Mubvunzo waunofarira nezve chero system yakagoverwa kubva kune asiri tekinoroji ndeye "Mangani matps ari pa blockchain yako?" Zvisinei, nhamba inopiwa mukupindura kazhinji kazhinji inowirirana zvishoma neizvo mubvunzi angada kunzwa. Muchokwadi, aida kubvunza "ko blockchain yako inokodzera bhizinesi rangu zvinodiwa," uye izvi zvinodiwa hazvisi imwe nhamba, asi akawanda mamiriro - heino network kukanganisa kushivirira, magumo zvinodiwa, saizi, hunhu hwekutengeserana uye mamwe akawanda ma paramita. Saka mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti "ingani tps" haigone kuve iri nyore, uye inenge isina kumbopera. Iyo yakagoverwa sisitimu ine makumi kana mazana emanodhi anoita maverengero akaomarara anogona kunge ari muhuwandu hukuru hwematunhu akasiyana ane hukama neiyo network, zviri mukati blockchain, kutadza kwehunyanzvi, matambudziko ehupfumi, kurwiswa kunetiweki uye zvimwe zvikonzero zvakawanda. . Matanho ayo matambudziko ekuita anogoneka anosiyana kubva kune echinyakare masevhisi, uye blockchain network server ibasa retiweki rinosanganisa mashandiro edhatabhesi, webhu server uye torrent mutengi, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome zvakanyanya maererano neredhiyo profiles pane ese ma subsystems. : processor, ndangariro, network, kuchengetedza

Izvo zvinoitika kuti decentralized network uye blockchains yakanyatso kujeka uye isina kujairika software yepakati software vanogadzira. Naizvozvo, ndinoda kuratidza zvakakosha maitirwo ekuita uye kuenderera mberi kwedecentralized network, nzira dzekuyera iwo nekutsvaga mabhodhoro. Tichatarisa nyaya dzakasiyana siyana dzekuita dzinodzikamisa kumhanya kwekupa masevhisi kune vashandisi ve blockchain uye cherechedza maitiro emhando iyi yesoftware.

Matanho ekukumbira sevhisi nemutengi we blockchain

Kuti utaure zvakatendeseka pamusoro pehutano hwehupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hwakaoma kana husina kuoma, haufaniri kufunga nezvehuwandu hwehuwandu chete, asiwo huwandu hwepamusoro / hushoma, ma medians, percentiles. Nechepfungwa, tinogona kutaura nezve 1000 tps mune imwe blockchain, asi kana mazana mapfumbamwe ekutengeserana akapedzwa nekumhanya kukuru, uye zana "akanamatira" kwemasekondi mashoma, saka avhareji yenguva yakaunganidzwa pamusoro pese kutengeserana haisi metric yakakwana kune mutengi. wandisina kukwanisa kupedzisa kutengeserana mumasekonzi mashoma. "Maburi" echinguvana anokonzerwa nekupotswa kwekubvumirana kutenderera kana kupatsanurwa kwenetiweki kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya sevhisi yakaratidza kuita kwakanakisa pamabhenji ekuedzwa.

Kuti uone mabhodhoro akadaro, zvinodikanwa kuve nekunzwisisa kwakanaka kwematanho ayo iyo blockchain chaiyo inogona kuomerwa nekushandira vashandisi. Ngatitsanangurirei kutenderera kwekuendesa uye kugadzirisa kutengeserana, pamwe nekuwana nyika itsva ye blockchain, kubva kwairi mutengi anogona kuona kuti kutengeserana kwake kwakagadziriswa uye kuverengerwa.

