Kana iwe wakapedza chero nguva uchifunga nezve yakaoma masisitimu, iwe ungangonzwisisa kukosha kwema network. Networks inotonga nyika yedu. Kubva pakuita kwemakemikari mukati mesero, kune dandemutande rehukama mune ecosystem, kune kutengeserana uye zvematongerwo enyika network inogadzira nzira yenhoroondo.

Kana kuti funga nezvenyaya iyi yauri kuverenga. Pamwe wakaiwana mukati pasocial network, yakatorwa kubva komputa network uye parizvino varikududzira zvazvinoreva vachishandisa yako neural network.

Asi sekufunga kwandakaita nezve network mumakore apfuura, kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika handina kunzwisisa kukosha kwekureruka diffusion.

Uyu ndiwo musoro wedu wanhasi: sei, sei chaotically zvinhu zvese zvinofamba uye zvinopararira. Mimwe mienzaniso yekukwidziridza chishuwo chako:

• Zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinopfuudzwa kubva mutakuri kuenda kune mutakuri mukati mehuwandu hwevanhu.
• Memes inopararira kune yevateveri girafu pasocial network.
• Moto wesango.
• Mazano nemaitiro akazara mutsika.
• Neutron cascade mune yakafumiswa uranium.

Chinyorwa chinokurumidza nezve fomu.

Kusiyana nemabasa angu ese apfuura, chinyorwa ichi chinopindirana [in chinyorwa chekutanga mienzaniso inopindirana inopihwa ine masiraidhi uye mabhatani anodzora zvinhu pachiratidziri - approx. mugwagwa].

Saka ngatitangei. Basa rekutanga nderekugadzira izwi rekuona rekuparadzira kune network.

Simple model

Ndine chokwadi chekuti mese munoziva hwaro hwemanetiweki, kureva, node + mipendero. Kuti udzidze kupararira, iwe unongoda kumaka dzimwe node se active. Kana, sevanoda epidemiologists vanoda kutaura, akatapurira:

Uku activation kana kutapukira kunopararira kuburikidza netiweki kubva node kuenda node zvinoenderana nemitemo yatichagadzira pazasi.

Manetiweki chaiwo anowanzo kukura kupfuura iyi yakapfava-node network. Ivo zvakare zvakanyanya kuvhiringa. Asi nekuda kwekureruka, isu tichavaka toyi modhi pano yekudzidza lattice, kureva, network yelattice.

(Izvo izvo mesh inoshaikwa mune realism, inogadzirira kuve nyore kudhirowa 😉

Kunze kwekunge zvataurwa neimwe nzira, network node dzine vavakidzani vana, semuenzaniso:

Uye iwe unofanirwa kufungidzira kuti idzi lattices dzinowedzera nekusingaperi munzira dzese. Mune mamwe mazwi, isu hatifarire maitiro anoitika chete pamicheto yetiweki kana muvanhu vashoma.

Tichifunga kuti lattices yakarongedzerwa kudaro, tinogona kurerutsa iwo mapixels. Semuenzaniso, iyi mifananidzo miviri inomiririra imwechete network:

Mune humwe hunhu, iyo inoshanda node inogara ichiendesa hutachiona kune yayo (isina hutachiona) vavakidzani. Asi zvinobhowa. Zvakawanda zvinhu zvinonakidza zvinoitika kana kutamiswa probabilistic.

SIR uye SIS

В SIR mienzaniso (Susceptible-Infected-Removed) node inogona kuva mumatunhu matatu:

• Susceptible
• Akatapurira
• Yakabviswa

Heano mashandiro anoita simulation anoshanda [in chinyorwa chekutanga iwe unogona kusarudza huwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona kubva pa0 kusvika ku1, ona maitiro nhanho nhanho kana mune yakazara - approx. transl.]:

• Manodhi anotanga seanotapukirwa, kunze kwemanodhi mashoma anotanga aine hutachiona.
• Panguva yega yega, node dzine utachiona dzine mukana wekutapurira utachiona kune umwe neumwe wevavakidzani vavo vanotapurira mukana wakaenzana nechiyero chekutapurira.
• Node dzakatapukirwa dzinobva dzapinda munzvimbo "yakadzimwa", zvichireva kuti havachakwanisa kutapurira vamwe kana kutapukirwa ivo pachavo.

