Muchetura unotyisa

Mhoro %username%

Hongu, ndinoziva, zita racho rakabiwa uye kune anopfuura 9000 zvinongedzo muGoogle zvinotsanangura chepfu dzinotyisa uye kutaura nyaya dzinotyisa.

Asi ini handidi kunyora zvakafanana. Ini handidi kuyera LD50 madosi uye ndichiti ndeekutanga.

Ndinoda kunyora nezve chepfu iyo iwe, %username%, uri panjodzi huru yekusangana nayo mazuva ese. Uye izvo zvisiri nyore sevamwe vavo vepedyo.

Unofanira kuziva muvengi nekuona. Uye ndinovimba zvichave zvinonakidza. Uye kana zvikazova zvinonakidza, saka iwe unogona kugona kuzviita chikamu chechipiri.

Saka - gumi rangu rinouraya!

Nzvimbo yegumi

Thallium

Thallium isimbi yakapfava, sirivheri-chena ine bluish tint. Mumufananidzo ari mune ampoule - uye izvi hazvisi tsaona. 600 mg yethallium inowisira pasi chero munhu ane hutano akavimbika - mune izvi, thallium inokurumidza kupfuura mamwe ese aya masimbi anorema ako. Panguva imwecheteyo, senge zvese zvinorema simbi, thallium inorongedzerwa sechepfu inounganidza - kuunganidza zviratidzo zvepathological muchetura kusingaperi.

Kusiyana nekirasi inorema simbi, iyo inonamatira kune cysteine ​​​​thiol boka mumapuroteni uye kuvadzivirira kubva pakurarama, thallium yakanyanya kuomarara: monovalent thallium ion yakakura saizi uye makemikari zvimiro se potassium, uye nekudaro inotsiva potassium ions mune biochemical process. Thallium yakanyanya mubvudzi, mapfupa, itsvo uye tsandanyama, inokanganisa peripheral nervous system, gastrointestinal turakiti uye itsvo.

Chiratidzo chechiratidzo chechepfu ine thallium makomisheni ndeyekurasikirwa kwebvudzi, ine dhamu yakakosha - yakazara alopecia. Pachiyero chakanyanya, alopecia haina hunhu, nekuti munhu anofa nemuchetura kusati kwadonha bvudzi. Ndiko kuti, mumusimboti, kana iwe uchida kuveura mhanza, unogona kuedza kutamba nedosi, asi pane njodzi yekusafungidzira.

Kana paine chepfu nethallium kana macompounds ayo, bhuruu yePrussian inoshandiswa semushonga, rubatsiro rwekutanga rwekushandisa thallium gastric lavage ine mhinduro ye0,3% sodium thiosulfate ine agitated activated charcoal powder. Vanoti zvinobatsira, asi izvi hazvina kururama.

Kazhinji, thallium inorondedzerwa sechepfu yehungwaru, saka nei iri pane yangu runyorwa? Chokwadi ndechekuti marabhoritari mazhinji anoita mvura nekuongorora chikafu anoshandisa inoshamisa calibration mhinduro IV. Ndakaona kuti mhinduro iyi yakatorwa sei nepipette, uye sezvo pakanga pasina pear rabha - akadhonza mushonga nemuromo. Zvakanaka chii chandingati… Haisi iyo nzira yakanaka yekuwana mubairo weDarwin.

nzvimbo yepfumbamwe

Phosgene

Phosgene, iri nyore kusvika pakunyadziswa, inoshamisa chaizvo: vanhu vanga vachizviziva kubva 1812, asi iyi "chiedza-yakagadzirwa" (uye iyi ndiyo nzira iyo zita rinoshandurwa kubva ku bourgeois) gasi harina kunaka: rinokonzera. toxic pulmonary edema, iyo vamwe vanhu vakanaka vakashandisa pasina kuzvidzora pavakaisa chepfu kune vamwe vanhu vakanaka muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Kubata phosgene nemapapu tishu kunokonzera kukanganisa alveolar permeability uye nekukurumidza kufambira mberi kwepulmonary edema. Vanhu vakanaka vakatora mukana weizvi, asiwo nanhasi, hapana mushonga wephosgene wakagadzirwa.

Runako uye nyore zviri muchokwadi chekuti zviratidzo zvekutanga zvakasiyana zvechepfu zvinoonekwa mushure menguva yakadzikama ye4 kusvika kumaawa masere, kunyangwe nguva dzemaawa gumi nemashanu dzakaonekwa. Izvi zvinoteverwa nechikosoro chakasimba, kupfupika kwemhepo, cyanosis yechiso nemiromo. Progressive pulmonary edema inotungamirira kukuputira kwakanyanya, kudzvinyirira kwakanyanya muchipfuva, kufema kunowedzera, dzimwe nguva kusvika 8-15 paminiti. Kufemera pamusoro. Zvimwe zvishoma: protein-ine edematous foamy uye viscous fluid inopfapfaidzwa kubva kualveoli uye bronchioles yemapapu kupinda mumhepo yakakura, zvichiita kuti kuoma uye kusakwanisa kufema. Chii chinoitwa nemunhu ane rombo panguva ino uye anotaridzika sei - unorangarira mapikicha anotyisa? Ndizvozvo. Nechepfu yepulmonary edema, inenge hafu yehuwandu hweropa mumuviri inopinda mumapapu, izvo, semugumisiro, kuzvimba uye kuwedzera muhuwandu. Nepo mapapu akajairika achirema anenge 60-70 magiramu, "phosgene" mapapu anorema kusvika 500 kilogiramu akaonekwa.

Pakupedzisira, BP inodonha zvakanyanya, munhu ane chepfu ari mukufara kwakasimba, anofema neruzha, anofema mweya, ipapo rufu runoitika.

Kune zvakare zviitiko apo munhu ane chepfu anodzivirira chero kufamba kusingakoshi uye anosarudza imwe nzvimbo yakagadzikana yekufambisa kufema. Miromo yevanhu vane chepfu yakadai ichena, dikita rinotonhora uye rinoputika. Pasinei nekushaya mweya, sputum haina kuparadzaniswa navo. Mazuva mashomanana gare gare, munhu ane chepfu anofa. Kashoma, mushure memazuva 2-3, kuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunogona kuitika, iyo mushure memavhiki maviri-2 inogona kukonzera kupora, asi zvinetso semugumisiro wezvirwere zvechipiri zvinotapukira zvinowanzoitika, izvo zvinotungamirira kurufu.

Saka, unogona sei kunhuhwirira phosgene uye kutiza usina kucheneswa, uchipihwa nguva yakareba yakanyarara uye chokwadi chekuti gasi iri harina kuravira uye kunhuhwirira semichero yakaora kana uswa - kwete yakanyanya kupinza, kusiyana nekunhuhwirira kwairi kuita mubhazi. mauri kuenda? Zvinoshamisa kuti - kusvuta: kusvuta mumhepo ine phosgene hazvifadzi kana kuti hazvigoneke zvachose.

