Iwo maredhiyo ekufambisa masisitimu anoshandiswa nendege kumhara zvakachengetedzeka haana kuchengetedzeka uye anogona kubirwa.

Chiratidzo chinoshandiswa nendege kutsvaga pekumhara chinogona kunyengedzwa ne $600 walkie-talkie.

Ndege iri kuratidza kurwiswa kweredhiyo nekuda kwezviratidzo zvespoofed. KGS inodzika kurudyi kwenzira yekufambisa ndege

Inenge ndege dzose dzakabhururuka mumakore 50 adarika—ingava injini imwe chete inonzi Cessna kana kuti jumbo jeti inogara vanhu 600—yave ichivimba nemaredhiyo kuti imhara zvakanaka panhandare dzendege. Aya ma instrument ekumhara masisitimu (ILS) anotorwa sematanho echokwadi nekuti, kusiyana neGPS nemamwe masisitimu ekufambisa, anopa ruzivo rwakakosha-chaiyo-chaiyo nguva yekwakamire yendege zvichienderana nenzvimbo yayo yekumhara. Mumamiriro ezvinhu mazhinji - kunyanya kana ichimhara mumhute kana kunaya husiku - kufamba kweredhiyo uku kunoramba kuri nzira huru yekuona kuti ndege inobata pasi panotangira nzira uye pakati chaipo.

Kufanana nemamwe matekinoroji akawanda akagadzirwa kare, KGS haina kupa dziviriro kubva mukubira. Masaini eredhiyo haana kuvharirwa uye huchokwadi hwawo haugone kusimbiswa. Vatyairi vendege vanongofungidzira kuti masaini masaini masisitimu avo anogashira panhandare yakapihwa frequency masaini chaiwo anotepfenyurwa nemushandisi wendege. Kwemakore mazhinji, kukanganisa kwekuchengetedza uku hakuna kucherechedzwa, zvakanyanya nekuti mutengo uye kuoma kwechiratidzo spoofing kwakaita kuti kurwiswa kuve kusina maturo.

Asi ikozvino vaongorori vakagadzira nzira yakaderera yekubira iyo inomutsa mibvunzo nezve kuchengetedzeka kweCGS inoshandiswa panhandare yendege yega yega munyika dzeindasitiri. Kushandisa redhiyo yemadhora mazana matanhatu purogiramu inodzorwa, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kukanganisa zviratidzo zvepanhandare yendege kuitira kuti zvishandiswa zvomutyairi zvekufambisa zviratidze kuti ndege yabva munzira. Zvinoenderana nekudzidziswa, mutyairi wendege anofanira kugadzirisa chiyero chekudzika kana maitiro echikepe, nekudaro achigadzira njodzi yetsaona.

Imwe nzira yekurwisa ndeyekunyepedzera masaini ekuti kona yekudzika idiki pane zvariri chaizvo. Mharidzo yefodya ine inonzi Chiratidzo che "kudzikisa" chinozivisa mutyairi wendege kuti awedzere kona yekudzika, zvichizokonzeresa kuti ndege ibate pasi isati yatanga nzira.

Vhidhiyo iyi inoratidza imwe chiratidzo chakakanganiswa chinogona kutyisidzira ndege ichauya kumhara. Anorwisa anogona kutumira chiratidzo kuudza mutyairi wendege kuti ndege yake iri kuruboshwe rwenzira yepakati, nepo ndege yacho iri pakati chaipo. Mutyairi wendege anozoita zvekudhonzera ndege kurudyi, izvo zvinozoita kuti iswedere kudivi.

Vatsvagiri kubva kuNortheastern University muBoston vakabvunzana nemutyairi wendege uye nyanzvi yezvekuchengetedza, uye vanongwarira kuona kuti chiratidzo chakadaro spoofing hachigone kutungamira mukuputsika kazhinji. Kusashanda zvakanaka kweCGS injodzi inozivikanwa yekuchengetedzeka, uye vatyairi vendege vane ruzivo vanowana kudzidziswa kwakadzama pamusoro pemapinduriro avangaita. Mumamiriro okunze akajeka, zvichava nyore kuti mutyairi wendege aone kuti ndege yacho haina kuenderana nechepakati penzira, uye achakwanisa kutenderera.