Muchirevo chechirwere, kubvisa kunogona kureva kuti munhu afa kana kuti aita kusadzivirirwa kuhutachiona. Isu tinoti ivo "vakabviswa" kubva mukufananidza nekuti hapana chimwe chinoitika kwavari.

Zvichienderana nezvatiri kuedza kuenzanisira, modhi yakasiyana neSIR inogona kudiwa.

Kana isu tiri kutevedzera kupararira kwegwirikwiti kana kubuda kwemoto wemusango, SIR yakanaka. Asi ngatitii tinotevedzera kupararira kwetsika itsva, yakadai sokufungisisa. Pakutanga node (munhu) inogamuchira nokuti haisati yamboita izvi kare. Zvadaro, kana akatanga kufungisisa (zvichida mushure mekunzwa nezvazvo kubva kushamwari), tichamutevedzera seane utachiona. Asi kana akarega tsika yacho, haazofi uye haazowa kubva pakufananidza, nokuti mune ramangwana anogona kutora nyore tsika iyi zvakare. Saka anodzokera kumamiriro ekugamuchira.

ichi SIS modhi (Anogona-Kutapukirwa-Anogona). Iyo classical modhi ine ma parameter maviri: kutapurirana kumhanya uye kudzoreredza kumhanya. Nekudaro, mukuenzanisa kwechinyorwa ichi, ndakafunga kurerutsa nekusiya iyo yekudzoreredza paramende. Panzvimbo iyoyo, iyo node ine hutachiona inongodzokera kune inotapukirwa panguva inotevera, kunze kwekunge yatapukirwa nemumwe wevavakidzani vayo. Pamusoro pezvo, tinobvumira node ine hutachiona padanho n kuti izvitapure padanho n+1 paine mukana wakaenzana nechiyero chekutapurira.

Kukurukurirana

Sezvauri kuona, izvi zvakasiyana zvakanyanya neSIR modhi.

Nekuti node hadzina kumbobviswa, kunyangwe diki uye rakavharirwa reti rinogona kutsigira hutachiona hweSIS kwenguva yakareba. Utachiona hunongosvetuka kubva pane node kuenda ku node uye hunodzoka.

Zvisinei nekusiyana kwavo, SIR neSIS vanochinjana zvinoshamisa nekuda kwezvinangwa zvedu. Saka kune chasara chinyorwa ichi tichanamatira kuSIS - kunyanya nekuti yakasimba uye saka inonakidza kushanda nayo.

Critical level

Mushure mekutamba nemhando dzeSIR neSIS, unogona kunge waona chimwe chinhu nezvehurefu hwehutachiona. Pahuwandu hwekutapurirana hwakaderera, hwakadai se10%, hutachiona hunowanzofa. Nepo pahupamhi hwepamusoro, hwakadai se50%, hutachiona hunoramba huri hupenyu uye hunotora yakawanda yetiweki. Dai network yanga isingaperi, taigona kufungidzira ichienderera uye ichipararira nekusingaperi.

Kupararira kusingagumi kwakadaro kune mazita akawanda: "viral", "nuclear" kana (mumusoro wechinyorwa chino) kutsoropodza.

Zvinoratidza kuti pane zvakananga nzvimbo yekutyora inoparadzanisa subcritical network (akatongerwa kupera) kubva supercritical network (inokwanisa kukura kusingaperi). Kuchinja uku kunonzi Chikumbaridzo chakakosha, uye ichi chiratidzo chakaringana chemaitiro ekupararira mumatiweki akajairwa.