Phosgene inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu organic synthesis: mukugadzirwa kwedhayi, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwepolycarbonate thermoplastics. Asi iwe, %username%, yeuka: phosgene inoumbwa panguva yekupisa kweklorini-ine freons. Sezvineiwo, semhedzisiro, kuputa kunorambidzwa kana uchisevha mafiriji michina uye kuisa. Mukuona kweidi rokuti munhu anosvuta anowanzonzwa kuti chimwe chinhu chakaipa, zvakaoma kutaura kuti ndechipi chinonyanya kukosha.

Nzvimbo yechisere

Tungamira и Tetraethyl inotungamira

Zvakanaka, munhu wese anoziva nezve chepfu yemutobvu uye kuti inotaridzika sei. Kunyanguvezvo, hapana anozvinetsa kuibata mumaoko ake, uye dzimwe nguva vanodya masangweji naaya maoko chaiwoiwo. Hapana anozvinetsa nekunyungudutsa ingot dzemutobvu nekufema utsi. Zvichakadaro, lead ine muchetura zvakanyanya uye, semasimbi ese anorema, ane kugona kwakanyanya kuunganidza. Mutobvu unogona kuungana mumapfupa, zvichikonzera kuparadzwa kwavo zvishoma nezvishoma, wakaiswa muchiropa neitsvo. Saka, mushure mekuunganidza muyero unochiva, iwe, %username%, unonzwa uchingonzwa zvishoma: pachava nemarwadzo mudumbu, mumajoini, makumbo, kupera simba. Kana iwe ukaenderera mberi, zvinokwanisika kuona chiedza pamagumo emugero nemigumisiro yese.

Kuratidzwa kwemutobvu kune njodzi zvakanyanya kuvana: kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kunokonzera kuderera kwepfungwa uye chirwere chepfungwa chisingaperi.

Nenzira, lead acetate inonaka inotapira! Waiziva here %username%? Hongu, ndosaka ichinzi lead sugar. Saltykov-Shchedrin akatozvitaura pakugadzira waini yenhema:

Bhakiti redoro rinodururirwa padhiramu, uye zvino, zvichienderana nepfuma yewaini inogadzirwa: yakawanda molasses paMadeira, tar paMalaga, shuga inotungamira paRhine waini, nezvimwewo. wobva wavhara...

Nenzira, pane maonero ekuti shoko rechiRussia rokuti "kutungamirira" rinosanganiswa neshoko rokuti "waini", pakati pevaRoma vekare (uye muCaucasus) waini yakachengetwa mumidziyo inotungamira, iyo yakapa mutsara wakasiyana. Kuravira uku kwaikosheswa zvakanyanya zvekuti havana kuterera mukana wekuiswa muchetura nezvinhu zvine chepfu. Zvakanaka, hongu, rarama nekukurumidza - kufa uri mudiki ...

Asi tetraethyl lead inokodzera kutariswa zvakanyanya - mvura isina ruvara, ine mafuta inopisa iyo yakagara ichishandiswa sechinhu chinodzivirira kugogodza peturu (iyo yakafanana Leaded Petrol). MuUSSR, dhayi yakawedzerwa kumotokari peturu ine tetraethyl lead nechinangwa chekumaka: kusvika 1979, peturu AI93, A-76 uye A-66 ine tetraethyl lead yakadhayiwa yebhuruu, yegirini, uye orenji, zvichiteerana; kubvira 1979. peturu ine lead yakatanga kudhayiwa orenji-tsvuku (AI-93), yero (A-76), yebhuruu (AI-98), yegirini (A-66) kana pink (A-72) mavara.

Izvi hazvina kuitwa zvachose nekuda kwerunako uye kukwezva vatengi - kunze kwekuti iyo epositi yakasvibisa zvese zvakatenderedza nemutobvu, tetraethyl lead pachayo ine huwandu hwezvinhu zvinofadza, kubva kucarcinogenicity kusvika kune yakanyanya muchetura. Muchiitiko ichi, kupindira kunokwanisika zvose nemhepo (ichi chinhu chinoputika, usakanganwa) uye kuburikidza neganda. Ichi chinhu chinosarudzika chinokanganisa hurongwa hwetsinga, zvichikonzera acute, subacute uye chisingaperi chepfu (hongu, senge mutobvu, zvinhu izvi zvinoda kuunganidza).

Yakawanda chepfu ndeye acute uye subacute. Chokutanga pane zvose, cerebral cortex inobatwa. Munharaunda yenzvimbo dzezvinomera dze diencephalon, kutarisisa kwekunakidzwa kunooneka, izvo zvinotungamira kutyorwa kwakanyanya kweiyo cortical-subcortical hukama.

Muchikamu chekutanga chehupfu hwehupfu, zvinotaridzwa zvinomera zvinotapukira: tembiricha yemuviri uye BP inodonha, kurara kunovhiringidzika, kutya kunoramba kuripo kwerufu kunoonekwa usiku, kunetseka, kushushikana. Pane kunzwa kwebhora rebvudzi kana shinda parurimi.

Muchikamu chepre-climax, kukanganisika kwepfungwa kunooneka: kutya rufu kunotanga kuvhiringidza kwete husiku chete, asiwo masikati, manzwi, maziso, uye tactile kufungidzira kwechimiro chinotyisa uye kunyengera kwekutambudzwa kunoonekwa. Pasi pesimba redelirium, psychomotor agitation inokura, murwere anova nehasha, pane kazhinji zviitiko apo, vachiedza kuponesa hupenyu hwavo kubva kuvanhu vanonzi vari kuvatevera, vanhu vakazvikanda kunze kwemahwindo.

Muchikamu chekupedzisira, psychomotor arousal inosvika pakunyanya kushushikana. Kuziva kunovhiringika. Zvinoita sekuti ari kuchekwa-chekwa kuita zvidimbu, nyoka dziri kumonera muviri wake, zvichingodaro. Pakukwira kwe psychomotor arousal, tembiricha inokwira (kusvika 40 ° C), kudzvanywa uye kurova kwemoyo kunowedzera. Magumo akajeka: kudonha, kufa.

Kana iwe uchiri nerombo rakanaka, kufungidzira kwakanaka: psychomotor arousal inotsiviwa nevegetative-asthenic state. Panguva imwecheteyo, kukanganisa kwepfungwa, kusagadzikana kwepfungwa, kuderera kwenjere, kurasikirwa kwekufarira kwezvakatipoteredza, nezvimwewo zvinosara - asi iwe uchararama. Hameno kana mufaro.

Sezvineiwo, unorangarira here nyaya dzambuya pamusoro pevakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka vanotyisa vanofemba peturu? Wow! Zvinoenderana nefungidziro ine simba inotsanangurwa kutsanangura kushanduka kwehuwandu hwematsotsi muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi1960 uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi1990, tetraethyl lead poisoning muhuduku yaisanganisira kukanganisa kwekukura kweiyo central nervous system, zvichikonzera kuwedzera. muhunhu hwoutsotsi mukukura, uko kwakatungamirira kukuwedzera kwoutsotsi kubva kuma1990 kusvikira kuvamba kwama1970. Kudonha kwehuwandu hwehutsotsi kubva kumaXNUMXs, maererano nefungidziro iyi, inotsanangurwa nekudzikira kwekushandiswa kwepeturu yakagadzirwa netetraethyl lead kubva kumaXNUMXs.