kutengeserana kunoumbwa pamutengi
kutengeserana kunosainwa pamutengi
mutengi anosarudza imwe yemanodhi uye anotumira kutengeserana kwake kwairi
mutengi anonyorera kune zvigadziriso kune dhatabhesi yenyika yenode, achimirira kuti mhedzisiro yekutengeserana kwayo ioneke.
iyo node inogovera kutengeserana pamusoro pep2p network
akati wandei kana imwe BP (block mugadziri) maitiro akaunganidzwa ekutengeserana, achivandudza dhatabhesi yenyika
BP inoumba chivharo chitsva mushure mekugadzirisa nhamba inodiwa yekutengeserana
BP inogovera chivharo chitsva pamusoro pep2p network
iyo itsva block inounzwa kune node iyo mutengi ari kuwana
node inogadziridza dhatabhesi yenyika
iyo node inoona iyo yekuvandudza maererano nemutengi uye inomutumira chiziviso chekutengeserana

Zvino ngatitarisei zvakanyanya pamatanho aya totsanangura zvingangoitika nyaya dzekuita padanho rega rega. Kusiyana nepakati masisitimu, isu tichafungawo nezve kodhi kuuraya pane network vatengi. Kazhinji, pakuyera TPS, nguva yekutengeserana inounganidzwa kubva kumanodhi, uye kwete kubva kumutengi - izvi hazvina kunyatsonaka. Mutengi haana hanya kuti node yakakurumidza sei kugadzirisa kutengeserana kwake; chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kwaari inguva iyo ruzivo rwakavimbika nezvekutengeserana uku rwakasanganisirwa mu blockchain runowanikwa kwaari. Ndiyo metric iyi ndiyo inonyanya kuita nguva yekuita transaction. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vatengi vakasiyana, kunyange kutumira kutengeserana kwakafanana, vanogona kugamuchira nguva dzakasiyana zvachose, zvinoenderana nechiteshi, mutoro uye kuswedera kwenode, nezvimwe. Saka zvinonyanya kukosha kuyera nguva ino pane vatengi, nekuti iyi ndiyo parameter inoda kugadziridzwa.

Kugadzirira kutengeserana kudivi revatengi

Ngatitangei nemapoinzi maviri ekutanga: kutengeserana kunoumbwa uye kwakasainwa nemutengi. Zvinoshamisa kuti, izvi zvinogona zvakare kuve bhodhoro rekuita kwe blockchain kubva pakuona kwemutengi. Izvi hazvina kujairika kune masevhisi epakati, anotora zvese kuverenga uye mashandiro ane data, uye mutengi anongogadzirira chikumbiro chipfupi chinogona kukumbira huwandu hukuru hwe data kana kuverenga, kuwana mhedzisiro yakagadzirwa. Mune blockchains, iyo kodhi yemutengi inowedzera uye inowedzera simba, uye iyo blockchain musimboti inova yakawanda uye yakareruka, uye makuru ekombuta mabasa anowanzo kuendeswa kune mutengi software. Mu blockchains, kune vatengi vanogona kugadzirira kutengeserana kumwe kwenguva yakati rebei (ndiri kutaura nezve akasiyana merkle proof, succinct humbowo, zvikumbaridzo siginicha uye mamwe mabasa akaomarara padivi revatengi). Muenzaniso wakanaka wekureruka pa-cheni verification uye inorema kugadzirira kwekutengeserana pamutengi humbowo hwenhengo mune runyorwa rwakavakirwa paMerkle-muti, pano. chinyorwa.

Zvakare, usakanganwe kuti kodhi yemutengi haingotumire kutengeserana kune blockchain, asi kutanga inobvunza mamiriro e blockchain - uye chiitiko ichi chinogona kukanganisa kusangana kwetiweki uye blockchain node. Saka, kana uchitora zviyero, zvingave zvine musoro kutevedzera maitiro ekodhi yemutengi zvizere sezvinobvira. Kunyangwe kana mublockchain yako paine vakajairwa vatengi vanoisa siginecha yedhijitari pane yakapusa transaction kuendesa imwe asset, gore rega rega kuchine mamwe makuru maverengero pamutengi, crypto algorithms iri kuwedzera kusimba, uye chikamu ichi chekugadzirisa chinogona. chinja kuva chigumbuso chakakosha mune ramangwana. Nokudaro, chenjerera uye usapotsa mamiriro acho ezvinhu apo, mukutengesa kunogara 3.5s, 2.5s inoshandiswa pakugadzirira uye kusaina kutengeserana, uye 1.0s pakutumira kune network uye kumirira mhinduro. Kuti uongorore njodzi dzeiyi bhodhoro, unofanirwa kuunganidza metrics kubva kumakina evatengi, uye kwete kubva ku blockchain node.