Iko kukosha chaiko kwechikumbaridzo chakakosha kunosiyana pakati pemambure. Chii chinowanzoitika ndeichi kuwanikwa chirevo chakadaro.

[Mudemo inodyidzana kubva chinyorwa chekutanga Iwe unogona kuedza kuwana nemaoko iyo yakakosha network pachikumbaridzo nekushandura iyo yekumhanyisa kukosha kukosha. Iri pakati pe22% ne23% - approx. trans.]

Pa22% (uye pasi), hutachiona hunozofa. Pa23% (uye pamusoro), hutachiona hwepakutanga dzimwe nguva hunofa, asi kazhinji hunokwanisa kurarama uye kupararira kwenguva yakareba kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvapo kwayo nekusingaperi.

(Nenzira, kune nzvimbo yese yesainzi yakatsaurirwa kutsvaga izvi zvakakosha zvikumbaridzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvetiweki topologies. Kuti uwane nekukurumidza sumo, ndinokurudzira nekukasira kupuruzira kuburikidza neWikipedia chinyorwa nezve. chikumbaridzo chekudonha).

Kazhinji, heino mashandiro azvinoita: Pazasi pechikumbaridzo chakakomba, chero hutachiona hune magumo munetiweki hunovimbiswa (nemukana 1) kufa pakupedzisira. Asi pamusoro pechikumbaridzo chakakosha, pane mukana (p> 0) wekuti hutachiona huchaenderera nekusingaperi, uye mukuita izvi huchapararira zvisingaite kure nenzvimbo yekutanga.

Nekudaro, cherechedza kuti iyo supercritical network haina anovimbisakuti utachiona hucharamba huripo nokusingaperi. Muchokwadi, kazhinji inopera, kunyanya mumatanho ekutanga ekuenzanisa. Ngationei kuti izvi zvinoitika sei.

Ngatifungei kuti takatanga neimwe node ine hutachiona uye nevavakidzani vana. Padanho rekutanga rekuenzanisira, hutachiona hune mikana mishanu yakazvimiririra yekupararira (kusanganisira mukana we "kuzviparadzira" padanho rinotevera):

Zvino ngatifungei kuti chiyero chekufambisa i50%. Muchiitiko ichi, mudanho rekutanga tinopeta mari kashanu. Uye kana misoro mishanu yakakungurutswa, utachiona huchaparadzwa. Izvi zvinoitika muzvikamu zvitatu kubva muzana zvezviitiko - uye izvi zvinongori padanho rekutanga. Chirwere chinopona padanho rekutanga chine (kazhinji kacho kadiki) mukana wekufa mudanho rechipiri, mamwe (kunyangwe madiki) mukana wekufa mudanho rechitatu, nezvimwe.

Saka, kunyangwe iyo network iri supercritical - kana chiyero chekutumira chiri 99% - pane mukana wekuti hutachiona huchapera.

Asi chakakosha ndechekuti haadaro nguva dzose zvichapera. Kana iwe ukawedzera mukana wematanho ose anofa kunze kwekusingaperi, mhedzisiro yacho iri pasi pe 1. Mune mamwe mazwi, pane mukana usiri we zero wekuti hutachiona huchaenderera nekusingaperi. Izvi ndizvo zvazvinoreva kuti network ive supercritical.

SISa: kukurumidza kuita

Kusvika panguva ino, ese edu ekuenzanisa akatanga nechidimbu chidiki che pre-infected node pakati.

Asi zvakadini kana ukatanga kubva pakutanga? Isu tinobva tatevedzera zvinongoerekana zvaitika - maitiro ayo anotapukirwa node inotapukirwa nemukana (kwete kubva kune mumwe wevavakidzani vayo).

ichi inonzi SISa modhi. Vara rokuti “a” rinomirira “otomatiki”.