Kana, zvisinei, iwe usina rombo rakanaka, uye wakaiswa muchetura netetraethyl lead, ipapo iwe uchabatwa seyakajairika psycho: mapiritsi ekurara (barbiturates), hexenal, chlorpromazine, zvinodhaka (kunze kwe morphine, iyo inopa paradoxical mhedzisiro, inowedzera ) Intravenous glucose ine mavhitamini B uye ascorbic acid, dehydrating agents (glucose, magnesium sulfate), pamwe nemoyo uye vascular agents (pamwe nekudonha) inorayirwa zvakare. Zvimwe vachakuita murume shure kwako. Kana uine rombo rakanaka, saka zvine musoro.

Nenzira, tetraethyl lead inorambidzwa kwese kwese, hongu. MuRussia - kubva munaNovember 15, 2002, asi dzimwe nguva, kutarisa vamwe, handina chokwadi ...

Nzvimbo yechinomwe

Dioxins

Kazhinji, dioxins inotsanangurwa semusanganiswa weakasiyana polychlorinated dibenzodioxin derivatives. Zita rinobva pazita rakadimburirwa re tetrachloro derivative - 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[b, e] -1,4-dioxin - runako urwu runoratidzwa nenzira yefomula, asi makomisheni nemamwe anotsiva - halides - zvakare ndeye dioxins.

Ese dioxins anowedzera chepfu uye ari eboka renjodzi xenobiotics - ndiko kuti, zvinhu zvakadaro hazvipo mumasikirwo, uye munyori wavo munhu. Dioxins inoumbwa sechigadzirwa panguva yekugadzirwa kwechlorophenol herbicides. Munhu anoita sei nezvose zvakabuda? Rudyi!

Dioxins inoumbwawo seyakasvibiswa isingadikanwi semugumisiro wekusiyana kwemakemikari maitiro pakupisa kwakanyanya uye pamberi peklorini. Zvikonzero zvikuru zvekubudiswa kwema dioxins mubiosphere ndezvekutanga, kushandiswa kwepamusoro-tembiricha tekinoroji yeklorini uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu organochlorine uye, kunyanya, kupisa kwemarara emaindasitiri. Kuvapo kweubiquitous polyvinyl chloride uye mamwe mapolymers uye akasiyana chlorine makomisheni mumarara akaparadzwa anobatsira pakuumbwa kwemadioxin mumagasi eflue. Imwe bviro yengozi iindasitiri yemapepa nemapepa. Bleaching ye cellulose pulp ine chlorine inoperekedzwa nekuumbwa kwe dioxin uye akati wandei ezvimwe zvine ngozi organochlorine zvinhu.

Kuzivana kwekutanga kwevanhu vanotenda nema dioxins kwakaitika panguva yeHondo yeVietnam kubva 1961 kusvika 1971 sechikamu cheRanch Hand chirongwa chekuparadza zvirimwa. Ipapo Agent Orange yakashandiswa se defoliant - musanganiswa we 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) uye 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), ine tsvina ye polychlorobenzodioxins. Nekuda kweizvozvo, huwandu hwakakosha hwevese veVietnamese nemasoja akafumurwa kuAgent Orange akatambura nekuda kwekuratidzwa kune dioxin. Hapana akafunga nezveVietnamese ipapo, asi mauto - zvakanaka, ndizvo zvavari varwi, handiti?

Kushamwaridzana kwepedyo kwakaitika musi waChikunguru 11, 1976 muguta reItaly reSeveso, apo kuputika kwekemikari yekambani yeSwitzerland ICMESA kwakatungamirira kusunungurwa kwegore re dioxin mumhepo. Gore rakarembera pamusoro penzvimbo yeindasitiri, uye ipapo chepfu yakatanga kugara padzimba nemapindu. Zviuru zvevanhu zvakatanga kurwiswa nekusvotwa, kusaona zvakanaka, uye kuve nechirwere chemaziso, umo maonerwo ezvinhu aiita seasina kujeka uye asina kugadzikana. Migumisiro inosuruvarisa yezvakaitika yakatanga kuonekwa mushure memazuva 3-4. Pakazosvika Chikunguru 14, makiriniki aSeveso evarwere vari kunze anga azara nevanhu vairwara. Pakati pavo paiva nevana vakawanda vairwara nemapundu nemamota anoputika. Vainyunyuta nemarwadzo emusana, kupera simba uye kutemwa nemusoro. Varwere vakaudza vanachiremba kuti mhuka neshiri dzaiva mumayadhi avo nemapindu zvakatanga kufa kamwe kamwe. Mumakore akatevera tsaona yacho, nzvimbo dzakapoteredza fekitari dzakaona wedzero yakakomba yokusakwana kwokuberekwa nakwo muvana vachangoberekwa, kubatanidza spina bifida (spina bifida, muzongoza wakafumuka). Kuonererwa hakusi kwevasina simba, kutaura chokwadi.

Nenzira, pane kutaura pano kuti kuwedzera kunoshamisa mukufanana kweaimbove Mutungamiriri weUkraine Viktor Yushchenko kwakabatanawo ne dioxins. Zvisinei, zvichida kwete. Hapana anoziva, kusanganisira Viktor Yushchenko pachake.

Chikonzero chehupfu hwema dioxin chiri mukugona kwezvinhu izvi kunyatsokwana muma receptors ezvipenyu uye kudzvinyirira kana kushandura mabasa azvo akakosha. Dioxins, nekudzvanyirira immune system uye nekukanganisa zvakanyanya maitiro ekukamura maseru uye nyanzvi, inomutsa kukura kwegomarara. Dioxins zvakare inopindira nekushanda kwakaoma kweiyo endocrine glands. Dzinovhiringa basa rekubereka, zvichinyatso kunonoka kuyaruka uye kazhinji zvinotungamirira kukushaya mbereko kwemukadzi nemurume. Vanokonzera kukanganisa kukuru munenge maitirwo ose emagetsi, kudzvinyirira uye kukanganisa kushanda kwesimba rekudzivirira zvirwere, zvichitungamirira kune iyo inonzi "chemical AIDS".

Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakasimbisa kuti dioxins inokonzera kuremara uye matambudziko ekukura muvana.

Dioxins inopinda mumuviri wemunhu nenzira dzakawanda: 90 muzana - nemvura uye chikafu kuburikidza nemudumbu, iyo yakasara 10 muzana - nemhepo uye guruva kuburikidza nemapapu uye ganda. Izvi zvinhu zvinotenderera muropa, zvakaiswa muadipose tishu uye lipids emasero ese emuviri pasina kunze. Zvinotapurirwa kuburikidza ne placenta nemukaka wezamu kune fetus uye mwana.

