Vanosvika 80% vedu vanopedza kudzidza kubva kuyunivhesiti neIT huru havapedzisi kuva programmer. Vazhinji vanowana mabasa murutsigiro rwehunyanzvi, masisitimu maneja, komputa yekuseta wizards, dhijitari tekinoroji yekutengesa mazano, IT mamaneja, zvichingodaro.
Chinyorwa ichi chingori cheavo 80% vachangopedza kudzidza kubva kuyunivhesiti vaine humwe hunyanzvi hweIT uye vatotanga kutarisa nzvimbo, semuenzaniso, chinzvimbo chemaneja wehurongwa kana mubatsiri wake, kana injinjini yekambani inoburitsa kunze, kana ye. Tsigiro yehunyanzvi yeiyo 1st / 2nd mutsara.
Uye zvakare yekuzvidzidza wega kana kudzidzisa vashandi vatsva.
Munguva yebasa rangu muIT, ndakasangana nedambudziko rekuti mayunivhesiti haape hwaro hwekutanga pane network. Ndakatanga kusangana neizvi pachangu, apo, mushure mekupedza yunivhesiti, ndakaenda kubvunzurudzo muna 2016 uye handina kukwanisa kupindura zviri nyore (sezvazvinoita kwandiri ikozvino) mibvunzo. Ipapo, chokwadika, zvakaratidzika kwandiri kuti ndakanga ndakanganisa uye handina kupedza zvidzidzo zvangu payunivhesiti. Asi sezvazvakazoitika, nyaya yacho yakanga iri mupurogiramu yedzidzo. Kubva zvino, ini ndinotarisanawo negomba iri rezivo pandinodzidzisa vashandi vatsva.
Uye kuti ipapo, ndaifanira kudzidza zvinyorwa zvakawanda paInternet ndisati ndanzwisisa pfungwa dzinokosha, uye kuti zvino, pakubvunza vechidiki nyanzvi nyaya dzekudzidza, vanowana zvakaoma kuwana uye kudzidza zvavanoda. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti kune nhamba huru yezvinyorwa paInternet uye zvese zvakapararira nemusoro, kana kunyorwa mumutauro wakaoma. Uyezve, ruzivo rwakawanda rwekutanga kwezvinyorwa zvarwo rune tsananguro dzakareruka dzesainzi, uye ipapo hunyanzvi hwekushandisa hwakaoma. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanikwa izvo zvichiri kusanzwisisika zvachose kune anotanga.
Ndicho chikonzero ndakasarudza kuunganidza misoro mikuru mune imwe nyaya uye kuvatsanangurira sezvinobvira "paminwe".
Ndinokurumidza kukuyambira kuti hapazovi neruzivo rwakadzama muchinyorwa, chete hwaro hwaro uye hwakakosha.
Misoro yakafukidzwa:
- Global uye mambure emunharaunda
- White uye grey IP kero
- Nat
- DHCP server uye subnets
- Network routing zvishandiso (router, switch, switch, hub)
- Basic network analysis command
- Zvifambiso zvekutakura UDP uye TCP
1. Global uye Local network
Iyo yese Internet network yakakamurwa kuita pasi rose (WAN) ΠΈ local (LAN).
Zvese zvinoshandiswa zvemushandisi mukati mefurati imwechete kana hofisi kana chivakwa (makomputa, mafoni, maprinta / MFPs, maTV, nezvimwewo) zvakabatana kune router inovasanganisa mu. Local area network.
Nhengo dzenetiweki imwechete yenzvimbo dzinogona kuchinjana data pakati pezvishandiso zvavo pasina kubatana nemupi weInternet. Asi kuti uende online (semuenzaniso, enda kuYandex kana Google yekutsvaga injini, enda kuVK, Instagram, YouTube kana AmoCRM), unoda kuwana global network.
Buda ku global network inopa mupi weInternet, watinomubhadharira mari yekunyoresa. Mupi anogadzika nhanho yekumhanya pamarouter ayo kune imwe neimwe yekubatanidza zvinoenderana nemutero. Mupi anotitumira maviri akamonyoroka kana optics kune yedu router (yedu yemuno network) uye mushure meizvozvo chero mudziyo network yemuno anogona kubuda kuenda global network.
Kufananidza, network inogona kufananidzwa nemigwagwa.
Semuenzaniso, migwagwa yeguta rako N ndeye network yemuno. Iyi migwagwa inokubatanidza iwe kuzvitoro, masangano, mapaki nedzimwe nzvimbo muguta rako.