Muiyo SISa simulation, paramende nyowani inooneka - chiyero chekuzviitira activation, iyo inoshandura kuwanda kwehutachiona hwega hwega (iyo chiyero chekutapurirana paramende yatakaona pakutanga iripo zvakare).

Chii chinodiwa kuti hutachiona hupararire network yese?

Kukurukurirana

Iwe unogona kunge wakacherechedza mukuenzanisa kuti kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekuita kwechigadziro hakuchinje kana hutachiona hunotora network yese kana kwete. Chete kukurumidza kutapurirana inoona kana network iri sub- kana supercritical. Uye kana network iri subcritical (yeyero yekufambisa isingasviki kana yakaenzana ne22%), hapana hutachiona hunogona kupararira kune iyo grid yese, zvisinei kuti inotanga kangani.

Zvakafanana nokutungidza moto mumunda wakanyorova. Iwe unogona kubatidza mashoma mashizha akaoma pamoto, asi murazvo uchadzima nekukurumidza nekuti nzvimbo yese haibatike zvakakwana (subcritical). Ndichiri pamunda wakaoma kwazvo (supercritical), pfarivari imwe chete inokwana kuti moto utange kupfuta.

Zvinhu zvakafanana zvinoonekwa munharaunda yemazano uye zvigadzirwa. Kazhinji nyika haina kugadzirira zano, mune iyo nyaya inogona kugadzirwa zvakare uye zvakare, asi haina kukwezva ruzhinji. Kune rumwe rutivi, nyika inogona kunge yakagadzirira zvakakwana kugadzirwa (chikuru chakanonoka kudiwa), uye pakarepo painoberekwa, inogamuchirwa nemunhu wose. Pakati pane pfungwa dzakagadzirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda uye dzinopararira munharaunda, asi hazvina kukwana chero shanduro imwe chete yekutsvaira network yese kamwechete. Muchikamu chino chekupedzisira tinowana, semuenzaniso, zvekurima nekunyora, izvo zvakazvimiririra kugadzirwa nemagariro evanhu akasiyana kanenge kagumi netatu, zvichiteerana.

Immunity

Ngatitii tinoita kuti dzimwe node dzirege kudzivirirwa zvachose, kureva kuti, dziviriro ku activation. Zvinoita sekunge ivo pakutanga vari kure, uye iyo SIS (a) modhi inotangwa pane yasara node.

Immunity slider inodzora huwandu hwemanodhi anobviswa. Edza kushandura kukosha kwayo (apo iyo modhi iri kushanda!) Uye ona kuti inobata sei mamiriro etiweki, ingave iri supercritical kana kwete.

Kukurukurirana

Kuchinja huwandu hwemanodhi asingapindure anoshandura zvachose mufananidzo wekuti network ichange iri sub- kana supercritical. Uye hazvina kuoma kuona chikonzero nei. Nenhamba yakawanda yevasingafungiri, hutachiona hune mukana muduku wekupararira kune mauto matsva.

Zvinoitika kuti izvi zvine huwandu hwezvakakosha zvakanyanya zvinoshanda mhedzisiro.

Imwe yacho iri kudzivirira kupararira kwemoto wemasango. Padanho renzvimbo, munhu wega wega anofanira kutora matanho ekuzvidzivirira (semuenzaniso, usambosiya murazvo wakavhurika usina kutarisirwa). Asi pamwero mukuru, hosha dziri dzoga hazvidzivisiki. Saka imwe nzira yekudzivirira ndeyekuona kuti kune akakwana "mabreak" (munetiweki yezvinhu zvinopisa moto) kuitira kuti kubuda kusingaputire network yese. Clearings anoita basa iri:

Kumwe kuputika kwakakosha kumisa chirwere chinotapukira. Apa pfungwa inotangwa kudzivirirwa kwemombe. Iyi ndiyo pfungwa yokuti vamwe vanhu havagoni kubayiwa (somuenzaniso, vane immune system yakakanganiswa), asi kana vanhu vakakwana vadzivirirwa nehutachiona, chirwere hachigone kupararira nekusingaperi. Nemamwe mashoko, unofanira kubayisa zvakakwana chikamu chehuwandu kuendesa huwandu hwevanhu kubva kune supercritical kuenda kune subcritical state. Kana izvi zvikaitika, mumwe murwere anogona kunge achiri kutapukirwa (mushure mekufamba kune imwe dunhu, semuenzaniso), asi pasina supercritical network yekukura, chirwere chinongobata vashoma vashoma vanhu.