Heino imwe seti yehumwe hunyanzvi hunosimudzira zvikuru gamba iri:

• Inenge isinganyungudika mumvura.
• Kusvikira kune tembiricha ye900 ° C, dioxin haikanganisike nekupisa kurapwa.
• Hafu yehupenyu hwavo munharaunda inenge makore gumi.
• Kamwe chete mumuviri wemunhu kana wemhuka, vanounganidza mune adipose tishu uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuora uye vanoburitswa kubva mumuviri (iyo hafu yehupenyu mumuviri wemunhu inotangira kubva ku7-11 makore).
• LD50 - 70 mcg/kg yetsoko, nemuromo. Izvi zvakaderera pane zvakawanda zvemakemikari echiuto. Zvakanaka, takabva kutsoko, handizvo here?
• Nekuda kwekunyanya kuchetura kwavo, chromatography-mass spectrometry uye ongororo vachishandisa bioassays (CALUX) inoshandiswa kuona madhioxin munharaunda uye, kunyanya, mumvura. Idzi inzira dzinodhura kwazvo, uye hadzisi dzese laboratori dzakashongedzerwa nazvo, kunyanya mu izvi nyika.
• Parizvino, hapana nzira dzekubvisa zvachose dioxin kubva mumuviri, kana maantidotes anoshanda.

Kazhinji, %username%, sezvaungave wakafungidzira, hapana munhu anogona kuzvikuvadza ari nani kupfuura iye pachake. Parizvino, kutsvaga kuri kuenderera mberi kwekugadzirisa genetically mamwe marudzi ebhakitiriya kuitira kuvandudza kugona kwavo kutora dioxin. Asi tichifunga kuti munhu wese anotya sei maGMO, uye kuti vanhu vanorarama sei nekuzvicheka-cheka, ndinotya kuti mamwe marudzi emabhakitiriya anongoita kuti zvese zvinyanye kuipa.

Ngationei.

Neraki, hapana madhioxin akawanda akatenderedza, mabhakitiriya ari mukukura chete, uye saka ari munzvimbo yechinomwe chete, asi ane hwaro hwakakomba hweramangwana.

Nzvimbo yechitanhatu

Botulinum toxin

Protein yakaoma neurotoxin inogadzirwa nebhakitiriya Clostridium botulinum. Iyo yakasimba kwazvo inozivikanwa neurotoxin ndeye semi-inouraya dosi inosvika 0,000001 mg/kg yemuviri wako usina simba.

Nenzira, botulinum toxin ndeimwe yemapuroteni akaoma zvikuru akagadzirwa muzvisikwa. Inoshanda zvakanyanyisa: iyo molecule ndeye mbiri-domain globule. Madomain A uye B ane mutsara polypeptides akabatana neamwechete cystine zambuko. Domain B ine basa rekutakura muchetura mumuviri, kugamuchira pane presynaptic membrane ye neuron uye kurongeka kwemaitiro eiyo peri-receptor dunhu re membrane iyi nekuumbwa kweiyo transmembrane chiteshi mairi. Zvadaro, chisungo che disulfide chinodzorerwa, domain A inosunungurwa uye inopinda nemugwagwa uyu mu cytoplasm ye nerve cell, iyo inodzivirira kusunungurwa kwemurevereri, acetylcholine. Zvakanyanya kufanana nemhedzisiro ye organophosphates senge sarin, soman uye VX - asi zvakanyanya kushanda. Ndatotaura here kuti Amai Nature vane hunyanzvi kupfuura munhu?

Iwe uchanzwei kana iyi pinacle yezvakasikwa synthesis ichipinda mudumbu mako? Zvakanaka, chekutanga pane nguva yakavanzika, dzimwe nguva kusvika 2-3 mazuva. Ipapo kamwe-kamwe unenge usisanzwe zvakanaka: muchetura unokonzeresa nyonganyonga mukushanda kwetsinga dzemugotsi, tsandanyama dzemapfupa, uye tsinga dzemwoyo. Vana vanowedzera, mhute uye mavara anoonekwa pamberi pemeso, uye vazhinji vanotanga kutsvoda (uye kwete zvachose nekuti wakanwa zvakanyanya papati). Gare gare, kuvhiringidzika kwekutaura uye kumedza uye chiso chakafanana nemasiki chinooneka. Rufu runoitika kubva ku hypoxia inokonzerwa nekukanganiswa kweokisijeni metabolism, asphyxia yekufema turakiti, kuoma mitezo yekufema tsandanyama uye tsandanyama yemwoyo. Muchidimbu, iwe uchafa, uye zvinorwadza kwazvo. Kana iwe uine rombo rakanaka, iwe uchave wakaganhurirwa kune kuremara kwemisungo yechiso uye strabismus, iyo, kunyangwe ikaenda, ichave inononoka. Haasi munhu wese ane rombo rakanaka.

Nei pachingova pachinzvimbo chechitanhatu? Ichokwadi ndechokuti clostridia botulinum - ivo chete vatenzi vekugadzirwa kweiyi chepfu iyo isingatauri chakavanzika - haifariri kushanda mumhepo, uye naizvozvo unogona kuvawana kunyanya muzvokudya zvekakani uye soseji - kunyanya muhowa dzakakangwa. uye nyama nehove zvakakohwewa muzvidimbu zvakakura zvine kukuvara kwepamusoro. Nzvimbo yechipiri mushonga: izvi Botox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. Saka kana iwe ukarohwa nechinhu chakadaro, pane mukana wega wega wekunzwa kuoma kusingatsananguriki kune zvese zvakanaka zvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Zvakaipa kwazvo hapazovi nemunhu wekuudza.

Nenzira, vanhu vane philanthropic, uye naizvozvo muU.SA, Great Britain neCanada vaiona botulinum toxin semakemikari ehondo agara atova mu60-70s yezana remakore rapfuura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kubvira 1975, botulinum toxin A yakagamuchirwa neUS Army pasi pekodhi XR. Muchetura uyu wakachengetwa paPine Bluff Arsenal muArkansas. Zvichida ichiri kuchengetwa imomo, kana kuti kwete chete imomo. Tichifunga kuti XR, maererano nemigumisiro yekuedzwa (ndinoshamisika pamusoro paani?) Ndiyo inonyanya kutyisa yezvinhu zvose zvinouraya zvechisikigo uye zvekugadzira, ini handityi zvakanyanya nyukireya yechando.

Kuponeswa sei? Usadya chero chinhu. Uye kana ukaidya, zvino mushure mekupisa kupisa: botulinum toxin haifariri zvakanyanya kana yakakangwa kana yakabikwa. Pasinei nokuti chinhu ichi hachityi gastric juice, inoparadzwa zvachose kana yakabikwa kwemaminitsi 25-30.

Sezvineiwo, varwi vakawana kuti kune jekiseni rinorwisa muchetura we botulinum! Hongu, hongu, kungofanana negwirikwiti. Asi usamhanyire kuchitoro chemishonga - mushonga hauwanikwe kune veruzhinji, uye nekuwedzera, varwi vakafanana vakawana kuti 10% -30% yevanhu havagone kubaya, uye mune imwe zororo, kusadzivirirwa kunomuka chete mushure mekudzivirira. mwedzi kana kupfuura. Nenzira, muhuwandu hwe1000-10000 mishonga ine chepfu (uye izvi hazvisi zvakawanda - chete 0,057-0,57 mg / kg kana yakatorwa nemuromo), botulinum toxin inopfira pamishonga yako iyi uye inokuuraya kusvika pakufa.