Kutumira kutengeserana uye kutarisa chimiro chayo

Nhanho inotevera ndeyekutumira kutengeserana kune yakasarudzwa blockchain node uye kugamuchira chimiro chekuchigamuchira muchovha chekutengesa. Iyi nhanho yakafanana neyenguva dzose yekuwana dhatabhesi; iyo node inofanirwa kurekodha kutengeserana mudziva uye kutanga kugovera ruzivo nezvayo kuburikidza nep2p network. Maitiro ekuongorora mashandiro pano akafanana nekuongorora mashandiro echinyakare Webhu API microservices, uye matransferensi pachawo mu blockchains anogona kuvandudzwa uye nekushingaira kushandura chimiro chavo. Kazhinji, kuvandudza ruzivo rwekutengeserana pane mamwe ma blockchains anogona kuitika kakawanda, semuenzaniso kana uchichinja pakati pemaforogo emaketani kana kana maBPs achizivisa chinangwa chavo chekuisa kutengeserana mubhuroka. Miganhu pakukura kwechidziva ichi uye nhamba yekutengeserana mairi inogona kukanganisa kushanda kwe blockchain. Kana iyo yekutengeserana dziva yakazadzwa kusvika pahukuru hunobvira saizi, kana isingakwane mu RAM, network performance inogona kudonha zvakanyanya. Blockchains haina nzira yepakati yekudzivirira kubva kune mafashama ejunk meseji, uye kana iyo blockchain ichitsigira yakakwira-vhoriyamu kutengeserana uye mubhadharo wakaderera, izvi zvinogona kuita kuti dziva rekutengesa rifashukire-imwe inogona kuita bhodhoro.

Mu blockchains, mutengi anotumira kutengeserana kune chero blockchain node yaanoda, iyo hashi yekutengeserana inowanzozivikanwa kune mutengi asati atumira, saka zvese zvaanoda kuita kuzadzisa kubatana uye, mushure mekutapurirana, mirira kuti blockchain ichinje. mamiriro ayo, zvichigonesa kutengeserana kwake. Ziva kuti nekuyera "tps" unogona kuwana mhedzisiro dzakasiyana nzira dzakasiyana dzekubatanidza kune blockchain node. Iyi inogona kuve yakajairwa HTTP RPC kana WebSocket iyo inokutendera iwe kuita iyo "kunyorera" pateni. Muchiitiko chechipiri, mutengi achagamuchira chiziviso kare, uye node ichashandisa zvishoma zviwanikwa (kunyanya ndangariro uye traffic) pane mhinduro pamusoro pemamiriro ekutengeserana. Saka pakuyera "tps" zvinodikanwa kuti utarise nzira iyo vatengi vanobatana nayo kune node. Naizvozvo, kuongorora njodzi dzeiyi bhodhoro, iyo bhenji blockchain inofanirwa kukwanisa kutevedzera vatengi nezvose zviri zviviri WebSocket uye HTTP RPC zvikumbiro, muzvikamu zvinoenderana netiweki chaiyo, pamwe nekushandura chimiro chekutengeserana uye saizi yavo.

Kuti uongorore njodzi dzeiyi bhodhoro, iwe zvakare unofanirwa kuunganidza metrics kubva kumakina evatengi, uye kwete kubva ku blockchain node.