Chimwe chikonzero chekusava nechokwadi kune musoro kuoma kwekuita kurwisa. Pamusoro peredhiyo inorongwa, inotungamira antenna uye amplifier inozodiwa. Midziyo yese iyi yaizonetsa kupinzwa mundege kana muparidzi achida kurwisa kubva mundege. Kana akafunga kurwisa kubva pasi, zvinotora basa rakawanda kurongedza midziyo netambo yekumhara pasina kukwezva kutarisa. Zvakare, nhandare dzendege dzinowanzo tarisa kukanganiswa pane inonzwika frequency, izvo zvinogona kureva kuti kurwiswa kunomiswa mushure mekutanga.

Muna 2012, muongorori Brad Haynes, anozivikanwa sa Renderman, kusununguka kwakafumurwa muADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) system, iyo inoshandiswa nendege kuona nzvimbo yavo uye kutumira data kune dzimwe ndege. Akapfupikisa matambudziko ekunyatso spoofing masaini eCGS sezvinotevera:

Kana zvese zvikaungana - nzvimbo, midziyo yakavanzwa, mamiriro ekunze akaipa, chinangwa chakakodzera, anokurudzirwa, akangwara uye ane simba rekurwisa anorwisa mari - chii chinoitika? Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, ndege inomhara pauswa uye kukuvadzwa kana kufa kunobvira, asi magadzirirwo endege akachengeteka uye mapoka anopindura nokukurumidza anovimbisa kuti pane mukana muduku zvikuru wemoto mukuru unokonzera kurasikirwa kwendege yose. Muchiitiko chakadaro, kumhara kuchamiswa, uye anorwisa haachakwanisi kudzokorora izvi. Muchiitiko chakanakisa, mutyairi wendege anozoona kusawirirana, kusvibisa bhurugwa rake, kuwedzera urefu, kutenderera, uye kutaura kuti chimwe chinhu chakashata neCGS - nhandare yendege ichatanga kuferefeta, zvinoreva kuti anorwisa haachada. garai pedyo.

Saka, kana zvinhu zvose zvikaungana, chigumisiro chichava chiduku. Enzanisa izvi nehuwandu hwekudzoka-ku-investment uye kukanganisa kwehupfumi kwebenzi rimwe chete ne $ 1000 drone ichibhururuka ichitenderera Heathrow Airport kwemazuva maviri. Zvirokwazvo drone yaive sarudzo inoshanda uye inoshanda pane kurwisa kwakadaro.

Kunyange zvakadaro, vatsvakurudzi vanoti pane ngozi.Ndege dzisingamhari munzira inotsvedza—mutsetse wokufungidzira unoteverwa nendege painomhara zvakanaka—zvakaoma zvikuru kuona, kunyange mumamiriro okunze akanaka. Uyezve, dzimwe nhandare dzendege dzakabatikana, kuitira kuti dzidzivise kunonoka, dzinoraira ndege kuti dzisamhanyire munzira yakapotsa, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka. Mirayiridzo mirayiridzo yekumhara kubva kuU.S. Federal Aviation Administration, iyo nhandare dzendege dzakawanda dzeUnited States dzinotevera, inoratidza kuti chisarudzo chakadaro chinofanira kuitwa panzvimbo yakakwirira yemamita 15 chete. Mirayiridzo yakafanana inoshanda muEurope. Vanosiya mutyairi nguva shoma shoma yekubvisa zvakachengetedzeka kumhara kana mamiriro ekuona akatenderedza asingaenderane nedata kubva kuCGS.

"Kuona uye kupora kubva kune chero kutadza kwechishandiso panguva yakaoma yekumhara nderimwe remabasa akanyanya kunetsa mukubhururuka kwemazuva ano," vaongorori vakanyora mubepa ravo. work ine musoro unoti "Wireless attack on aircraft glide path systems", yakagamuchirwa pa 28th USENIX Security Symposium. "Tichifunga kuti vatyairi vendege vanovimba zvakanyanya sei neCGS uye zviridzwa zvakajairika, kutadza uye kupindira kwakashata kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro ine njodzi, kunyanya panguva yekuzvimiririra uye mashandiro endege."