Nzvimbo yechishanu

Amatoxins
Kutaura zvazviri, iri iboka rehupfu, zvose zvinoenderana nezvinofanira kubatanidza panzvimbo yeR1..R5. Nemasikirwo, aya ma cyclic octapeptides ane masere amino acid asara. Iwo anowanikwa mumiviri inobereka michero yehowa ye genus Amanita, Galerin uye Lepiota - hongu, iro rakachenuruka grebe rinobva pano.

Amatoxins mamwe ehepatotoxins ane simba kwazvo munyika. Saka hazvinei kuti unonwa zvakadini, %username%, haigoni kuenzaniswa nerunako urwu: amatoxins yakavimbika inovhara RNA polymerase II, iyo inovhara kuumbwa kwemutumwa RNA uye inokonzera necrosis yehepatocytes. Uye sezvo munyika yedu haugone kurarama pasina chiropa - zvakanaka, unonzwisisa.

Kunyanya kunakidza nuance yemarara iyi inguva yakareba yakanyarara: maawa 6-30. Ndiko kuti, iwe hauzovi nekuvimbika kuwana nguva yekuuya kupfungwa dzako uye kugeza dumbu rako. Zviratidzo zvinouya kamwe kamwe: kurutsa kwakanyanya (kuramba), kurwadziwa mudumbu, manyoka. Mune zvigadzirwa zvemanyoka (zvakanaka, iwe unonzwisisa), ropa rinoonekwa, sezvo kuparadzwa kwematumbo entestinal kunoitika. Chii chiri kuitika panguva ino nechiropa ... ini handidi kana kufunga. Kukura kushaya simba, kukanganisa kwemvura uye electrolyte balance. Pazuva rechipiri - rechitatu, zviratidzo zvechepfu hepatopathy zvinokura: chiropa chinowedzera, mafungiro anowedzera, jaundice inooneka uye hemorrhagic diathesis inoitika - apa ndipo paunofukidzwa nekuputika kweropa. Nephropathy, hepatic-renal failure, hepatargia, anuria, coma inokura. Zvese zvinosuwisa. Chepfu yakanyanyisa inoitika muvana, inonyanya kuipa kana huwandu hwakawanda hwehupfu (hunopfuura 2 mg) hwakapinda mumuviri: mune iyi nyaya, kukura kwekudhakwa kunoitika nekumhanya kwemheni, nekukura kweacute chiropa atrophy uye atrophy. kufa nekukurumidza.

Chikonzero chikuru cherufu kusashanda zvakanaka kwechiropa, kazhinji kacho chiropa chakaoma uye kusashanda zvakanaka kweitsvo. Kunyangwe iwe ukapona, iwe unowanzo kuwana shanduko dzisingadzoreki muchimiro chechiropa, chinoratidzwa neiyo yakazara necrosis.

Nzira yekuponeswa sei kubva pane izvi? Nehurombo, maatoxins anonyanya kurwisa kupisa kupfuura chepfu ye botulinum. Chero zvazvingava, usanyepedzera kuva munhongi wehowa, uye kana watopinda musango, zviwanire chimwe chinhu chiri nani chokuita! Usatenga howa kubva kuna mbuya, kunyangwe vakataridzika chaizvo! Rangarira nezve Snow White - uye iwe hauna magnomes kana machinda anozivikanwa!

Sezvineiwo, madosi akakwira epenicillin anobatsira nekudhakwa. Runyerekupe rune kuti silibinin, kunyanya kusanganisirwa kwemhodzi yemukaka yemukaka, inorwisa maatoxin, asi izvi hazvina kunaka. Vanhu vazhinji vanozvipira kutora chikamu mubvunzo, asi nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero hapana anobvumirana.

Nzvimbo yechina

Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins iboka remapolyketides anogadzirwa nemicroscopic fungi (micromycetes) yemarudzi akati wandei ejenasi Aspergillus (kunyanya A. flavus uye A. parasiticus). Vana ava vanokura pazviyo, mhodzi, nemichero yemiti ine mafuta akawanda, semhodzi dzenzungu. Aflatoxins inoumbwa nekufamba kwenguva uye nekuchengetedza zvisina kufanira muunganidzwa wekare weti uye mamwe maruva. Muchetura uyu unowanikwawo mumukaka wemhuka dzinenge dzadya chikafu chine utachiona.

Pachepfu dzese dzakagadzirwa nebiologically, aflatoxins ndiwo ane simba hepatocarcinogens akawanikwa kusvika parizvino. Kana huwandu hwehupfu hukapinda mumuviri, rufu runoitika mukati memazuva mashoma nekuda kwekukuvara kwechiropa kusingagadziriswe; kana yakaderera dose rikamwiwa, chronic aflatoxicosis inokura, inoratidzwa nekudzvinyirirwa kwe immune system, kukuvara kweDNA, activation ye oncogenes - kenza yechiropa. semagumo. Hongu, %username%, ukasadya nzungu kana mhodzi dzisina kunaka, unofa. Zvichida kwete pakarepo, asi yakavimbiswa uye zvinorwadza.

Aflatoxins inopesana nekupisa kurapwa kwechigadzirwa - saka izvi zvinoshandawo kune yakakangwa nzungu.

Munyika dzakabudirira, kutarisisa kwakasimba kwezvigadzirwa uko aflatoxins inowanzowanikwa (nzungu, chibage, mhodzi dzenhanga, nezvimwewo) inoitwa, mijenya ine hutachiona inoparadzwa. Kunyika dzichiri kusimukira uko kusina kudzora kwakadaro, kusvibiswa kwezvokudya nefungus of mold kunoramba kuri chinhu chakakomba mukufa. Somuenzaniso, muMozambique, nhamba yevanhu vanofa nekenza yechiropa yakakwira neka50 kupfuura muFrance.

Inyika ipi yaunoti yako ndeye, %username%?

Ngatisimudzei nyaya! Nzvimbo yechitatu

Mercury
uye kunyanya

Methylmercury

Munhu wose anoziva nezvengozi ye mercury. Nezve chokwadi chekuti kutyora ma thermometers uye kutamba nemabhora akanaka emashiripiti hazvina kukosha - ndinovimba futi.

Mercury nemakomboni ayo ese ane chepfu. Kuratidzira kune mercury, kunyangwe mudiki, kunogona kukonzera matambudziko akakomba ehutano uye kutyisidzira kukura kwe fetal uye kukura kwehuduku. Mercury inogona kuva muchetura kune tsinga, kugaya, uye immune system, pamwe nemapapu, itsvo, ganda, uye maziso. WHO inonyora mecury seimwe yemakemikari makuru gumi kana mapoka emakemikari ane hanya nehutano hweveruzhinji.

Asi chaizvoizvo ikozvino. Vanachiremba vakafanana kusvika kuma1970 vaive vachishanda zvakanyanya mukushandisa mercury compounds:

• mercury chloride (I) (calomel) - laxative;
• Mercusal uye Promeran ane simba diuretics;
• mercury (II) chloride, mercury (II) cyanide, mercury amidochloride uye yellow mercury (II) oxide - antiseptics (kusanganisira sechikamu chemafuta).