Pakupedzisira, pfungwa yemasodhi ekudzivirira inotsanangura zvinoitika munyukireya reactor. Mukuita cheni, atomu iri kuora uranium-235 inoburitsa manyuturoni matatu, ayo anokonzera (paavhareji) kutsemuka kweatomu inodarika imwe U-235. Iwo manyuturoni matsva anobva akonzera kumwe kupatsanurwa kwemaatomu, zvichingodaro zvakanyanya:

Paunenge uchigadzira bhomba, chinhu chose ndechekuona kuti kukura kweexponential kunoramba kusingatariswe. Asi muchigadzirwa chemagetsi, chinangwa ndechekugadzira simba pasina kuuraya munhu wese akakupoteredza. Nechinangwa ichi, ivo vanoshandiswa kudzora tsvimbo, yakagadzirwa kubva kune chinhu chinogona kutora neutron (somuenzaniso, sirivheri kana boron). Nekuti vanotora pane kuburitsa manyutroni, vanoita senge immune node mukufananidza kwedu, nekudaro vachidzivirira iyo radioactive nucleus kubva kune supercritical.

Saka huchenjeri hwechinhu chenyukireya ndechekuchengetedza maitikiro ari pedyo nechikumbaridzo chakakomba nekufambisa matanda ekudzora kumashure nekudzoka, uye kuona kuti pese paita chimwe chinhu chakaipa, tsvimbo dzinodonhera mukati chaimo dzomisa.

Dhigirii

Dhigirii node uwandu hwavavakidzani vayo. Kusvika panguva ino, takafunga nezve network yedhigirii 4. Asi chii chinoitika kana ukashandura iyi parameter?

Semuenzaniso, unogona kubatanidza node imwe neimwe kwete chete kune vana vepedyo vavakidzani, asiwo kune mamwe mana diagonally. Mune network yakadai dhigirii ichave 8.

Lattices ane madhigirii 4 ne8 anonyatso symmetrical. Asi nedhigirii 5 (somuenzaniso), dambudziko rinomuka: ndevapi vavakidzani vashanu vatinofanira kusarudza? Panyaya iyi, tinosarudza vavakidzani vana vari pedyo (N, E, S, W), tobva tasarudza muvakidzani mumwechete kubva pane yakatarwa {NE, SE, SW, NW}. Sarudzo inoitwa yakazvimirira kune imwe neimwe node panguva imwe neimwe nhanho.

Kukurukurirana

Zvakare, hazvina kuoma kuona zviri kuitika pano. Kana node imwe neimwe iine vavakidzani vakawanda, mikana yekupararira kwehutachiona inowedzera-uye nekudaro network inogona kuve yakakosha.

Zvisinei, migumisiro yacho inogona kunge isingatarisirwi, sezvatichaona pasi apa.

Maguta uye network density

Kusvika ikozvino, ma network edu anga aine homogeneous zvachose. Node imwe neimwe inotaridzika seimwe. Asi ko kana tikachinja mamiriro uye tichibvumira dzakasiyana node nyika mukati metiweki?

Semuenzaniso, ngatiedzei kuenzanisira maguta. Kuti tiite izvi, tichawedzera kuwanda mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzetiweki (yepamusoro dhigirii yemanodhi). Isu tinoita izvi zvichibva pane data iyo vagari vanayo yakafararira magariro denderedzwa uye zvakawanda kudyidzanakupfuura vanhu vari kunze kwemaguta.

