rose kubhururuka pasirese isina kumhara uye kuwedzera mafuta muna 1986.
Kunze kweiyo Beechcraft Starship, asi ipapo, nechinangwa chekushandisa maflaps, dhizaini yakaoma kwazvo ine variable destabilizer geometry yakashandiswa, iyo yaisagona kuunzwa kune serially reproducible state, ndosaka chirongwa chakavharwa.
Ruoko rwebapiro runonyanya kuenderana nekuti yakakura sei simba rekusimudza re destabilizer kana kona yaro yekurwisa ichiwedzera nedhigirii rimwe; iyi parameter inodaidzwa kuti derivative zvine chekuita nekona yekurwiswa kweiyo coefficient yekusimudza kana kungobva kune destabilizer. Uye, zviduku izvi zvinobva, iyo iri pedyo nebapiro pakati pehuwandu hwendege inogona kuiswa, saka, iyo duku ruoko rwemapapiro ruchava. Kuti aderedze chibviro ichi, munyori mu1992 akaronga kuita iyo destabilizer maererano nebiplane scheme (2). Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kuderedza bapiro remapfudzi zvakanyanya zvokuti rinobvisa chipingamupinyi chekushandisa chiputi pairi. Nekudaro, mhedzisiro inoitika muchimiro chekuwedzera kwekupokana kweGO nekuda kwebiplane. Mukuwedzera, pane chinetso mukugadzirwa kwendege, sezvo zvakakosha kugadzira maGO maviri, uye kwete imwe chete.
Vashandi vakaratidza kuti "biplane destabilizer" chimiro chakanga chiripo paWright Brothers 'ndege, asi mune zvigadzirwa kwete chete chimiro chitsva chaiva nekodzero, asiwo seti itsva yezvinhu. MaWrights akange asina "flap" chimiro. Pamusoro pezvo, kana seti yezvimiro zvechigadzirwa chitsva ichizivikanwa, saka kuti chigadzirwa ichi chizivikanwe, chinhu chimwe chete chinofanira kushandiswa pazvinangwa zvitsva. VaWrights vakashandisa biplane kuderedza huremu hwechimiro, uye mune yakatsanangurwa yakagadzirwa - kuderedza kubva.
"Weathervane Dhadha"
Anenge makore makumi maviri apfuura, takayeuka pfungwa yeβdhadhaβ rataurwa kwokutanga kwechinyorwa chacho.
Inoshandisa mamiriro ekunze ane horizontal muswe (FGO) seanodzikisira, ayo ane destabilizer pachayo, akaiswa paaxis perpendicular kune fuselage, uye akabatana kune destabilizer ye servo rudder. Rudzi rwendege yezvakajairwa dhizaini, uko bapiro rendege iri FGO destabilizer, uye inodzikamisa ndege ndiyo FGO servo. Uye iyi ndege haibhururuke, asi inoiswa pane axis, uye iyo pachayo inotungamirwa maererano nekuyerera kuri kuuya. Nekushandura kona yakaipa yekurwiswa kweiyo servo steering, tinoshandura kona yekurwisa kwe destabilizer maererano nekuyerera uye, nekudaro, simba rekusimudza reFGO panguva yekutonga kwepitch.
Apo nzvimbo ye servo steering wheel inoramba isina kuchinja maererano ne destabilizer, FGO haipinduri kune mhepo yemhepo yakamira, i.e. kuchinja kwekona yekurwisa kwendege. Naizvozvo kubva pairi i zero. Kubva panhaurirano dzedu dzapfuura, iyi isarudzo yakanaka.
Paunenge uchiedza ndege yekutanga ye "vane canard" yakagadzirwa naA. Yurkonenko (3) ine FGO yakanyatsotakura, nzira dzinopfuura makumi maviri dzakabudirira dzakaitwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, zviratidzo zvakajeka zvekusagadzikana kwendege zvakawanikwa (4).