Pane zviitiko apo, panguva ye volvulus yematumbo, girasi re mercury rakadururirwa mudumbu remurwere. Maererano nevarapi vekare vakapa nzira iyi yekurapa, mercury, nekuda kwekuremera kwayo uye kufamba, yaifanira kupfuura nemumatumbo uye, pasi pehuremu hwayo, kururamisa zvikamu zvayo zvakamonyoroka.

Kugadzirira kweMercury kwakashandiswa kubva muzana remakore rechi1963. (muUSSR kusvika XNUMX) pakurapa syphilis. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nenyaya yekuti treponema yakachenuruka, iyo inokonzeresa syphilis, inonyanya kunzwisiswa kune organic uye inorganic komisheni inovharira mapoka e sulfhydryl ee thiol enzymes ye microbe - makomisheni emercury, arsenic, bismuth uye iodine. Zvisinei, kurapwa kwakadaro kwakanga kusiri kushanda zvakakwana uye kune chepfu kune muviri wemurwere, uyo unewo sulfhydryl mapoka, kunyange kupfuura treponema inosuruvarisa. Kurapa kwakadaro kwakakonzera kupera kwebvudzi rakakwana uye njodzi huru yekuvandudza matambudziko makuru. Zvakangodaro, vanachiremba vane mutsa, vane philanthropic vakatoenderera mberi: vakashandisa nzira dzekuwedzera mercurization yemuviri, umo murwere aiiswa mumudziyo waipisa, umo mecury vapor yaipihwa. Iyi nzira, kunyange zvazvo yakanyatsoshanda, migumisiro yechirwere uye njodzi yekuuraya mercury poisoning yakatungamirira kukubviswa kwayo zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kuchipatara.

Nenzira, sirivheri amalgam yakashandiswa mukurapa mazino sechinhu chekuzadza mazino kusati kwauya kwezvinhu zvinorapa chiedza. Rangarira izvi pese apo tete vakanaka vane magirazi vakakotama pamusoro pako!

Iyo yakanyanya muchetura mhute uye soluble mercury makomisheni. Iyo metallic mercury pachayo haina ngozi, asi zvishoma nezvishoma inoputika kunyange pakupisa kwekamuri, uye mhute inogona kukonzera chepfu yakakomba - uye nenzira, mhute hainhuhwi. Mercury nemakomponi ayo (sublimate, calomel, cinnabar, mercury cyanide) inokanganisa hurongwa hwetsinga, chiropa, itsvo, gastrointestinal turakiti, uye kana inhaled, nzira yekufema. Mercury inomiririra inomiririra cumulative chepfu.

Organic mercury compounds, kunyanya, methylmercury, inomira zvishoma. Inoumbwa, sekutonga, semugumisiro wemetabolism yepasi microorganisms apo mercury inosunungurwa mumvura yemvura. Mushonga uyu une muchetura zvakanyanya. Iyo chepfu yakakura kupfuura iyo yemercury, nekuda kwekudyidzana kwakanyanya nemapoka e sulfhydryl ema enzymes uye, nekudaro, kusashanda kwema enzymes. Sezvo chinhu chacho chiri covalent compound uye ishoma polar pane mercury cation pachayo, mhedzisiro pamuviri yakafanana neheavy metal chepfu (kunyanya, mercury), asi ine peculiarity: kukuvadzwa kwenheyo system kunonyanya kutaurwa. Chironda ichi chinozivikanwa sechirwere cheMinamata.

Kekutanga, chirwere ichi chakanyoreswa uye chakadzidzwa muJapan, muKumamoto Prefecture muguta reMinamata muna 1956. Chikonzero chechirwere chacho kwaiva kubudiswa kwenguva refu kwemekiyuri isina kusimba mumvura yeMinamata Bay naChisso, iyo yakashandurwa kuva methylmercury ne<em>benthic microorganisms mumetabolism yavo, uye sezvo musanganiswa uyu unowanzoita kuungana muzvinhu zvipenyu, somuuyo, kuwanda. mumatishu ezvipenyu anowedzera nekuwedzera kwechinzvimbo chavo mucheni yechikafu. Saka, muhove dziri muMinamata Bay, zviri mumethylmercury zvakabva pa8 kusvika ku36 mg/kg, mumaoyster - kusvika ku85 mg/kg, nepo mumvura maive asingapfuure 0,68 mg/l.

Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira dysmotility, kupisa, kurira, uye goosebumps mumucheto, kusanzwisisa, kuneta, kurira munzeve, kutetepa kwendima yekuona, kurasikirwa nekunzwa, uye kufamba kwakaoma. Vamwe vanyajambwa vakakomba vehosha yeMinamata vakapenga, vakafenda, uye vakafa mukati memwedzi mumwe kubva pakatanga hosha yacho.

Kunewo vanyajambwa vane zviratidzo zvisingaperi zvehosha yeMinamata, zvakadai sokutemwa nomusoro, kuneta nguva dzose, kurasikirwa nokunhuhwira uye kuravidza, uye kukanganwa, izvo zvisinganyatsooneki asi zvinoita kuti upenyu hwezuva nezuva huve hwakaoma zvikuru. Pamusoro pezvo, kune varwere vane chirwere chekuzvarwa nacho cheMinamata avo vakazvarwa vaine utachiona husina kunaka nekuda kwekubatwa nemethylmercury vachiri mudumbu raamai vavo vakadya hove dzine utachiona.

Hosha yeMinamata haisati yarapika, saka kurapa kunosanganisira kuedza kuderedza zviratidzo uye kushandisa kurapa kudzoreredza muviri. Mukuwedzera kukukuvadzwa kwomuviri kunoparirwa kuutano, kunewo kuvadziko yenzanga, uko kuri rusaruro kuna vanyajambwa vehosha yeMinamata. Zvakanaka, %username%, uchiri kuda kuenda kuNyika yeFukushima, Minamata neRising Sun?

Nenzira, muna 1996, muguta reMeisei, riri pedyo nebay, Minamata Disease Museum yakavakwa. Muna 2006, Chirangaridzo chakavakwa panzvimbo yemyuziyamu yekurangarira vakaurayiwa nemercury poisoning kubva mukusvibiswa muMinamata Bay. Zvinonzi vanhu vakakuvara ava havana kurerukirwa neizvi.

Nenzira, pane chimwe chinhu -

Dimethylmercury

Zvakanaka, uyu mutambo wakazara, une muchetura zvekuti hautombo shandiswa kana kuwanikwa chero kupi. Iyo mvura isina ruvara ndiyo imwe yeakanyanya simba neurotoxins. Zvinonzi ine kamunhuhwi kanotapira, asi sainzi haizivi vanhu vangaongorora izvi votaura manzwiro avo. Kunyangwe, nekuda kwekugadzikana kwayo, dimethylmercury yakave imwe yekutanga organometallic komputa kuwanikwa. Zvakanaka, vanhu vanofarira kuwana zvinhu izvo zvinozokurumidza kuzvidzikisa pasi, Oppenheimer inobvumidza.