Mune yedu modhi, node dzinotapukira dzine mavara zvichienderana nedhigirii ravo. Manodhi mu "maruwa" ane dhigirii 4 (uye ane mavara akajeka grey), nepo nodhi mu "nzvimbo dzemudhorobha" dzine madhigirii epamusoro (uye ane mavara akasviba), kutanga nedhigirii 5 kunze uye kupera ne8 pakati peguta .

Edza kusarudza kumhanya kwekuparadzira zvekuti activation inovhara maguta uyezve haipfuuri miganhu yavo.

Ndinoona iyi simulation zviri pachena uye zvinoshamisa. Zvechokwadi, maguta anochengetedza mwero wetsika zviri nani kupfuura nzvimbo dzekumaruwa - munhu wese anoziva izvi. Chinondishamisa ndechekuti kumwe kusiyana kwetsika uku kunongomuka zvichibva pane topology yesocial network.

Iyi ipfungwa inonakidza, ndichaedza kuitsanangura zvakadzama.

Pano tiri kubata nemhando dzetsika dzinopfuudzwa zviri nyore uye zvakananga kubva kumunhu kuenda kumunhu. Semuyenzaniso, tsika, mitambo yemumba, mafashoni, mafambiro emitauro, tsika dzemapoka madiki, uye zvigadzirwa zvinopararira nemuromo, pamwe nerumwe ruzivo rwatinoti mazano.

(Cherechedza: kuparadzirwa kwemashoko pakati pevanhu kunoitwa kuomerwa zvikuru nevezvenhau. Zviri nyore kufungidzira imwe nzvimbo yechinyakare yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, yakadai seGreece Yekare, uko kunenge kutsva kwetsika kwese kwaifambiswa nekudyidzana munzvimbo chaimo.)

Kubva pakuenzanisa pamusoro apa, ndakadzidza kuti kune mazano uye tsika dzetsika dzinogona kudzika midzi uye dzinopararira muguta, asi hazvigoni (nemasvomhu hazvigone) kupararira mumaruwa. Aya ndiwo mafungiro mamwe chete uye vanhu vakafanana. Pfungwa yacho haisi yekuti vagari vekumaruwa vane imwe nzira "vanofunga-pedyo": kana vachibatana nepfungwa imwechete, ivo chaizvo mikana yakafanana yekuibatasezvakaita vanhu vomuguta. Ingori iyo pfungwa pachayo haigone kuve hutachiona munzvimbo dzekumaruwa, nekuti hapana akawanda ekubatanidza ayo anogona kupararira.

Izvi zvichida zviri nyore kuona mumunda wefashoni - zvipfeko, vhudzi, nezvimwewo. Mune network network, tinogona kutora kumucheto kwelatisi apo vanhu vaviri vanocherechedza zvipfeko zveumwe neumwe. Mumadhorobha, munhu wega wega anogona kuona vamwe vanhu vanopfuura chiuru zuva rega rega - mumugwagwa, munzira yepasi pevhu, muresitorendi yakazara nevanhu, nezvimwewo. Mumaruwa, pane kudaro, munhu wese anogona kuona gumi nemaviri chete. vamwe. Maererano ne musiyano uyu chete, guta rinokwanisa kutsigira mamwe maitiro efashoni. Uye chete maitiro anonyanya kumanikidza-aya ane mwero wepamusoro wekutapurirana-ndiwo achakwanisa kuwana nzvimbo kunze kweguta.

Tinowanzofunga kuti kana imwe pfungwa yakanaka, inozopedzisira yasvika munhu wose, uye kana imwe pfungwa yakaipa, inonyangarika. Zvechokwadi, izvi ndezvechokwadi mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, asi pakati pane mazano akawanda uye maitiro anogona kungoenda kune hutachiona pane mamwe mambure. Izvi zvinoshamisa zvechokwadi.