Kutapurirana kwekutengeserana uye zvivharo kuburikidza nep2p network

Mu blockchains, peer-to-peer (p2p) networking inoshandiswa kuendesa kutengeserana uye zvivharo pakati pevatori vechikamu. Kutengeserana kwakapararira mumambure, kutanga kubva kune imwe yenodhi, kusvika vasvika kune vezera vanogadzira mabhuroki, vanorongedza mabatiro mumatombo uye, vachishandisa p2p yakafanana, kugovera mabhuraki matsva kune ese network node. Hwaro hwemazhinji emazuva ano p2p network ndeyekugadziriswa kwakasiyana kweiyo Kademlia protocol. pano pfupiso yakanaka yeiyi protocol, uye tarisai - chinyorwa chine zviyero zvakasiyana-siyana muBitTorrent network, kubva paunogona kunzwisisa kuti rudzi urwu rwetiweki rwakanyanya kuoma uye harugone kufungidzira kupfuura dhizaini yakagadziriswa yebasa repakati. Zvakare, tarisai chinyorwa nezve kuyera akasiyana anonakidza metrics eEthereum node.

Muchidimbu, vezera rimwe nerimwe mumatanho akadaro anochengetedza runyoro rwayo rwevamwe vezera kubva kwainokumbira mabhuroko eruzivo anogadziriswa nezvirimo. Kana vezera ragamuchira chikumbiro, rinopa ruzivo rwakakosha kana kupfuudza chikumbiro kune anotevera pseudo-random peer kubva pane runyorwa, uye agamuchira mhinduro, anochipfuudza kune anokumbira uye anochichengeta kwechinguva, ichipa izvi. block yeruzivo pakutanga nguva inotevera. Nokudaro, ruzivo rwakakurumbira runoguma muhuwandu hwemavhavha ehuwandu hwevezera, uye ruzivo rusingafarirwi runotsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Vezera ravo vanochengeta marekodhi ekuti ndiani akatamisa ruzivo rwakawanda kunaani, uye network inoedza kukurudzira vaparidzi vanoshanda nekuwedzera zviyero zvavo uye nekuvapa huwandu hwesevhisi, zvichibvisa vatori vechikamu vasingaite kubva kune vezera ravo.

Saka, kutengeserana ikozvino kunofanira kugoverwa mukati metiweki kuitira kuti block-vagadziri vaone uye vaise iyo mubhokisi. Iyo node inoshingairira "kugovera" kutengeserana kutsva kumunhu wese uye inoteerera kunetiweki, ichimirira bhuroka mune index iyo inodiwa kutengeserana ichaonekwa kuitira kuzivisa mutengi akamirira. Iyo nguva inotora kuti network itumire ruzivo nezve kutsva kwekutengeserana uye zvivharo kune mumwe nemumwe mup2p network zvinoenderana nehuwandu hukuru hwezvinhu: huwandu hweakavimbika node anoshanda padyo (kubva kune network yekuona), iyo "inodziya- kumusoro” kwema cache emanodhi aya, saizi yezvivharo, kutengeserana, mamiriro ekuchinja, network geography, nhamba yemanodhi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Zviyero zvakaomarara zvema metrics ekuita mumatiweki akadaro inyaya yakaoma; zvinodikanwa kuti utarise panguva imwe chete iyo yekukumbira nguva yekugadzirisa kune vese vatengi uye vezera (blockchain node). Matambudziko mune chero nzira dzep2p, kudzingwa kwedata kwakashata uye caching, kusashanda manejimendi ezvinyorwa zvevezera rinoshanda, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kukonzera kunonoka kunokanganisa kushanda kwe network yese seyakazara, uye iyi bhodhoro ndiyo yakanyanya kuoma kuongorora. , bvunzo nekududzirwa kwemhedzisiro.