Chii chinoitika kuKGS kukundikana

Kumhara kwakati wandei pedyo nenjodzi kunoratidza njodzi dzekutadza kweCGS. Muna 2011, ndege yeSingapore Airlines SQ327, ine vafambi 143 nevashandi gumi nevashanu vari muchikepe, yakangoerekana yabhenga kuruboshwe apo 15 metres pamusoro penzira yeMunich Airport kuGermany. Mushure mekumhara, Boeing 10-777 yakabvongodza kuruboshwe, yozokona kurudyi, ikayambuka mutsara wepakati, ndokuzorora negiya rekumhara muuswa kurudyi rwenzira.

В chirevo nezve chiitiko, chakabudiswa neGerman Federal Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission, zvakanyorwa kuti ndege yakapotsa nzvimbo yekumhara ne500 m. kubva mundege. Kunyange zvazvo pasina kukuvadzwa kwakashumwa, chiitiko chacho chakasimbisa kuipa kwekukundikana kwehurongwa hweCGS. Zvimwe zviitiko zvinosanganisira kukundikana kweCGS izvo zvakapotsa zvapera zvinosuruvarisa zvinosanganisira ndege yeNew Zealand NZ 60 mu2000 uye Ryanair ndege FR3531 mu 2013. Vhidhiyo inotsanangura zvakakanganisika munyaya yekupedzisira.

Vaibhab Sharma anofambisa mabasa epasi rose eSilicon Valley kuchengetedza uye anga achibhururuka nendege diki kubvira 2006. Ane zvakare rezinesi reamateur communications operator uye inhengo yekuzvipira yeCivil Air Patrol, kwaakadzidziswa semuponesi uye anoshanda neredhiyo. Anobhururuka nendege muX-Plane simulator, achiratidza chiratidzo che spoofing chinokonzeresa kuti ndege imhara kurudyi rwenzira.

Sharma akatiudza:

Kurwiswa kwakadaro kweCGS ndeyechokwadi, asi kushanda kwayo kuchaenderana nemubatanidzwa wezvinhu, kusanganisira ruzivo rweanorwisa nezvemafambisirwo ekufambisa kwemhepo uye mamiriro ekusvika. Kana ikashandiswa nemazvo, munhu anorwisa achakwanisa kutsausa ndege kune zvipingamupinyi zvakatenderedza nhandare yendege, uye kana zvikaitwa mukusaona zvakanaka, zvichanetsa kuti timu yevatyairi vaone uye kubata nekutsauka.

Akataura kuti kurwiswa kwacho kune mukana wekutyisidzira ndege diki nemajeti makuru, asi nezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Ndege diki dzinofamba nekumhanya kwakaderera. Izvi zvinopa vatyairi vendege nguva yekuita. Majeti mahombe, kune rumwe rutivi, ane nhengo dzechikwata dzakawanda dziripo kuti dzipindure kune zvakaipa, uye vatyairi vavo vanowanzogamuchira kudzidziswa kwakawanda uye kwakasimba.

Vati chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kundege huru nediki ichave yekuongorora mamiriro akapoteredza, kunyanya mamiriro ekunze, panguva yekumhara.

"Kurwisa kwakadai kungangonyanya kushanda kana vatyairi vendege vachifanira kuvimba zvakanyanya nemidziyo kuti vakwanise kumhara zvakanaka," akadaro Sharma. "Izvi zvinogona kunge zvekumhara husiku munzvimbo dzisina kujeka, kana musanganiswa wemamiriro asina kunaka uye nzvimbo yemhepo yakatsvikinyidzana inoda kuti vatyairi vendege vanyanye kubatikana, zvichivasiya vachivimba zvakanyanya neotomatiki."

Aanjan Ranganathan, muongorori kuNortheastern University uyo akabatsira kusimudzira kurwiswa uku, akatiudza kuti pane zvishoma zvekuvimba neGPS kuti ikubatsire kana CGS ikatadza. Kutsauka kubva munzira yekumhanya mune inoshanda spoof kurwisa kuchabva pa10 kusvika ku15 metres, sezvo chero chinhu chakakura chichaonekwa nevatyairi vendege nevanotyaira traffic. GPS ichava nedambudziko guru kuona kutsauka kwakadaro. Chikonzero chechipiri ndechekuti zviri nyore kwazvo kukanganisa masaini eGPS.