Kwete maguta chete

Tiri kutarisa mabatiro acho pano network density. Inotsanangurwa seti yakapihwa yemanodhi senhamba mbabvu chaidzo, yakakamurwa nenhamba mipendero inogona. Ndiko kuti, muzana yezvibatanidza zvinogoneka zviripo.

Saka, takaona kuti network density mumadhorobha yakakwira pane yekumaruwa. Asi maguta haasiriwo ega nzvimbo yatinowana madhiri network.

Muenzaniso unonakidza zvikoro zvesekondari. Semuenzaniso, kune imwe nzvimbo, tinofananidza network iripo pakati pevana vechikoro netiweki iripo pakati pevabereki vavo. Same geographic area uye vanhu vakafanana, asi network imwe yakapetwa kakawanda kupfuura imwe. Naizvozvo hazvishamisi kuti fashoni nemaitiro emitauro zvakapararira nekukurumidza pakati pevechiri kuyaruka.

Saizvozvowo, eelite network anowanzo kuve akanyanya kuomarara kupfuura asiri e-elite network - chokwadi chandinofunga kuti hachikosheswi (vanhu vane mukurumbira kana vane simba vanopedza nguva yakawanda vachishamwaridzana nekudaro vane "vavakidzani" vakawanda kupfuura vanhuwo zvavo vevanhu). Zvichienderana nemifananidzo iri pamusoro, isu tinotarisira kuti masangano evakakwirira achatsigira mamwe marudzi etsika asingagone kutsigirwa neveruzhinji, zvichibva pamitemo yemasvomhu yeavhareji yedhigirii yetiweki. Ndinokusiya uchifungidzira pamusoro pezvingave zvimiro zvetsika izvi.

Chekupedzisira, isu tinogona kushandisa iyi pfungwa kuInternet nekuitevedzera seyakakura uye yakasimba kwazvo guta. Hazvishamisi kuti mhando itsva dzetsika dziri kubudirira padandemutande izvo zvisingagone kutsigirwa pamanetiweki emuchadenga: zvinhu zvekuzvivaraidza nazvo, magadzirirwo ari nani, kuziva kusarongeka, nezvimwewo. Uye hazvisi zvinhu zvakanaka chete. Sezvinongoita maguta ekutanga aive nzvimbo dzekuberekera zvirwere zvaisagona kupararira mukuwanda kwevanhu vashoma, saka Indaneti inzvimbo yekuberekera maitiro akashata akadai seClickbait, nhau dzemanyepo, uye kutsamwa kunopisa.

Zivo

"Kuva nenyanzvi chaiyo panguva chaiyo ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yekushandisa kugadzirisa matambudziko." - Michael Nielsen, Inventing Discovery

Tinowanzo funga nezve kuwanikwa kana kugadzirwa senzira inoitika mupfungwa dzemunhu mumwe chete. Anorohwa nemheni yekufemerwa uye - Eureka! - kamwe kamwe tine nzira itsva yekuyera vhoriyamu. Kana kuti giravhiti equation. Kana kuti girobhu.

Asi kana tikatora maonero emugadziri ari ega panguva yekuwanikwa, saka tiri kutarisa chiitiko. kubva pakuona kwenodhi. Kunyange zvazvo zvingava zvakarurama kududzira kugadzirwa se network phenomenon.

Iyo network yakakosha munzira dzinenge mbiri. Kutanga, pfungwa dziripo dzinofanira kupinda mukuziva inventor. Aya ndiwo makotesheni kubva kuchinyorwa chitsva, chikamu chebhaibheri chebhuku idzva - hofori pamapfudzi avo Newton akamira. Chechipiri, network yakakosha pakudzoka kwezano idzva kumashure munyika; chigadzirwa chisina kupararira hachitombokodzeri kudaidza "chigadzirwa" zvachose. Nokudaro, nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri izvi, zvinonzwisisika kuenzanisira kugadzirwa-kana, zvakanyanya, kukura kwezivo-senzira yekupararira.

