Kwasara asingasviki maawa makumi maviri nemana tisati tatengeserwa itsva AMD EPYC ™ Rome processors kutanga. Muchinyorwa chino, takafunga kurangarira kuti nhoroondo yekukwikwidzana pakati pevaviri makuru ekugadzira CPU yakatanga sei.
Yekutanga pasirese 8-bit inotengeswa processor yaive Intel® i8008, yakaburitswa muna 1972. Iyo processor yaive newachi frequency ye200 kHz, yakagadzirwa uchishandisa gumi micron (10 nm) tekinoroji maitiro uye yaive yakagadzirirwa "advanced" calculator, yekuisa-yekubuda zviteshi uye mabhodhoro muchina.
Muna 1974, iyi processor yakave hwaro hweMark-8 microcomputer, inoratidzwa seDIY chirongwa pabutiro remagazini yeRadio-Electronics. Munyori webasa racho, Jonathan Titus, akapa munhu wose kabhuku kaidhura madhora mashanu kaiva nemifananidzo yemakondukita ebhodhi redunhu akadhindwa uye tsananguro yemaitirwo egungano. Nenguva isipi, chirongwa chakafanana cheAltair 5 personal microcomputer, yakagadzirwa neMITS (Micro Instrumentation uye Telemetry Systems), yakazvarwa.
Kutanga kwemakwikwi
Makore maviri mushure mekusikwa kwei2, Intel yakaburitsa chip yayo nyowani - iyo i8008, zvichibva pane yakagadziridzwa i8080 architecture uye yakagadzirwa uchishandisa 8008 micron (6 nm) tekinoroji maitiro. Iyi processor yaive yakapetwa kagumi nekukurumidza kupfuura yakatangira (wachi frequency 6000 MHz) uye yakagamuchira yakagadziridzwa yekuraira sisitimu.
Reverse engineering yeIntel® i8080 processor nevatatu vane tarenda mainjiniya, Sean naKim Haley, naJay Kumar, zvakakonzera kugadzirwa kweiyo yakagadziridzwa clone inonzi AMD AM9080.
Pakutanga, AMD Am9080 yakaburitswa isina rezinesi, asi gare gare chibvumirano cherezinesi chakapedzwa neIntel. Izvi zvakapa makambani ese ari maviri mukana mumisika yemachip sezvo vatengi vaitsvaga kudzivirira kutsamira kune mumwe chete mutengesi. Kutengeswa kwekutanga kwaibatsira zvakanyanya, sezvo mutengo wekugadzira waive masendi makumi mashanu, uye machipisi pachawo aitengwa nemauto neUS $50 rimwe nerimwe.
Mushure meizvi, Kim Haley akafunga kuyedza ruoko rwake ku reverse engineering Intel® EPROM 1702 memory chip. Pfungwa iyi yakangobudirira zvishoma - iyo yakagadzirwa clone yakachengetwa data kwemavhiki matatu chete pamhepo tembiricha.
Sezvo atyora machipisi akawanda uye zvichibva paruzivo rwake rwekemikari, Kim akagumisa kuti asingazive chaiyo tembiricha yekukura kweiyo oxide, hazvingaite kuzadzisa kuita kwakataurwa kweIntel (makore gumi pa10 degrees). Achiratidza hunyanzvi hwesocial engineering, akafonera Intel nzvimbo ndokubvunza kuti mavira avo aimhanya papi. Zvinoshamisa kuti akaudzwa asingazezi mufananidzo chaiwo - 85 madhigirii. Bhingo! Zvechokwadi, mazano akadaro haaigona asi kutungamirira kumigumisiro yakaipa.