Kuti usvike kune rimwe guta N, unofanirwa kuenda kumugwagwa mukuru uye kutyaira imwe nhamba yemakiromita. Ndiko kuti, enda global network.
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuti chii network yepasi rose neyemuno Ndakadhirowa.
2. White uye grey IP kero
Chigadzirwa chega chega pane network chine chayo yakasarudzika IP kero. Inodiwa kuti maturusi etiweki anzwisise kwekutumira chikumbiro nemhinduro.
Zvakangofanana nedzimba dzedu nedzimba dzine kero yavo chaiyo (zip code, guta, mugwagwa, nhamba yemba, nhamba yefurati).
Mukati menetiweki yako yemuno (furati, hofisi kana chivakwa) pane akasiyana kero. Ndinofunga kuti vazhinji vakacherechedza kuti ip-address yekombiyuta, somuenzaniso, inotanga nenhamba 192.168.XX.
Saka iyi ndiyo kero yenzvimbo yemudziyo wako.
Pane inobvumirwa LAN mitsara:
Ndinofunga kubva patafura yakaratidzwa pakarepo inova pachena kuti nei yakawanda yakawanda iri 192.168.XX
Kuti uzive, semuenzaniso, iyo ip-kero yekombuta yako (yakavakirwa paWindows OS), nyora murairo mune terminal. ipconfig
Sezvauri kuona, ip kero yekombuta yangu iri pamba pangu LAN 192.168.88.251
Kuti uwane ma network epasi rose, yako yemuno ip kero yakatsiviwa nerouta globalyaunopiwa neISP yako. Global ip kero haiwire pasi pezvikamu kubva patafura iri pamusoro.
Saka pano enzvimbo ip kero grey ip kero uye pasi rose ip kero chena.
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani, funga dhayagiramu iri pazasi. Pairi, ndakasaina mudziyo wega wega ne ip-kero yangu.
Dhiagiramu inoratidza kuti mupi anotisunungura kune network yepasirese (paInternet) ne chena ip kero 91.132.25.108
Kune yedu router, mupi akapa grey ip kero 172.17.135.11
Uye mune yedu yemuno network, ese maturusi, zvichiteerana, anewo grey ip kero 192.168.X.X
Iwe unogona kuziva pasi peiyo ip-kero iwe yaunowana iyo global network pane webhusaiti
Asi pane zvose izvi, zvakakodzera kuyeuka chimwe chinhu chakakosha!
Parizvino, dambudziko rekushaikwa kwechena ip-kero rave rakawedzera, sezvo nhamba yemidziyo yetiweki yakapfuura kwenguva yakareba nhamba yeip-adhiresi iripo. Uye nechikonzero ichi, Internet vanopa vanopa vashandisi grey ip kero (mukati metiweki yemuno yemupi, semuenzaniso, mukati mezvivakwa zvinoverengeka zvemafurati) uye yakaburitswa kune network yepasirese pasi peimwe yakafanana. chena ip kero.
Kuti uwane grey ip-kero yaunopiwa kwauri nemupi kana chena, unogona kuenda kune router yako uye uone kuti ip-kero router yako inogamuchira kubva kumupi.
Kana kuti enda, semuenzaniso, kune saiti uye pazasi chaipo (muzasi pesaiti) iwe uchaona ip-kero yerouter yako.
Semuenzaniso, pano ndakapinda kubva kumba kwangu Internet:
Sezvaunogona kuona, pachokwadi ndine grey ip kero 172.17.132.2 (ona kero yenzvimbo). Kuti ubatanidze chena ip-kero, vanopa vanowanzopa mamwe. sevhisi nemunhu akanyoresa kubhadhara.
Muchokwadi, yeInternet yekumba, izvi hazvina kukosha zvachose. Uye pano kumahofisi ekambani, zvinokurudzirwa kutenga chena IP kero kubva kumupi, sezvo kushandiswa kwe-grey ip-address kunosanganisira matambudziko nekushanda kwep-telephony, uye hazvizoitiwo kugadzirisa hukama hweVPN huri kure. Izvi zvinoreva, grey ip-kero haizokubvumiri kuti uunze sevha yako yakagadziridzwa kuInternet uye haizokubvumiri kuti ugadzire hukama huri kure kune server kubva kune imwe network.