"Super Resilience"
Zvinoshamisa sezvingaite senge, kusagadzikana kwe "vane duck" mhedzisiro ye "super stability". Iyo nguva yekudzikamisa yeklasic canard ine yakagadzika GO inoumbwa kubva panguva yekudzikama yebapiro uye nekudzikamisa nguva yeGO ichipikisa. Mudhadha remamiriro ekunze, FGO haibatanidzi mukuumbwa kwekudzikama nguva, uye inoumbwa chete kubva panguva yekudzikama kwebapiro. Saka, nguva yekudzikamisa ye "vane duck" inenge yakapetwa kagumi kupfuura iyo yekare. Kana kona yekurwisa ichiwedzera netsaona, ndege, iri pasi pesimba rekuwedzera kudzikamisa nguva yebapiro, haidzokeri kune yayo yapfuura maitiro, asi "inodarika" iyo. Mushure me "overshoot," ndege inowana kona yakaderedzwa yekurwisa kana ichienzaniswa neyakapfuura modhi, saka nguva yekudzikamisa yechiratidzo chakasiyana inomuka, zvakare yakawandisa, uye nekudaro kuzvidzora kunomuka, izvo mutyairi asingakwanisi kudzima.
Imwe yemamiriro ekugadzikana ndeyekukwanisa kwendege kumisa mhedzisiro yekuvhiringidzika kwemhepo. Nokudaro, kana pasina mhirizhonga, kubhururuka kunogutsa kwendege isina kugadzikana kunogoneka. Izvi zvinotsanangura nzira dzakabudirira dzeYuAN-1 ndege. Muhuduku hwangu huri kure, munyori aive nenyaya apo imwe glider modhi yaibhururuka manheru munzvimbo dzakadzikama kweanosvika maminetsi makumi mana nemashanu, ichiratidza ndege dzinogutsa uye yairatidza kusagadzikana kukuru - kukanda nhanho nekunyura pakubhururuka kwekutanga mumhepo. weather. Chero bedzi mamiriro okunze akanga akadzikama uye pakanga pasina nyonganyonga, chinobhururuka chakaratidza kubhururuka kunogutsa, asi kugadziridzwa kwayo kwakanga kusina kugadzikana. Pakanga pasina chikonzero chekuratidza kusagadzikana uku.
Iyo yakatsanangurwa CSF inogona, mukutanga, kushandiswa mu "pseudo-dhadha". Ndege yakadaro inonyanya kugadzirwa "isina muswe" uye ine kurongeka kwakakodzera. Uye FGO yake inoshandiswa chete kubhadharira imwe nguva yekunyura yebapiro inoitika kana mechanisa yaburitswa. Mukugadzirisa kwekufambisa hakuna mutoro paFGO. Nekudaro, iyo FGO haishande mune huru yekushanda yekubhururuka modhi, uye nekudaro kushandiswa kwayo mune iyi embodiment hakuna chibereko.
"KRASNOV-DHAHA"
"Kunyanya kugadzikana" kunogona kubviswa nekuwedzera kubva kuCSF kubva pazero kusvika kune inogamuchirwa. Ichi chinangwa chinowanikwa nekuda kwekuti kona yekutenderera kweFGO yakanyanya kuderera pane kona yekutenderera kweiyo servo rudder inokonzerwa nekuchinja kwekona yekurwisa kwendege (5). Nechinangwa ichi, nzira iri nyore kwazvo inoshandiswa, inoratidzwa muFig. 2. FGO 1 uye servo chidhiraivho 3 zvakasungirirwa paaxis OO1. Tsvimbo 4 uye 6, kuburikidza ne hinges 5,7, 9,10, inobatanidza FGO 1 uye servo chidhiraivho 3 ne rocker 8. Clutch 12 inoshanda kushandura kureba kwetsvimbo 6 nemutyairi nechinangwa chekutonga kwegomba. Kutenderera kweFGO 1 kunoitwa kwete kuburikidza nekona yese yekutsauka kweiyo servo steering vhiri 3 maererano nendege kana gwara rekuyerera kuri kuuya richichinja, asi chete kuburikidza nechikamu chayo chakaenzana. Kana chikamu chacho chakaenzana nehafu, zvino pasi pechiito chekuyerera kwepamusoro, zvichiita kuti kuwedzerwa kwekona yekurwisa kwendege ne2 degrees, iyo chaiyo angle yekurwisa kweFGO ichawedzera ne 1 degree chete. Saizvozvo, iyo yakabva kune FGO ichave yakapetwa kaviri idiki kana ichienzaniswa neyakagadziriswa GO. Mitsetse yakadhindwa inoratidza nzvimbo yeFGO 1 uye servo rudder 3 mushure mekushandura kona yekurwiswa kwendege. Kuchinja chikamu uye, nokudaro, kuona kukosha kwechinobva kunogona kuitwa nyore nekusarudza madaro akakodzera emahinji 5 uye 7 kune axis OO1.