Muedzo wekutanga
Mukutanga kwa1981, Intel yaigadzirira kupinda muchibvumirano chekugadzira processor neIBM, iyo yakakura kwazvo kugadzira komputa panguva iyoyo. Intel pachayo yakanga isati yave nekwanisi yekugadzira yakakwana yekusangana nezvinodiwa neBMM, saka kuti isarasikirwe nekondirakiti, chibvumirano chaifanira kuitwa. Uku kukanganisa kwaive chibvumirano cherezinesi pakati peIntel ne AMD, iyo yakabvumira iyo yekupedzisira kuti itange kugadzira clones yeIntel® 8086, 80186 uye 80286.
Makore mana gare gare, yazvino Intel® 4 ine wachi yekumhanya ye86 MHz uye yakagadzirwa uchishandisa 80386 micron (33 nm) process tekinoroji yakaunzwa kumusika wex1 processor. AMD yaigadzirirawo chip yakafanana inonzi Am1000 ™ panguva ino, asi kuburitswa kwakanonoka kusvika nekusingaperi nekuda kwekuramba kweIntel kupa tekinoroji data pasi pechibvumirano cherezinesi. Ichi chakava chikonzero chekuenda kumatare.
Sechikamu chemhosva, Intel akaedza kupokana kuti mazwi echibvumirano aingoshanda kuzvizvarwa zvakapfuura zvevagadziri vakaburitswa pamberi pe80386. AMD, zvakare, yakasimbirira kuti zvibvumirano zvechibvumirano hazvibvumire chete kubereka 80386, asi. zvakare mamodheru emangwana anoenderana neiyo x86 yekuvakisa.
Mhosva yacho yakakwevera mberi kwemakore akati wandei uye yakapera mukukunda kwe AMD (Intel yakabhadhara AMD $ 1 bhiriyoni). Hukama hwekuvimbana pakati pemakambani hwakapera, uye Am386 ™ yakaburitswa muna 1991 chete. Nekudaro, iyo processor yaidiwa zvakanyanya nekuti yaimhanya nepamusoro peiyo frequency (40 MHz inopesana ne33 MHz).
Kubudirira kwemakwikwi
Yekutanga processor munyika yakavakirwa pane yakasanganiswa CISC-RISC musimboti uye kuva nemasvomhu coprocessor (FPU) zvakananga pane imwechete chip yaive Intel® 80486. FPU yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kumhanyisa zvakakomba nzvimbo inoyangarara, ichibvisa mutoro kubva CPU. Imwe tsvarakadenga yaive kutangwa kwepombi nzira yekuita mirairo, iyo yakawedzerawo goho. Saizi yechimwe chinhu chaive kubva 600 kusvika 1000 nm, uye kristaro yaive kubva 0,9 kusvika 1,6 miriyoni transistors.
AMD yakaunzawo analogue inoshanda yakazara inonzi Am486 ichishandisa Intel® 80386 microcode uye Intel® 80287 coprocessor. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akava chikonzero chemhaka dzakawanda. Mutongo wa1992 wedare wakasimbisa kuti AMD yakanga yatyora kodzero yeFPU 80287 microcode, mushure mezvo kambani yakatanga kugadzira yayo microcode.
Nyaya dzinotevera dzakachinjika pakati pekusimbisa uye kuramba kodzero dze AMD dzekushandisa Intel® microcode. Pfungwa yekupedzisira munyaya idzi yakaiswa neDare Repamusorosoro reCalifornia, iro rakazivisa kodzero ye AMD yekushandisa microcode 80386. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive kusaina chibvumirano pakati pemakambani ese ari maviri, ayo achiri kubvumira AMD kugadzira uye kutengesa ma processor ane microcode 80287, 80386. uye 80486.
Vamwe vatambi mumusika wex86, vakadai saCyrix, Texas Instruments uye UMC, vakatsvagawo kudzokorora kubudirira kweIntel nekuburitsa analogue anoshanda echip 80486. Imwe nzira kana imwe, vakatadza. UMC yakabuda mujaho mushure mekunge dare redzimhosva rakarambidza kutengeswa kweGreen CPU yayo muUnited States. Cyrix haana kukwanisa kuwana zvibvumirano zvinobhadhara nevaunganidzi vakakura, uye akabatanidzwawo mumatare neIntel maererano nekushandiswa kwetekinoroji. Saka, Intel ne AMD chete ndivo vakaramba vari vatungamiri vemusika we x86.