"Ini ndinogona kukanganisa iyo GPS yakafanana nekubira kweCGS," Ranganathan akadaro. "Mubvunzo wese idanho rekukurudzira kweanorwisa."

Predecessor yeKGS

KGS bvunzo dzatanga kumashure muna 1929, uye hurongwa hwekutanga hwekushanda hwakashandiswa muna 1932 panhandare yendege yeGermany Berlin-Tempelhof.

KGS inoramba iri imwe yeanonyanya kushanda maitiro ekumhara. Dzimwe nzira, semuenzaniso, omnidirectional azimuth beacon. Iyo KGS inoonekwa seyakarurama rendezvous system, sezvo ichipa zvese zvakachinjika uye zvakamira (glide nzira) kutarisisa. Mumakore achangopfuura, zvirongwa zvisina kururama zvakashandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma. CGS yaiwedzera kubatanidzwa neautopilots uye autolanding masisitimu.

Mashandire anoita CGS: localizer [localizer], glide slope [glideslope] uye marker mabeacon [marker beacon]

Iyo CGS ine zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha. Mugari wepano anoudza mutyairi wendege kana ndege yamira kuruboshwe kana kurudyi kwenzira yepakati, uye mutsereko unoudza mutyairi wendege kana kona yekudzika yakakwira zvakanyanya kuti ndege isvike panotangira nzira. Chikamu chechitatu imarker beacon. Zvinoita sezvicherechedzo zvinobvumira mutyairi wendege kuona chinhambwe chenzira. Kwemakore, ivo vakawedzera kutsiviwa neGPS uye mamwe matekinoroji.

Iyo localizer inoshandisa maviri seti ema antennas, ichiburitsa maviri akasiyana ekurira - imwe pa90 Hz, uye imwe pa150 Hz - uye pafrequency yakagoverwa kune imwe yematanho ekumhara. Antenna arrays anowanikwa pamativi ese enzira, kazhinji mushure menzvimbo yekusimuka, kuitira kuti manzwi adzike kana ndege yekumhara iri pamusoro pepakati mutsara wenzira. Chiratidzo chekutsauka chinoratidza mutsara wakatwasuka pakati.

Kana ndege ikaenda kurudyi, ruzha rwe150 Hz rwunowedzera kunzwika, zvichiita kuti chinongedzo chekutsauka chifambe kuruboshwe pakati. Kana ndege ikaenda kuruboshwe, ruzha rwe90 Hz rwunonzwika uye chinongedzo chinoenda kurudyi. A localizer, hongu, haagone kutsiva zvachose kutonga kwekuona kwemaitiro endege; inopa kiyi uye inonzwisisika nzira yekutarisa. Vatyairi vendege vanongoda kuchengetedza chinongedzo chakanangana kuti ndege irambe iri pamusoro pepakati.

Kutsetseka kunoshanda nenzira yakafanana, chete kunoratidza kona yekudzika kwendege zvichienderana nekutanga kwetambo yekumhara. Kana kona yendege yakadzikira, ruzha rwe90 Hz rwunonzwika uye zviridzwa zvinoratidza kuti ndege inofanira kudzika. Kana kudzika kwakanyanyisa, chiratidzo chiri pa150 Hz chinoratidza kuti ndege inoda kubhururuka kumusoro. Kana ndege ikaramba iri pane yakatemerwa glide nzira kona yeanoda kusvika madhigirii matatu, masaini anodzima. Maviri glide nzira antennas ari pashongwe pane imwe nzvimbo yakakwirira, inotemerwa ne glide slope angle yakakodzera kune imwe airport. Iyo shongwe inowanzowanikwa padyo neiyo strip inobata nzvimbo.