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Kuderedza kunobva kweGO nekuda kwe feathering kunokubvumira kuti uise pfungwa mukati memiganhu ipi neipi, uye shure kwayo pakati pehuwandu hwendege. Iyi ndiyo pfungwa yeaerodynamic misalignment. Nokudaro, zvirambidzo zvose pakushandiswa kwemazuva ano mapapiro mechanization mu canard configuration zvinobviswa apo kuchengetedza static kugadzikana.
"KRASNOV-FLUGER"
Zvese zvakanaka! Asi pane drawback. Kuti simba rekusimudza rakanaka riitike paFGO 1, simba rekusimudza rakashata rinofanira kuita pane servo steering vhiri 3. Enzaniso ndiwo marongerwo akajairika endege. Kureva kuti, pane kurasikirwa kwekuenzanisa, mune iyi nyaya kuenzana kweCSF. Saka nzira yekubvisa iyi drawback ndiyo "dhadha" chirongwa. Isu tinoisa servo vhiri pamberi peFGO, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 3.
Iyo FGO inoshanda sezvinotevera (6). Nekuda kwekuita kweaerodynamic masimba paFGO 1 uye servo chidhiraivho 4, iyo FGO 1 inoiswa yega pane imwe kona yekurwisa kune iyo nzira yekuyerera iri kuuya. Makona ekurwiswa kweFGO 1 uye servo rudder 4 ane chiratidzo chakafanana, saka, masimba ekusimudza ezviso izvi achava negwara rakafanana. Ndiko kuti, simba remhepo re servo rudder 4 harina kuderedza, asi rinowedzera simba rekusimudza reFGO 1. Kuti kuwedzere kona yekurwisa kwendege, mutyairi anoshandura 6 mberi, semugumisiro weiyo servo. chidzoreso 4 pahinge 5 inotenderera newachi uye kona yekurwisa kwe servo rudder 4 inowedzera. Izvi zvinotungamirira kukuwedzera kwekona yekurwisa kweFGO 1, i.e. kuwedzera kwesimba rayo rekusimudza.
Pamusoro pekutonga kwepitch, kubatana kunoitwa nekusundidzira 7 kunovimbisa kuwedzera kubva ku zero kusvika kune inodiwa kukosha kweiyo inotorwa yeFGO.
Ngatifungei kuti ndege yakapinda updraft uye kona yayo yekurwisa yakawedzera. Muchiitiko ichi, danda 2 rinotenderera neawa uye hinges 9 ne8, pasina kudhonza 7, yaizofanira kuswedera pedyo pamwe chete. Rod 7 inodzivirira kuswedera uye inoshandura servo chidhiraivho 4 newachi uye nekudaro inowedzera kona yayo yekurwisa.
Saka, kana kutungamira kwekuyerera kunouya kuchichinja, kona yekurwisa kwe servo chidhiraivho 4 inoshanduka, uye FGO 1 inongoerekana yagadzika pane imwe kona inoenderana nekuyerera uye inogadzira rakasiyana simba rekusimudza. Muchiitiko ichi, kukosha kwechigadzirwa ichi kunobva pane chinhambwe chiri pakati pemahinji 8 ne3, pamwe nepakati pemahinji 9 ne5.