Blockchain kugadzirisa uye dunhu dhatabhesi kugadzirisa

Icho chinonyanya kukosha chikamu che blockchain ndeyekubvumirana algorithm, kushandiswa kwayo kune zvidhinha zvitsva zvakagamuchirwa kubva kunetiweki uye kugadzirisa kwekutengeserana nekurekodha kwemhedzisiro mudura rehurumende. Kuwedzera bhuroka nyowani kune ketani uye nekusarudza iyo ketani huru inofanira kushanda nekukurumidza sezvinobvira. Zvisinei, muhupenyu chaihwo, "zvinofanira" hazvirevi "mabasa", uye munhu anogona, semuenzaniso, kufungidzira mamiriro ezvinhu apo maketani maviri akareba anokwikwidzana anogara achichinja pakati pavo, achichinja metadata yezviuru zvekutengeserana mudziva pane imwe neimwe switch. , uye kugara uchitenderedza dhizaini yenyika. Iyi nhanho, maererano nekutsanangura iyo bhodhoro, iri nyore kupfuura p2p network layer, nekuti transaction execution uye kubvumirana algorithm inonyatso deterministic, uye zviri nyore kuyera chero chinhu pano.
Chinhu chikuru hachisi chekuvhiringidza kukanganisa kwemaitiro mukuita kweiyi nhanho nematambudziko etiweki - node dzinononoka mukuburitsa zvivharo uye ruzivo nezveketani huru, uye kune mutengi wekunze izvi zvingaite senge network inononoka, kunyangwe dambudziko riri mukati. nzvimbo yakasiyana zvachose.

Kuti uwedzere kuita padanho rino, zvinobatsira kuunganidza uye kutarisa metrics kubva kumanodhi pachawo, uye kuisa mukati mawo ayo ane chekuita nekuvandudza dhatabhesi rehurumende: nhamba yezvivharo zvakagadziriswa pane node, saizi yavo, nhamba yekutengeserana, nhamba yekuchinja pakati pemaforogo emaketani, nhamba yezvivharo zvisina basa, chaiyo muchina wekushandisa nguva, data kuita nguva, nezvimwe. Izvi zvinodzivirira matambudziko etiweki kubva pakuvhiringika nezvikanganiso mumaketani ekugadzirisa algorithms.

Iyo chaiyo muchina wekugadzirisa kutengeserana inogona kuve inobatsira sosi yeruzivo iyo inogona kukwirisa kushanda kwe blockchain. Nhamba yekugoverwa kwekuyeuka, nhamba yemirairo yekuverenga / yekunyora, uye mamwe ma metrics ane hukama nekubudirira kwekodhadhi yekontrakiti inogona kupa ruzivo rwakawanda runobatsira kune vanogadzira. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvibvumirano zvakangwara zvirongwa, zvinoreva kuti mune dzidziso vanogona kushandisa chero zviwanikwa: cpu/memory/network/storage, saka transaction process idanho risingazivikanwe, iro, nekuwedzera, rinochinja zvakanyanya kana ichifamba pakati peshanduro. uye kana uchichinja makondirakiti. Naizvozvo, metrics ane chekuita nekugadziriswa kwekutengeserana anodiwawo kuti unyatso optimize blockchain kuita.

Receipt nemutengi yechiziviso nezve kuisirwa kwekutengeserana mu blockchain

Iyi ndiyo nhanho yekupedzisira yemutengi we blockchain anogamuchira sevhisi; kana zvichienzaniswa nemamwe nhanho, hapana mibairo mikuru yepamusoro, asi zvichiri kukosha kufunga nezve mukana wekuti mutengi agamuchire mhinduro kubva kune node (semuenzaniso, smart kontrakiti. kudzorera huwandu hwe data). Chero zvazvingava, iyi pfungwa ndiyo inonyanya kukosha kune uyo akabvunza mubvunzo "mangangani matps ari mu blockchain yako?", Nokuti Panguva ino, nguva yekugamuchira sevhisi yakanyorwa.