Kuvaka simba
Mukuedza kuhwina mukwikwidzi, vese Intel ne AMD vakaedza kuwana yakanyanya kuita nekumhanya. Nekudaro, AMD yaive yekutanga munyika kukunda iyo 1 GHz bar nekuburitsa yayo Athlon™ (37 miriyoni transistors, 130 nm) paThunderbird core. Panguva ino yemujaho, Intel yaive nematambudziko nekusagadzikana kwechipiri nhanho cache yePentium® III paCoppermine core, izvo zvakakonzera kunonoka kuburitswa kwechigadzirwa.
Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti zita rekuti Athlon rinobva mumutauro wekare wechiGiriki uye rinogona kushandurwa se "makwikwi" kana "nzvimbo yehondo, nhandare."
Mamiriro akafanana akabudirira e AMD aive kuburitswa kweiyo dual-core Athlon™ X2 processor (90 nm), uye makore maviri gare gare iyo Quad-Core Opteron™ (2 nm), uko ese mana cores anorimwa pane imwechete chip, panzvimbo pezvo. kupfuura kuve musangano wemachipisi 65. 4 cores imwe neimwe. Panguva imwecheteyo, Intel inoburitsa yakakurumbira Core™ 2 Duo uye Core ™ 2 Quad, yakagadzirwa uchishandisa 2 nm process tekinoroji.
Pamwe chete nekuwedzera kwemaawa ewachi uye kuwedzera kwenhamba yemacores, mubvunzo wekuziva maitiro matsva etekinoroji, pamwe nekupinda mune mamwe misika, wakava wakaoma. Chibvumirano chikuru che AMD kwaive kutenga kweATI Technologies kwemadhora mazana mashanu emadhora. Nekudaro, AMD yakapinda mumusika weiyo graphics accelerator uye ikava mukwikwidzi mukuru waNvidia. Intel, zvakare, yakawana imwe yezvikamu zveTexas Instruments, pamwe nekambani yeAltera yemadhora mabhiriyoni gumi nematanhatu. Mhedzisiro yaive yekupinda mumusika we programmable logic yakabatanidzwa maseketi uye maSoCs emagetsi evatengi.
Chinhu chinoshamisa ndechekuti kubvira 2009, AMD yakasiya kugadzirwa kwayo, yakatarisana nebudiriro chete. Mazuva ano AMD processors anogadzirwa kunzvimbo dzekugadzira dzeGlobalFoundries uye TSMC. Intel, pane zvinopesana, inoenderera mberi nekuvandudza yayo yekugadzira hunyanzvi hwekugadzira semiconductor zvinhu.
Kubva 2018, kunze kwekukwikwidza kwakananga, makambani ese ari maviri akagadzirawo mapurojekiti akabatana. Muenzaniso unoshamisa waive kuburitswa kwe8th chizvarwa Intel® Core™ processors ine yakasanganiswa AMD Radeon™ RX Vega M mifananidzo, nekudaro kusanganisa kusimba kwemakambani ese ari maviri. Mhinduro iyi inoderedza saizi yemalaptops uye mini-makomputa uchiwedzera kuita uye hupenyu hwebhatiri.
mhedziso
Munhoroondo yese yemakambani ese ari maviri, kwave kune zvikamu zvakawanda zvekusawirirana uye kutaurirana. Kurwira hutungamiriri kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi uye kunoenderera mberi nanhasi. Gore rino takaona huru yekuvandudza kune Intel® Xeon® Scalable processors mutsara, yatakatotaura nezvayo. , uye ikozvino yave nguva yekuti AMD itore nhanho.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, itsva AMD EPYC ™ Rome processors ichaonekwa murabhoritari yedu. nezvekusvika kwavo kutanga.
Source: www.habr.com