Iyo FGO yakatsanangurwa yakaedzwa pane yemagetsi tambo modhi ye "dhadha" redunhu, nepo rinobva pairi richienzaniswa neyakagadzika GO rakaderedzwa nehafu. Iyo mutoro paFGO yaive 68% yeiyo yebapiro. Chinangwa chekuyedzwa chakanga chisiri chekuwana mitoro yakaenzana, asi kuwana zvakanyatsodzika mutoro weFGO uchienzaniswa nebapiro, sezvo kana ukaiwana, hazvizove zvakaoma kuwana zvakaenzana. Mu "madhadha" ane GO yakagadziriswa, kurodha kwe empennage kunowanzo 20 - 30% yakakwirira kudarika kurodha kwebapiro.
"The Ideal Ndege"
Kana huwandu hwenhamba mbiri huchikosha hunogara huripo, saka huwandu hwemakona adzo huchava hudiki kana nhamba idzi dzakaenzana. Sezvo inductive yekukweva kwenzvimbo yekusimudza yakaenzana neskweya yekusimudza kwayo coefficient, iyo shoma yekudhonza muganho wendege ichange iri muchiitiko apo aya macoefficients ezviviri zvekusimudza akaenzana panguva yekufamba rwendo rwendege. Ndege yakadaro inofanira kunzi "yakanaka". Zvigadzirwa zve "Krasnov-dhadha" uye "Krasnov-weather vane" zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuona muchokwadi pfungwa ye "ndege yakanaka" pasina kushandisa kugadzirisa kuchengetedza kugadzikana neatomatiki masisitimu.
Kuenzanisa kwe "ndege yakanaka" nendege yemazuva ano yemaitiro akajairwa inoratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kuwana 33% kuwana mukutengesa mutoro panguva imwe chete uchichengetedza 23% pamafuta.
Iyo FGO inogadzira yakanyanya kusimudzwa pamakona ekurwisa padyo neakakosha, uye iyi modhi ndiyo yakajairika pachikamu chekumhara chekubhururuka. Muchiitiko ichi, kuyerera kwezvikamu zvemhepo zvakapoteredza nzvimbo inotakura mutoro iri pedyo nemuganhu pakati pemazuva ose uye stall. Kuvhiringidzwa kwekuyerera kubva pamusoro peGO kunoperekedzwa nekurasikirwa kwakanyanya kwekusimudza pairi uye, semhedzisiro, kuderera kwakanyanya kwemhino yendege, iyo inonzi "pitch." Chiratidzo che "peck" injodzi yeTu-144 paLe Bourget, payakadonha pakubuda mudive chaiyo mushure mekunyura. Kushandiswa kweCSF yakarongwa kunoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzirisa dambudziko iri nyore. Kuti uite izvi, zvinongodiwa kudzikamisa kona yekutenderera kweiyo servo inotungamira kune FGO. Muchiitiko ichi, iyo kona chaiyo yekurwiswa kweFGO ichave yakaganhurirwa uye haizombove yakaenzana neiyo yakakosha.
"Weathervane stabilizer"
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Mubvunzo wekushandisa FGO mune yakajairika hurongwa ndeyekufarira. Kana iwe usingaderedze, asi pane zvinopesana, wedzera kona yekutenderera kweFGO uchienzaniswa neiyo servo chidhiraivho, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 4, ipapo iyo yakabva kune FGO ichave yakanyanya kukwirira kana ichienzaniswa neyakagadzika stabilizer (7).
Izvi zvinobvumira kutarisa kwendege uye pakati pehukuru kuti ifambe zvakanyanya kumashure. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo cruising load yeFGO stabilizer inova isiri yakaipa, asi yakanaka. Uye zvakare, kana iyo yepakati yehukuru yendege ichichinjirwa kunze kwekutarisisa pamwe neiyo flap deflection angle (iyo poindi yekushandiswa kweiyo increment mukusimudza nekuda kwekufuratira kweflap), ipapo iyo feather stabilizer inogadzira simba rekusimudza rakanaka mukugadzirisa kwekumhara. .