Perfect fake

Kurwiswa kwevaongorori veNortheastern University kunoshandisa zvinotengeswa software radio transmitters. Midziyo iyi, inotengesa $400- $600, inofambisa masaini kuita kunge masaini chaiwo anotumirwa neSSC yenhandare yendege. Mutakuri weanorwisa anogona kuwanikwa ari mundege yakarwiswa uye pasi, chinhambwe chinosvika makiromita mashanu kubva kuairport. Chero bedzi chiratidzo cheanorwisa chichipfuura simba rechiratidzo chaicho, mugamuchiri weKGS achaona chiratidzo cheanorwisa uye anoratidza kutaridzika kune hukama kune yakatwasuka uye yakatwasuka nzira yekubhururuka yakarongwa neanorwisa.

Kana kutsiva kwacho kusina kurongeka zvakanaka, mutyairi wendege achaona shanduko dzinongoerekana dzaitika kana dzisiridzo mukuverenga zviridzwa, izvo zvaanozokanganisa nekuda kwekutadza kushanda kweCGS. Kuita kuti manyepo anyanye kuomesesa kuziva, munhu anorwisa anogona kujekesa nzvimbo chaiyo inenge ichishandiswa nendege ADS-V, nzira iyo sekondi yega yega inotumira GPS nzvimbo yendege, urefu, kumhanya kwepasi, uye mamwe data kune zviteshi zvepasi uye zvimwe ngarava.

Achishandisa ruzivo urwu, munhu anorwisa anogona kutanga kukanganisa chiratidzo kana ndege iri kuuya yafamba kuruboshwe kana kurudyi kune nzira yekufambisa, uye kutumira chiratidzo kune anorwisa kuti ndege iri kuenderera mberi. Nguva yakakwana yekurwisa ingave iyo ndege ichangopfuura nzira, sezvakaratidzwa muvhidhiyo yekuratidzira kwekutanga kwechinyorwa.

Anorwisa anogona kushandisa chaiyo-nguva chiratidzo chekugadzirisa uye chizvarwa algorithm iyo icharamba ichigadzirisa iyo yakaipa chiratidzo kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti kubvisa kubva munzira kwayo kunoenderana nekufamba kwese kwendege. Kunyangwe kana munhu anorwisa asina hunyanzvi hwekuita chiratidzo chemanyepo, anogona kuvhiringa CGS zvakanyanya zvekuti mutyairi wendege haagone kuvimba nayo kuti imhare.

Imwe musiyano wechiratidzo spoofing inozivikanwa se "shadowing attack." Anorwisa anotumira zvikwangwani zvakagadzirirwa zvine simba rakakura kudarika masaini anobva kuairport transmitter. Mutapurisa weanorwisa anowanzo kuda kutumira makumi maviri watts esimba kuita izvi. Kurwiswa kwemumvuri kunoita kuti zvive nyore kunyengedza chiratidzo.

Shadow Attack

Yechipiri sarudzo yekutsiva chiratidzo inozivikanwa se "one-toni kurwisa." Chakanakira ndechekuti zvinokwanisika kutumira ruzha rweiyo frequency ine simba risingasviki iro reKGS yeairport. Iyo ine zvipingamupinyi zvakati wandei, semuenzaniso, anorwisa anofanirwa kuziva chaizvo izvo zvendege - semuenzaniso, nzvimbo yeCGS antennas.

Single toni kurwisa

Hapana mhinduro dziri nyore

Vatsvagiri vanoti hapana nzira parizvino yekubvisa kutyisidzira kwekurwiswa kwe spoofing. Alternative navigation technologies-inosanganisira omnidirectional azimuth beacon, locator beacon, global positioning system, uye akafanana nesatellite navigation system-masaini masaini asina mashandiro echokwadi uye saka anogona kukurumidza kurwiswa ne spoofing. Uyezve, KGS chete neGPS zvinogona kupa ruzivo pane yakachinjika uye yakatwasuka nzira trajectory.