3.NAT
Muchikamu chakapfuura, ndakaona kuti βdambudziko rekushaikwa kwewhite ip-addresss rawedzeraβ uye nekudaro, yakajairika yekubatanidza chirongwa chevanopa Internet iko zvino ndeyekubatanidza vatengi vazhinji negrey ip-kero, uye kuvaburitsa kuInternet yepasirese pasi peimwe yakafanana chena ip.
Asi izvi zvakanga zvisiri nguva dzose, pakutanga munhu wose akapiwa chena ip-addresses, uye munguva pfupi, kuitira kuti adzivise dambudziko rekushayikwa kwe-white ip-addresses, yakangogadzirwa. NAT (Network Kero Dudziro) - IP kero yekushandura nzira.
Nat inoshanda pamarouter ese uye inotitendera kuti tiwane network yepasi rose kubva kunetiweki yemuno.
Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani, ngatitarisei mienzaniso miviri:
1. Nyaya yekutanga: akatengwa kwauri chena ip kero 91.105.8.10 uye zvishandiso zvakati wandei zvakabatana munetiweki yemuno.
Imwe neimwe yemuno mudziyo ine yayo grey ip kero. Asi kuwana kuInternet kunogoneka chete kubva kune chena ip-kero.
Naizvozvo, apo, semuenzaniso, PC1 ine ip-kero 192.168.1.3 yakasarudza kupinda muYandex yekutsvaga injini, iyo router, nekupa chikumbiro kubva kuPC1 kune network yepasirese, inobatanidza iyo michina. Nat, iyo inoshandura PC1 ip address kuita white global ip address 91.105.8.10
Uyewo mune zvinopesana, apo router inogamuchira mhinduro kubva kuYandex server, inoshandisa nzira Nat ichatungamira iyi mhinduro kune ip kero 192.168.1.3 iyo PC1 yakabatana.
2. Nyaya yechipiri: iwe zvakare une akati wandei maturusi akabatana netiweki yemuno, asi hauna kutenga chena IP kero kubva kune Internet mupi.
Muchiitiko ichi, kero yemunharaunda PC1(192.168.1.3) akatanga atendeuka Nat'ohm ye router yako uye inoshanduka kuita grey ip kero 172.17.115.3, iyo yakapiwa kwauri neInternet provider, uye ipapo grey ip-kero yako inoshandurwa Nat'ohm ye router yemupi chena ip kero 91.105.108.10, uye chete mushure meizvozvo kuwana kuInternet (global network) kunoitwa.
Ndokunge, mune iyi kesi, zvinoitika kuti zvishandiso zvako zviri kuseri kwekaviri Nat'ohm.
Ichi chirongwa chine dhigirii repamusoro rekuchengetedza kumidziyo yako, asi zvakare ine huwandu hwakakura hwakaipa. Semuyenzaniso, isina kugadzikana sip-kunyoreswa kweVoIP midziyo kana imwe-nzira inonzwika paunenge uchifona kuburikidza ne ip-telephony.
Mamwe mashoko pamusoro pemashini Nat, nezve zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira, nezve port allocation, nezve masokisi uye nezve mhando Nat Ndichanyora imwe nyaya.
4. DHCP - server uye subnets
Kuti ubatanidze mudziyo, semuenzaniso, komputa kuInternet, iwe unowanzo batanidza waya (yakamonyoroka pair) pakombuta uye wozoenda kune yemahara port pane router, mushure meizvozvo komputa inogamuchira otomatiki ip-kero uye kuwana Internet. anooneka.
Zvakare neWi-Fi, semuenzaniso kubva kune smartphone kana laptop, iwe unobatanidza kune network yaunoda, isa password, mudziyo unogamuchira ip-kero uye une Internet.
Π chii chinobvumira mudziyo kuwana kero yepanzvimbo yega yega?
Basa iri rinoitwa DHCP server.
Router imwe neimwe ine DHCP server. Ma IP kero akawanikwa otomatiki ndeaya dynamic ip kero.
Sei zvine simba?
Nekuti, nekubatana kwega kwega kana kutangazve kweiyo router, DHCP server zvakare reboots uye inogona kupa zvishandiso zvakasiyana ip-kero.
Ndiko, semuenzaniso, ikozvino komputa yako ine ip-kero 192.168.1.10, mushure mekugadzirisazve router, ip-kero yekombiyuta inogona kuva 192.168.1.35
Kuti udzivise ip-kero kubva pakuchinja, unogona kuiisa statically. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa zvese pakombuta mune network zvigadziriso, uye pane router pachayo.