Asi zvese izvi zvinogona kunge zviri zvechokwadi chero isu tisingafungi nezve mhedzisiro yekubhureki uye kuyerera bevel kubva kumberi inotakura kumusoro kusvika kumashure. Zviri pachena kuti munyaya ye "dhadha" basa rekuita uku rakaderera zvikuru. Kune rumwe rutivi, kana iyo stabilizer "inotakura" kune varwi vehondo, saka nei ichizomira "kutakura" ndege dzevanhu?
"Krasnov-chirongwa" kana "pseudo-vane dhadha"
Iko kusungirirwa kwakasungirirwa kwe destabilizer, kunyangwe zvisiri zvakanyanya, kuchiri kukanganisa dhizaini yendege. Zvinoitika kuti kuderedza destabilizer derivative inogona kuwanikwa nenzira dzakachipa zvakanyanya.
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Mumufananidzo. Mufananidzo 4 unoratidza destabilizer 1 yendege yakarongwa yakabatana zvakasimba kune fuselage (isina kuratidzwa mumufananidzo). Yakagadzirirwa nzira yekushandura simba rayo rekusimudza nenzira yegumbo 2, iyo, inoshandisa hinge 3, yakasungirirwa pabhakiti 4, yakanyatsobatanidzwa kune destabilizer 1. Pachikwata chimwe chete 4, uchishandisa hinge. 5, kune tsvimbo 6, kumucheto kwemashure iyo servo inofambisa 7 yakasungirirwa zvakasimba Pamberi pekupedzisira tsvimbo 6, padivi pehinge 5, lever 8 yakagadzika zvakasimba, iyo yepamusoro yekupedzisira iyo iri. yakabatana netsvimbo 9 nenzira yehinge 10. Kumucheto kumashure kwetsvimbo 10 kune hinge 11 inoibatanidza kune lever 12 ye trimmer 13 ye elevator 2. Muchiitiko ichi, trimmer 13 inoiswa kumashure kwechidhiraivho 14 uchishandisa hinge 2. Clutch 15 inoshandura kureba kwekusundira gumi pasi pekutonga kwemutyairi wepitch control.
Iyo yakaratidzwa destabilizer inoshanda sezvinotevera. Kana kona yekurwiswa kwendege ichiwedzera netsaona, semuenzaniso, kana ichipinda muupdraft, servo chidhiraivho 7 chinodzoserwa kumusoro, izvo zvinosanganisira shanduko yekusundira 10 kuruboshwe, i.e. kumberi uye kunotungamira mukutsauswa kwemudziyo 13 zvichidzika, semugumisiro wekuti elevator 2 inotsauswa kumusoro. Nzvimbo yechidhiraivho 2, servo vhiri 7 uye trimmer 13 mune yakatsanangurwa mamiriro inomiririrwa mudhirowa nemitsara yakadhindwa.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuwedzera kwesimba rekusimudza re destabilizer 1 nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekona yekurwiswa kuchave kune imwe nhanho kudzikiswa nekukwira kumusoro kweelevator 2. Iyo dhigirii yekuyera iyi inotsamira pachiyero chemakona ekutsauka kweiyo servo steering vhiri 7 uye chidhiraivho 2. Uye chiyero ichi chinotarwa nehurefu hwemarevheti 8 uye 12. Kana kona yekurwisa inoderera, elevator 2 inotsauswa pasi, uye simba rekusimudza re destabilizer 1 rinowedzera, richienzanisa kuderera kwekona yekurwisa.
Nenzira iyi, kuderera kweiyo destabilizer kunowanikwa kana ichienzaniswa neyechinyakare "dhadha".
Nekuda kwekuti servo chidhiraivho 7 uye trimmer 13 yakabatana kinematically kune mumwe nemumwe, ivo vanoenzanisa mumwe nemumwe. Kana kuenzanisa uku kusina kukwana, zvino zvakakosha kuisa chiyero chekuenzanisa mukugadzirwa, iyo inofanira kuiswa mukati me servo chidhiraivho 7 kana pakuwedzera kwetsvimbo 6 pamberi pehinge 5. Elevator 2 inofanira kuiswa. uyewo ivai pakati nepakati.