Kuti iwe, %username%, unovimbiswa kutumirwa kune imwe nyika. 0,05-0,1 ml yezvinhu izvi zvakakwana. Ngozi inowedzerwa nekuda kwehutsi hwepamusoro hwemvura iyi. Nenzira, dimethylmercury nokukurumidza (mumasekondi) inopinda latex, PVC, polyisobutylene uye neoprene, uye inobatwa neganda. Saka, magirovhosi akawanda emurabhoritari haasi akavimbika ekudzivirira, uye nzira chete yekupukunyuka nayo yakachengeteka kubata dimethylmercury ndeyekupfeka magirovhosi anodzivirira zvakanyanya pasi pesekondi, kugokora-kureba neoprene kana imwe gobvu yekudzivirira. Kudiwa kwekupfeka nhoo refu yechiso uye kushanda pasi pefume hood inocherechedzwa zvakare. Iwe uchiri kuda kujairana nekunhuhwirira kunotapira uku?

Kuchetura kwedimethylmercury kwakawedzera kujekeswa nekufa kwemushonga wemakemikari Karen Wetterhahn mwedzi mishoma mushure mekunge ateura madonhwe mashoma ekomboni paruoko rwake rwelatex-girovhosi.

Dimethylmercury inoyambuka zviri nyore ropa-brain barrier, zvichida nekuda kwekuumbwa kwekomboni yakaoma ine cysteine. Inobudiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva mumuviri uye nokudaro inowanzoita bioaccumulate. Zviratidzo zvechepfu zvinogona kuoneka mwedzi gare gare, kazhinji kunonoka kurapwa kunoshanda. Kuti.

Chinhu chega chinoponesa nyika ndechekuti dimethylmercury haina maapplication (kunyangwe mumwe Alexander Litvinenko ari kuyedza kutaura chimwe chinhu pano). Iyo hainyanyi kushandiswa pakuenzanisa maNMR spectrographs ekuona mercury, kunyangwe pano vanhu vanonzwisisa chimwe chinhu vanowanzofarira mashoma ane chepfu mercury munyu nekuda kweichi chinangwa.

Nzvimbo yechipiri

Methanol

Munhu wose anoziva nezve methanol. Asi semaonero angu zvinotarisirwa pasi.

Dambudziko remethanol harisi dambudziko rake, asi dambudziko remuviri wedu. Mushure mezvose, ine enzyme doro dehydrogenase (kana ADH I), iyo yatakapihwa isu naamai hunhu nekuda kwekuparara kwedoro. Uye kana, kana iri yeyakajairika ethanol, inoityora kusvika acetaldehyde (mhoro, hangover!), Uye kana uine rombo rakanaka, inoityora kusvika isingakuvadzi uye inovaka muviri acetic acid muchimiro cheacetyl-coenzyme A, ipapo methanol yakanganiswa: inobuda muchetura formaldehyde uye formate. Sezviri pachena, Amai Nature vane pfungwa chaiyo yekuseka.

Dambudziko racho rinowedzerwa nekuti, maererano nedaredevils (hapana vazhinji vavo), methanol inonaka uye inonhuhwirira haina kusiyana nedoro rinowanzoitwa, uye kunyanya kana yakasanganiswa nayo. Nenzira, iyo iodoform reaction, kana yero iodoform inonaya ne ethyl doro, asi hapana chinokwira ne methanol, haishande pakuona iyo methanol yemukati mune ethanol mhinduro.

1-2 milliliters yemethanol pakirogiramu yechitunha (kureva, inenge 100 ml) inowanzovimbiswa kutumira daredevils kune vamwe vanhu vanofarira vane mapapiro kumusana wavo, uye nekuda kwechikonzero chakakosha chechinhu ichi kune optic nerve, gumi chete. -10 ml inoita kuti munhu ave bofu. Zvachose.

Neraki, iyo muchetura mhedzisiro yemethanol inokura kwemaawa akati wandei, uye maantidotes anoshanda anogona kuderedza kukuvara. Naizvozvo, kana iwe, %username%, mushure mekuwandisa nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero, unonzwa musoro, kushaya simba, malaise, chills, kusvotwa uye kurutsa - kunwa zvakanyanya. Handisi kutamba: sezvakataurwa mubhuku rechiremba wekukurumidzira, kune methanol poisoning, antidote ndeye ethanol, iyo inopindwa mutsinga nenzira ye10% mhinduro nekudonha kana 30-40% mhinduro nemuromo pamwero. 1-2 magiramu emushonga pa1 kg yehuremu hwemuviri pazuva. Iyo inobatsira muchiitiko ichi inovimbiswa nekutsauswa kweADH I enzyme kune oxidation ye exogenous ethanol. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kana kuongororwa kusiri kwakaringana, methanol chepfu inogona kukanganisa kudhakwa kudhakwa kwedoro (sezvawakatoona pamusoro) kana muchetura ne1,2-dichloroethane kana kabhoni tetrachloride (organic solvents, izvo zvichiri chipo; asi kwete kupenya zvakanyanya) - Muchiitiko ichi, kuunza humwe huwandu hwe ethyl doro kune njodzi. Pakazara, hauna rombo rakanaka, %username%. Iva nesimba.

Methanol chepfu yakajairika. Saka, muU.SA muna 2013, 1747 makesi akanyorwa (uye hongu - USA). Mazhinji mashoma methanol chepfu anozivikanwa:

• Misa methanol chepfu muSpain mukutanga kwa1963; nhamba yekufa kwepamutemo imakumi mashanu nerimwe, asi pane fungidziro dzinobva pa chiuru kusvika zviuru zvishanu.
• Misa chepfu ne methanol muBangalore (India) muna Chikunguru 1981. Huwandu hwevanhu vafa hwasvika mazana matatu nevasere.
• Misa chepfu newaini yemethanol-laced muItaly muchirimo cha1986; 23 vanhu vakafa.
• Misa methanol chepfu muEl Salvador muna Gumiguru 2000 yakakonzera kufa kwevanhu ve122. Zviremera zvakafungidzira kurwiswa kwegandanga, sezvo methanol isina kuwanikwa mudoro pakugadzira zvidyarwa panguva yekuferefetwa kwechiitiko ichi.
• Misa chepfu ne methanol musi waSeptember 9-10, 2001 muguta rePärnu (Estonia); 68 vanhu vakafa.
• Misa chepfu nemethanol muCzech Republic, Poland neSlovakia munaGunyana 2012; 51 vanhu vakafa.
• Misa chepfu ne methanol musi waDecember 17-20, 2016 muIrkutsk (Russia). Huwandu hwevanhu vafa vanhu makumi manomwe nesere.

Nechikonzero ichi, methanol yakatora nzvimbo yechipiri munzvimbo yedu. Uye hazvichasetsa.

Ta-dam! Fanfare! Tine nzvimbo yekutanga!

Kutanga, hatizovi nechimwe chinhu chine chepfu chakaipisisa chinogona kuwanikwa kune imwe nzvimbo mune dzimwe mhuka dzinopisa kana hove. Saka ngatikanganwe nezve tetrodotoxin uye batrachotoxin.