Uye, DHCP server pane router, iwe unogona kazhinji kudzima uye kuseta ip-kero nemaoko.
Iwe unogona kuseta akawanda DHCP maseva pane imwe router. Ipapo network yemuno inokamurwa kuita subnets.
Semuenzaniso, tichabatanidza makomputa kune zero subnet muhuwandu 192.168.0.2-192.168.0.255, maprinta kune yekutanga subnet muhuwandu 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255, uye isu tichagovera Wi-Fi kune yechishanu subnet huwandu 192.168.5.2-192.168.5.255 (ona mufananidzo uri pasi apa)
Kazhinji, subnetting haidiwi. Izvi zvinoitwa kana kambani ine nhamba huru yezvishandiso zvakabatana kunetiweki uye pakuisa network kuchengetedza.
Asi chirongwa chakadaro mumakambani chakajairika.
Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuziva pfungwa inokosha zvikuru.
Cherechedza chinyorwa!
Kana iwe uchida kuwana web interface kubva kuPC, semuenzaniso, printer kana IP foni, uye panguva imwechete PC yako iri pane imwe subnet yakasiyana, saka haungakwanisi kubatanidza.
Kuti tinzwisise, ngatitorei muenzaniso:
Ngatiti unoshandira PC1 ine ip kero yemuno 10.10.5.2 uye unoda kuenda kune web interface ip foni ine ip kero yemuno 192.168.1.3, iwe haugone kubatana. Nekuti zvishandiso zviri pama subnets akasiyana. Kune ip-foni iri mu subnet 192.168.1.x, iwe unogona chete kubatana ne PC3 (192.168.1.5).
Uyewo ku MFP (172.17.17.12) unogona kungobatana chete PC4 (172.17.17.10).
Naizvozvo, kana iwe uchibatanidza kure kune mushandisi paPC kuitira kuti uwane iyo yewebhu interface yeip foni, ita shuwa kutanga watarisa epanzvimbo yavo kero kuti uone kuti ese maturusi akabatana kune imwechete subnet.
5. Network routing zvishandiso (router, switch, switch, hub)
Zvinoshamisa sezvingaite senge, asi pane chokwadi chekuti vatsva kuIT (dzimwe nguva vagara varipo vatariri vehurongwa) havazive kana kuvhiringa pfungwa dzakadai se. router, chinja, chinja, network gedhi uye hub.
Ini ndinofunga chikonzero chenyonganiso iyi chamuka nekuda kwekuti vakaburitsa mazwi akafanana uye jargon mumazita emidziyo yetiweki uye izvi zvave kutsausa mainjiniya mazhinji.
Ngatizvionei.
a) Router, router uye network gedhi
Munhu wose anoziva kuti chii router. Kuti iyi ndiyo chaiyo mudziyo unogovera iyo Internet yakabatana kubva kune Internet mupi mukamuri.
Saka pano router uye network gateway iyi ndiyo router.
Iyi midziyo ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukuronga kwetiweki. Munzvimbo yeinjiniya, zita rinonyanya kushandiswa nderekuti βrouter".
Nenzira, kwete chete seti-yepamusoro bhokisi inogona kuva router, asiwo komputa system unit, kana iwe ukaisa imwe network network ipapo uye roll, semuenzaniso, RouterOS Mikrotik. Tevere, patsanura network kuita zvishandiso zvakawanda uchishandisa switch.
b) Chii chinonzi Shanduko uye kuti yakasiyana sei neSwitch uye Hub
Chinja uye Shandura ndizvowo synonyms. Uye pano hub mudziyo wakasiyana zvishoma. Nezvake mundima inotevera (c).
Shandura (chinja) inoshanda kugovera kunze network yemuno. Senge teki kana surge protector, kwatinobatanidza zvishandiso zvedu kuti tizvigonese nemagetsi kubva kune imwechete kubuda.
Iyo switch haizive nzira yekufambisa network senge router. Izvo hazvizopi mudziyo wako IP kero uye pasina rubatsiro rwe router haizokwanisi kukurega iwe kunze kweInternet.
A standard router kazhinji ine 4-5 ports yekubatanidza zvishandiso. Saizvozvo, kana zvishandiso zvako zvakabatana newaya uye kune akawanda kupfuura madoko pane router, saka iwe unoda switch. Iwe unogona kubatanidza 24-chiteshi switch kune imwe chiteshi cheiyo router uye kuronga zviri nyore network yenzvimbo yemidziyo makumi maviri nemana.