Sezvo derivative maererano nekona yekurwiswa kwechidzoreso chepamusoro chakapetwa kaviri pakukura kwechinobva pakatarisana nekona yekutsvedza kwechipimo, zvino kana kona yekutsauka kwechidzoreso 2 yakakwira zvakapetwa kaviri sekona. yekutsauka kweiyo servo rudder 7, zvinokwanisika kuwana kukosha kweiyo derivative ye destabilizer pedyo ne zero.
Servo rudder 7 yakaenzana munzvimbo yekuchekerera 13 yerudder 2 kureba. Ndiko kuti, kuwedzera kune dhizaini yendege idiki muhukuru uye inoomesa zvisingaite.
Saka, zvinokwanisika kuwana mibairo yakafanana ne "vane canard" uchishandisa tekinoroji dzekugadzira ndege chete. Naizvozvo, ndege ine destabilizer yakadaro inogona kunzi "pseudo-vane dhadha." Patent yakagamuchirwa yechigadzirwa ichi ine zita rekuti "Krasnov-chirongwa" (8).
"Ndege isingateereri mhirizhonga"
Zvinokurudzirwa kugadzira ndege umo kumberi nekumashure kunosimudza nzvimbo dzine chitubu chakakwana chakaenzana ne zero.
Ndege yakadaro haitombotarise kuyerera kwemhepo zhinji, uye vakwiri vayo havazonzwi βkutauraβ kunyangwe paine mhirizhonga mumhepo. Uye, sezvo kuyerera kwemhepo yakawanda kusingatungamirire mukuremerwa kwendege, inogona kuverengerwa kuve nekuderera kwakanyanya kwekushanda kwekuita, izvo zvichave nemhedzisiro yakanaka pakurema kwechimiro chayo. Nekuda kwekuti ndege haina kuwandisa panguva yekubhururuka, airframe yayo haisi pasi pekuneta.
Kuderedza kubviswa kwebapiro rendege yakadaro kunowanikwa nenzira imwechete seye destabilizer mu "pseudo-vane canard". Asi servo haiiti pazvikwiriso, asi pamapapiro emapapiro. Flaperon chikamu chebapiro rinoshanda seaileron uye flap. Muchiitiko ichi, semugumisiro wekuchinja kusina kuitika mukona yekurwisa kwebapiro, simba rayo rekusimudza rinowedzera pakutarisa pamwe nekona yekurwisa. Uye kuwedzera kwakashata musimba rekusimudza bapiro semugumisiro wekutsauka kweflaperon ne servo rudder inoitika pakutarisa pamwe nekona yekutsauka kweflaperon. Uye chinhambwe chiri pakati pemafoci aya chinoda kuenzana nekota yeavhareji aerodynamic chord yebapiro. Somugumisiro wekuita kweiyi mbiri yemasimba akawanda, nguva yekusagadzikana inoumbwa, iyo inofanira kubhadharwa nenguva ye destabilizer. Muchiitiko ichi, destabilizer inofanira kunge iine diki yakashata kubva, uye kukosha kwebapiro rinobva kunofanira kunge yakakura kudarika zero. RF patent Nhamba 2710955 yakagamuchirwa kune ndege yakadaro.
Iyo seti yezvigadzirwa zvakaratidzwa zvinomiririra, pamwe, yekupedzisira isina kushandiswa ruzivo aerodynamic resource yekuwedzera hupfumi hwesubsonic aviation nechitatu kana kupfuura.
Yuri Krasnov
Runyoro
- D. Sobolev. Centenary nhoroondo ye "bapiro rinobhururuka", Moscow, Rusavia, 1988, peji 100.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF patent Nhamba 2000251.
- A. Yurkonenko. Alternative "dhadha". Technology - vechidiki 2009-08. Page 6-11
- V. Lapin. Ko weathervane ichabhururuka rinhi? General aviation. 2011. Nhamba 8. Page 38-41.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF patent Nhamba 2609644.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF patent Nhamba 2651959.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF patent Nhamba 2609620.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF patent Nhamba 2666094.
Source: www.habr.com