Munzvimbo ino, panogara paine kutumira kwenguva yakazara iyo mutengi aifanira kupedza akamirira mhinduro kubva ku blockchain; ino ndiyo nguva iyo mushandisi anomirira kusimbiswa mukushandisa kwake, uye iko iko optimization kwayo. basa guru revagadziri.

mhedziso

Nekuda kweizvozvo, isu tinokwanisa kutsanangura marudzi emabasa akaitwa pa blockchains uye toapatsanura mumapoka akati wandei:

cryptographic shanduko, humbowo kuvaka
peer-to-peer networking, transaction uye block replication
transaction process, kuita smart contracts
kushandisa shanduko mu blockchain kune dhatabhesi yenyika, kuvandudza data pane zvekutengesa uye zvidhinha
verenga-chete zvikumbiro kune state database, blockchain node API, kunyorera masevhisi

Kazhinji, zvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi zvemazuva ano blockchain node zvakakomba - nekukurumidza maCPU ekriptografia, yakawanda RAM kuchengetedza uye nekukurumidza kuwana iyo dhatabhesi yehurumende, kupindirana kwetiweki uchishandisa nhamba huru yekubatanidza yakavhurika panguva imwe chete, uye chengetedzo yakakura. Zvido zvakakwirira zvakadaro uye kuwanda kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushanda zvinotungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti nodes inogona kunge isina zviwanikwa zvakakwana, uye ipapo chero yezvikamu zvakurukurwa pamusoro apa inogona kuva imwe bhodhoro rekuita kwese network.

Paunenge uchigadzira uye uchiongorora mashandiro e blockchains, iwe uchafanirwa kutora ese aya mapoinzi mukufunga. Kuti uite izvi, unofanirwa kuunganidza uye kuongorora metrics panguva imwe chete kubva kune vatengi uye network node, tsvaga kuwirirana pakati pavo, fungidzira nguva inotora kupa masevhisi kune vatengi, funga nezve zvese zvakakosha zviwanikwa: cpu/memory/network/storage. , nzwisisa kuti anoshandiswa sei uye anopesvedzerana. Zvese izvi zvinoita kuti kuenzanisa kumhanya kweakasiyana blockchains muchimiro che "ingani TPS" rive basa rekusatenda zvakanyanya, sezvo paine huwandu hukuru hwekumisikidzwa uye nyika. Mune mahombe epakati masisitimu, masumbu emazana emaseva, matambudziko aya zvakare akaomarara uye anodawo kuunganidzwa kwenhamba yakawanda yemametrics akasiyana, asi mu blockchains, nekuda kwep2p network, chaiwo michina yekugadzirisa zvibvumirano, hupfumi hwemukati, huwandu hwemadhigirii. rusununguko rwakakura zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoita kuti bvunzo kunyangwe pamaseva akati wandei, haina-chiratidzo uye inoratidza chete yakanyanyisa kukosha hunhu husina hukama nehuchokwadi.

Naizvozvo, kana tichigadzira mublockchain musimboti, kuongorora mashandiro uye kupindura mubvunzo wekuti "yave nani kana ichienzaniswa nenguva yekupedzisira?" Isu tinoshandisa yakaomesesa software inoronga kuvhurwa kwe blockchain ine akawanda ma node uye otomatiki anotangisa bhenji uye anounganidza metrics. ; pasina ruzivo urwu zvakanyanya kuoma kugadzirisa maprotocol anoshanda nevakawanda vatori vechikamu.

Saka, kana iwe ukagamuchira mubvunzo wekuti "ingani TPS iri mu blockchain yako?", Ipa interlocutor yako tii uye bvunza kana akagadzirira kutarisa gumi nemaviri magirafu uye zvakare teerera kune ese matatu mabhokisi e blockchain kuita matambudziko uye mazano ako e. kuvagadzirisa...

Source: www.habr.com

Mangani TPS ari pane yako blockchain?