Uye kana iwe uine imwe router yakarara yakatenderedza, saka unogona kubatidza chinja modhi muwebhu interface uye zvakare kuishandisa sechinochinja.
c) hub
Hub inoita mabasa akafanana nekuchinja. Asi tekinoroji yayo yekugovera ine matanda zvakanyanya uye yatove yechinyakare.
Hub inogovera mapaketi anouya kubva kurouter kune ese akabatana zvishandiso zvisina tsarukano, uye zvishandiso pachazvo zvinofanirwa kuona kana iri packet kana kwete.
Π switch ine MAC tafura uye saka inogovera mapaketi anouya kune imwe chaiyo mudziyo, iyo yakakumbira iyi packet. Saka data transfer chinja nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya.
Mazuva ano, hazviwanzo kuwana kushandiswa kwe hub, asi zvakadaro ivo vanosangana, unofanirwa kunge wakagadzirira izvi uye uve nechokwadi chekukurudzira kuti mushandisi atsive hub ne switch.
6. Mirairo yakakosha yekuongorora network
a) Ping Command
Kuti unzwisise kana ip-kero kana mudziyo pachawo uchishanda, unogona "ping" iyo.
Kuti uite izvi, pamutsetse wemirairo, nyora ping yekuraira "ip kero".
Pano isu "pinged" google dns server uye, sezvatinoona, sevha inoshanda (pane mhinduro kune pings uye yakaenzana ne83 ms).
Kana iyo addressee isipo kana iyo yakapihwa ip-kero isipo, saka tichaona mufananidzo unotevera:
Ndiko kuti, isu hatigamuchire mhinduro kune pings.
asi Ping zvakawanda zvinobatsira kushandisa nemakiyi:
-t - "ping" nguva dzose (kumira, dzvanya musanganiswa Ctrl + C)
-a -ratidza zita re "pinged" host (saiti / mudziyo / server)
Naizvozvo, kiyi-aβ akatiratidza kuti zita remugadziri wepinged ndiβdns.googleβ.
Uye nekuda kwekiyi-tβping haina kumira, ndakaimisa nekudzvanya Ctrl+C.
Nekuenderera mberi kweping, unogona kuona kana iyo pinged node ichiita zvakaringana uye nehupamhi hwemhando yeInternet chiteshi.
Sezvauri kuona kubva pascreenshot, pane nguva nenguva kunonoka kugamuchira packet kusvika ku418 ms, ichi chinhu chakakosha kukosha, sezvo kusvetuka kubva pa83 ms kusvika 418 ms kungadai kwakakanganisa kutaurirana kwevhidhiyo nekudzikira / kuomesa mufananidzo kana. mu ip-telephony nekudzikisira kunaka kwezwi.
Muchiitiko changu, kazhinji imba yangu yeInternet iri kurova.
Asi kuti usimbise chikonzero mune zvakadzama, zvinodikanwa kumhanya marara. Uye iyi inyaya yechinyorwa chose.
Cherechedza chinyorwa! Dzimwe nguva kutumira kunovharwa pama routers ICMP mapaketi (mumwe munhu anodzima nemaune, asi pane imwe nzvimbo haagone kugoneswa nekukasira), mune iyi kesi, node yakadaro haizopindure ku "pings", kunyangwe iyo pachayo ichave inoshanda uye inoshanda zvakajairika mumambure.
Imwe mukana we "ping" ndeye tsvaga kuti ip-kero yakavanzwa kuseri kwesaiti domain. Zvichireva, pane iyo server iyo saiti host yakaiswa.
Kuti uite izvi, ingo nyora saiti pane iyo ip-kero:
Sezvauri kuona, iyo habr ine ip-kero 178.248.237.68
b) Kutsvaga
Dzimwe nguva zvakakosha kuti uone nzira iyo packet inoenda kune imwe mudziyo.
Zvichida pane imwe nzvimbo pane gomba uye purogiramu haisviki kune addressee. Saka pano iyo trace utility inobatsira kuona kuti pasuru iyi yakamira papi.
PaWindows OS, izvi zvinoshandiswa zvinodanwa nemurairo "tracert" ip kero kana domain:
Pano takaona kuburikidza nemanodhi chikumbiro chedu chinopfuura chisati chasvika kune ya.ru server
pamusoro Linux OS chinhu ichi chinodanwa nemurairo mutsaroc.