Mubasa ravo, vatsvakurudzi vanonyora kuti:

Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvekuchengetedza zvinotarisana nematekinoroji akadai ADS-V, ACARS и TCAS, inogona kugadziriswa nekuunza cryptography. Nekudaro, cryptography haizokwane kudzivirira kurwiswa kwenzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, GPS sign encryption, yakafanana neyemauto tekinoroji yekufambisa, inogona kudzivirira kurwiswa kwe spoofing kusvika pamwero wakati. Zvakangofanana, anorwisa achakwanisa kutungamira masaini eGPS nekunonoka kwenguva yaanoda, uye kuwana nzvimbo kana kutsiva nguva. Kufemerwa kunogona kutorwa kubva kumabhuku aripo ekudzikisira GPS spoofing kurwisa uye kugadzira akafanana masisitimu kumagumo ekugamuchira. Imwe nzira ingave yekuisa yakakura-yakachengetedzeka yenzvimbo sisitimu yakavakirwa pazvinhambwe uye nzira dzakachengeteka dzekusimbisa hukama. Nekudaro, izvi zvinoda kutaurirana-maviri uye zvinoda kumwe kudzidza nezve scalability, kugona, nezvimwe.

Iyo US Federal Aviation Administration yakati haina ruzivo rwakakwana nezvekuratidzira kwevaongorori kuti vataure.

Uku kurwiswa uye kuwanda kwetsvakiridzo kwakaitwa kunoshamisa, asi mubvunzo mukuru webasa unoramba usina kupindurwa: zvingangoita sei kuti mumwe munhu angave akagadzirira kuenda kune dambudziko rekuita kurwisa kwakadaro? Mamwe marudzi ekusagadzikana, seaya anobvumira matsotsi kuisa kure kure malware pamakomputa evashandisi kana kupfuura akakurumbira encryption masisitimu, zviri nyore kuita mari. Izvi hazvisizvo neCGS spoofing kurwisa. Kurwiswa kwehupenyu kunotyisa pacemaker uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekurapa zvinowirawo muchikamu ichi.

Kunyange zvazvo kurudziro yekurwisa kwakadaro kwakaoma kuona, kungava kukanganisa kuramba mukana wavo. IN chirevo, rakabudiswa muna Chivabvu neC4ADS, sangano risingabatsiri rinobata mhirizhonga yepasi rose uye kuchengetedzeka kwepakati penyika, rakaona kuti Russian Federation yaiwanzopinda mukuyedza kwakakura kweGPS system kukanganisa izvo zvakaita kuti nzira dzekufambisa dzengarava dzirege kufamba nemakiromita makumi matanhatu kana kupfuura [chokwadi, mushumo unotaura kuti panguva yekuvhurwa kwebhiriji reCrimea (kureva, kwete "kazhinji", asi kamwe chete), hurongwa hwekufambisa hwepasi rose hwakapunzirwa pasi nemupepeti uri pabhiriji iri, uye basa rayo rakanzwika kunyange pedyo. Anapa, iri mu65 km (kwete mamaira) kubva panzvimbo ino. "Uye saka zvese ndezvechokwadi" (c) / approx. shanduro].

"Russian Federation ine mukana wekuenzanisa mukushandisa nekuvandudza kugona kunyengedza mafambisirwo epasi rose," mushumo wacho unoyambira. "Zvisinei, mutengo wakaderera, kuwanikwa pachena, uye nyore kushandisa matekinoroji akadaro haangopi nyika chete, asiwo vapanduki, magandanga nematsotsi mikana yakawanda yekuvhiringa network nedzisiri yenyika."

Uye nepo CGS spoofing ichiita kunge esoteric muna 2019, hazvisi kure-kureruka kufunga kuti zvichave zvakajairika mumakore anouya sezvo matekinoroji ekurwisa achive anonzwisiswa zviri nani uye software-inodzorwa neredhiyo transmitters inowanda. Kurwiswa kweCGS hakufanirwe kuitwa kuitira kukonzera tsaona. Inogona kushandiswa kukanganisa nhandare dzendege senzira iyo ndege dzisingabvumirwi nemutemo dzakakonzera kuvharwa kweGatwick Airport yeLondon muna Zvita wapfuura, mazuva mashoma Kisimusi isati yasvika, uye Heathrow Airport mavhiki matatu gare gare.

"Mari ndechimwe chikonzero, asi kuratidza simba ndechimwe," Ranganathan akadaro. - Kubva pakuona kwekudzivirira, kurwiswa uku kwakakosha. Izvi zvinoda kutarisirwa nekuti munyika muno muchange muine vanhu vakakwana vachada kuratidza simba.”

Source: www.habr.com