Iyo haizove imwe mhando yeinorganic inogona kuwanikwa chete mumaindasitiri akakosha - akadai seberyllium nitrate, iyo, nenzira, inonaka inotapira, kana arsenic chloride, yaidiwa muMiddle Ages.

Haizove imwe mhando yehupenyu, iyo isingagoniwo kuwanikwa masikati nemoto - yakadai se ricin, kana iyo yakadzidzwa kare kare uye inorara mumishonga cabinet - yakadai se strychnine kana digitoxin.

Haizove iyo yakarohwa cyanide uye hydrocyanic acid iyo epic inokundikana yakaitika mune yaRasputin's kesi.

Haisi kuzove polonium-210 kana VX, iyo inovimbiswa kuuraya kunyangwe mudiki dosi - asi isingawanikwe kune veruzhinji.

Kwete, mutungamiri wedu achava muurayi chaiye, ane mamiriyoni ehupenyu panhoroondo yake.

Carbon monoxide

Kutaura zvazviri, yaiva carbon monoxide yakatumira boka revanhu kunyika inotevera. Iri gasi risina ruvara, risinganhuwi uye risingaravi rinopinda mumhepo yemuchadenga panguva ipi zvayo yekupisa. Carbon monoxide inosunga kuhemoglobin, ichigadzira carboxyhemoglobin, uye inovhara kuendeswa kweokisijeni kumasero ematishu, izvo zvinotungamira kune hemic type hypoxia. Carbon monoxide inobatanidzwawo mukuita oxidative, kukanganisa biochemical balance mumatishu. Mune izvi, chiito chayo chakafanana zvikuru necyanide.

Poisoning inogoneka:

• panguva yemoto;
• mukugadzirwa, uko kabhoni monoxide inoshandiswa kugadzira huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasikwa (acetone, methyl doro, phenol, nezvimwewo);
• munzvimbo dzine gasi umo midziyo inoshandisa gasi inoshandiswa (zvitofu, zvinodziya mvura pakarepo, majenareta ekupisa ane kamuri yakavhurika inopisa) pasi pemamiriro ekusakwana kwekuchinjana kwemhepo, semuenzaniso, kana paine kutyorwa kwekunyorwa mumachimney uye / kana madhamu emhepo kana. kushayikwa kwemhepo yekugovera yekupisa gasi;
• mumagaraji asina kufefetera zvakanaka, mune mamwe makamuri asina mhepo kana mhepo isina mhepo, tunnels, sezvo kubuda kwemota kunosvika 1-3% CO maererano nezviyero;
• kana uchigara mumugwagwa wakabatikana kwenguva yakareba kana padivi payo - mumigwagwa mikuru, avhareji ye COXNUMX inodarika chikumbaridzo chechepfu;
• pamba kana pakadonha gasi rekuvhenekesa uye kana isina nguva yakavharwa chitofu dampers mumakamuri ane chitofu kupisa (dzimba, mabhati);
• paunenge uchishandisa mweya wakaderera mumidziyo yekufema;
• kana uchisvuta hookah (hongu, chikamu chikuru kwazvo chevanhu vanonzwa misoro, dzungu, kusvotwa, kukotsira mushure mekusvuta hookah, iyo inokonzerwa nekabhoni monoxide chepfu inoumbwa kana pane kushayikwa kweokisijeni mumidziyo yehookah).

Saka iwe, %username%, une mikana yakawanda yekuziva chepfu.

Pane zviri mukati me 0,08% CO mumhepo inofemerwa, munhu anonzwa musoro uye kufema. Nekuwedzera kweC CO kusvika ku 0,32%, kuora mitezo uye kurasikirwa kwekuziva kunoitika (rufu runoitika mushure memaminitsi makumi matatu). Pakaungana pamusoro pe30%, pfungwa inorasika mushure mekufema kaviri kana katatu, munhu anofa mukati memaminitsi asingasviki matatu mukugwinya. Pane dotoxic concentration (isingasviki 1,2%), unogona kubata zvinotevera zvinofadza (sezvo kuwedzera kunowedzera):

1. Kuderera kwekukurumidza kwemaitiro e psychomotor, dzimwe nguva - kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwekuyerera kweropa kune nhengo dzinokosha. Muvanhu vane kushaya simba kwemoyo - kurwadziwa muchipfuva panguva yekurovedza muviri, kupfupika kwekufema.
2. Musoro muduku, kuderera kwekushanda kwepfungwa uye kwemuviri, kupfupika kwekufema pamwe nekushanda kwemuviri kune mwero. Kuvhiringika kwekuona. Inogona kuuraya mwana achangoberekwa, vanhu vane mwoyo yakaoma.
3. Kurwadza kwemusoro, dzungu, kushatirwa, kusagadzikana kwepfungwa, kusagadzikana kwendangariro, kusvotwa, kusarongeka kwekufamba kwemaoko kudiki.
4. Musoro wakakomba, kushaya simba, mhino inoyerera, kusvotwa, kurutsa, kusaona zvakanaka, kuvhiringidzika.
5. Kufungidzira, kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwekubatana kwemhasuru kufamba - ndicho chikonzero nei vanhu vaiwanzofa mumoto.

Nzira yekubatsira sei ne carbon monoxide poisoning? Zvakanaka, chekutanga, siya nzvimbo yehutachiona. Nenzira, yakajairwa gasi mask, machira akanyorova kumeso uye machira ekotoni-gauze mabhandi haachengetedze, kabhoni monoxide akazviona ese munzvimbo inonakidza uye akadzikama achipfuura nepakati pavo - iwe unoda gasi mask ine hopkalite cartridge - izvi ndizvo. iyo ine copper oxide inoisa carbon monoxide ku carbon dioxide yakachengeteka. Uye zvino - fema, fema! Fema mweya mutsva, kana zvirinani, okisijeni, ipa matishu ako asina kunaka uye nhengo izvo zvavanoda!

Mushonga wepasi rose hauzive mishonga inovimbika yekushandiswa kana paine chepfu yecarbon monoxide. Asi! - dada: masayendisiti eRussia akagadzira mushonga mutsva "Acyzol", wakaiswa semushonga (kunyangwe nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero mamwe masayendisiti ane kutenda kushoma mune izvi). Inoshandiswa intramuscularly semhinduro. Inopiwa zvakare seprophylactic. Masayendisiti eRussia anokoka kuti aedze mushonga uyu, asi nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero kunyange vashoma vanhu vanouda kupfuura mune inorwisa antidote yematoxin.

Ndizvozvo, %username%!

Ndinovimba handina kukanganisa chishuwo chako, chainakidza, uye wakadzidza chimwe chinhu chitsva kwauri, uye kwete kungogumira kudya kwako nenzvimbo dzekushanyira.

Utano uye rombo rakanaka!

“Zvinhu zvose zvine uturu, uye hapana chinhu chisina muchetura; Doro rimwe chete rinoita kuti chepfu isaonekwe. "

— Paracelsus

Source: www.habr.com