Mimwe midziyo, marouters kana VoIP izwi magedhi zvakare ane yekutevera utility.
c) whois utility
Ichi iyo yekushandisa inokutendera iwe kuti uwane ruzivo rwese nezve ip-kero kana nezve domain registrar.
Somuenzaniso, ngatitarisei ip kero 145.255.1.71. Kuti uite izvi, isa murairo mune terminal ndiani 145.255.1.71
Ndine ruzivo nezve mupi wepi kero, nyika, guta, kero, renji, nezvimwe.
Ini ndinoishandisa chete paLinux. Iyo yekushandisa inodhawunirodha uye kuisa nyore kubva kune yakajairwa sisitimu yekushandisa repository.
Asi ini zvakare ndakaverenga kuti paWindows pane mhinduro yakafanana.
7. Zvinyorwa zvekutakura TCP uye UDP
Kwese kutapurirana kwezvikumbiro uye kugamuchirwa kwemhinduro pakati pemidziyo mune network kunoitwa uchishandisa maprotocol ekufambisa TCP uye UDP.
Iyo TCP protocol inovimbisa kuendeswa kwechikumbiro uye kuvimbika kwekutapurirana kwayo. Inofanoongorora kuwanikwa kwenode isati yatumira pakiti. Uye kana kutendeseka kwepakiti kuchiputswa munzira, saka TCP zadzisa zvisungo zvisipo.
Kazhinji, iyi iprotocol ichaita zvese kuti chikumbiro chako chisvike kune adresse nemazvo.
Naizvozvo, TCP iyo inonyanya kushandiswa yekufambisa protocol. Inoshandiswa kana munhu anoshandisa paInternet, achikwira masaiti, masevhisi, masocial network. network, nezvimwewo.
UDP iyo protocol haina yakavimbiswa kufambisa data se TCP. Iyo haitarise kuwanikwa kweiyo yekupedzisira node isati yaitumira, uye haizadzi pakiti kana ichinge yaora. Kana packet kana akawanda mapaketi akarasika munzira, ipapo meseji inosvika kune ari addressee mune yakadaro fomu isina kukwana.
Nei UDP ichidikanwa ipapo?
Icho chokwadi ndechekuti iyi protocol yekufambisa ine mukana wakakura pamusoro TCP muyero yekufambisa data. Ndosaka UDP inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kutumira chaiyo-nguva izwi uye vhidhiyo mapaketi.. Sezvineiwo, mune ip-telephony uye vhidhiyo mafoni.
Semuenzaniso, chero kufona kuburikidza neWhatsApp kana Viber inoshandisa iyo yekufambisa protocol UDP. Zvakare nemavhidhiyo mafoni, semuenzaniso, kuburikidza neSkype kana vatumwa vekare WhatsApp neViber.
Ndizvo chaizvo nekuti UDP haivimbisi kufambisa kwakazara kwedata uye kutendeseka kwepaketi inotapurirwa izvo zvinowanzoitika matambudziko pakuita mafoni paInternet.
Uku kukanganisa kwezwi, kunonoka, echo kana izwi rerobhoti.
Dambudziko iri rinoitika nekuda kwekubatikana kweInternet chiteshi, kaviri NAT kana redhiyo chiteshi.
Zvingava zvakanaka, hongu, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kushandisa TCP, asi nhamo, kutapurirana pakarepo kwemapaketi akazara kwakakosha pakufambisa kwezwi, uye kune iri basa rakanakira. UDP.
Kudzivirira matambudziko kushandisa UDP protocol, iwe unongoda kuronga yemhando yepamusoro Internet chiteshi. Uye zvakare gadzira bhendi rakatsaurirwa pane iyo router ye UDPkurodha kubva kune mamwe maturusi anoshandisa TCP hazvina kukanganisa kushanda kweprotocol yekutakura UDP.
Ndizvo zvose.
Ini handina kuunganidza chinyorwa uye kukopa-namira pano tsananguro dzesainzi dzemashoko ese anoshandiswa, kune avo vanoida, ingo google.
Ndakaedza kubatanidza 7 inonyanya kukosha, mumaonero angu, pfungwa, ruzivo rwacho ruchabatsira wechidiki "IT nyanzvi" kupfuudza matanho ekutanga ekubvunzurudza kwe "IT" nzvimbo, kana kuti kungojekesa kune mushandirwi kuti unonyatsoziva kupfuura munhuwo zvake mushandisi.
Dzidza, tsanangura. Ndinovimba kuti nyaya yacho ichabatsira vakawanda.
Source: www.habr.com