Nechinguvana, ini ndicharatidza hutsinye simulation yekuti ruzivo runogona sei kupararira uye kukura mukati metiweki. Asi kutanga ndinofanira kutsanangura.

Pakutanga kwekufananidza, kune nyanzvi ina mune imwe neimwe quadrant yegridi, yakarongedzwa sezvinotevera:

Nyanzvi 1 ine yekutanga vhezheni yezano - ngatiidaidze Idea 1.0. Nyanzvi 2 ndiye munhu anoziva kushandura Idea 1.0 kuita Idea 2.0. Nyanzvi 3 inoziva kushandura Idea 2.0 kuita Idea 3.0. Uye pakupedzisira, nyanzvi yechina inoziva kuisa iyo yekupedzisa kubata paIdea 4.0.

Izvi zvakafanana nehunyanzvi hwakaita se origami, uko maitiro anogadzirwa uye akabatanidzwa nemamwe maitiro ekugadzira mamwe anofadza magadzirirwo. Kana kuti ingava ndima yezivo, sefizikisi, umo basa razvino uno rinovaka pamusoro pebasa rinokosha revakatangira.

Chinangwa chekuenzanisa uku ndechekuti isu tinoda vese vana nyanzvi kuti vabatsire kune yekupedzisira vhezheni yepfungwa. Uye padanho rega rega pfungwa yacho inofanirwa kuunzwa kune nyanzvi yakakodzera.

Mazano mashoma. Kune akawanda efungidziro dzisiri dzechokwadi dzakavharirwa mukuenzanisa. Heano mashoma acho chete:

1. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pfungwa hadzigoni kuchengetwa uye kuparadzirwa kunze kwekubva kumunhu kuenda kumunhu (kureva, hapana mabhuku kana midhiya).
2. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kune nyanzvi dzechigarire muhuwandu dzinogona kuburitsa mazano, kunyangwe muchokwadi zvinhu zvakawanda zvisingaite zvinopesvedzera kuitika kwekuwanikwa kana kugadzirwa.
3. Ese mavhezheni mana epfungwa anoshandisa iyo yakafanana seti yeSIS paramita (baud mwero, muzana yekusadzivirirwa, zvichingodaro), kunyangwe zvine musoro kushandisa maparamita akasiyana evhezheni yega yega (1.0, 2.0, nezvimwewo)
4. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pfungwa N+1 inogara ichibvisa pfungwa N, kunyangwe mukuita kazhinji shanduro dzekare uye itsva dzinotenderera panguva imwe chete, pasina anokunda akajeka.

... nevamwe vakawanda.

Kukurukurirana

Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso wakareruka wekuti ruzivo runokura sei. Pane zvakawanda zvakakosha zvakasara kunze kwemuenzaniso (ona pamusoro). Nekudaro, inobata iyo yakakosha essence yemaitiro. Uye saka tinogona, nekusazeza, kutaura nezve kukura kwezivo tichishandisa ruzivo rwedu rwekuparadzira.

Kunyanya, iyo diffusion modhi inopa nzwisiso yekuti sei mhanyisa maitiro: Inoda kufambisa kuchinjana kwemazano pakati penyanzvi node. Izvi zvinogona kureva kubvisa network yemanode akafa ayo ari kutadzisa kupararira. Kana kuti zvinogona kureva kuisa nyanzvi dzese muguta kana sumbu rine high network density uko pfungwa dzinopararira nekukurumidza. Kana kungozviunganidza muimba imwe chete:

Saka ... ndizvo chete zvandinogona kutaura pamusoro pekupararira.

Asi ndine imwe pfungwa yekupedzisira, uye yakakosha zvikuru. Ndezvekukurauye kumira) ruzivo munharaunda dzesainzi. Pfungwa iyi yakasiyana nezwi uye kugutsikana kubva kune chero chinhu chiri pamusoro, asi ndinovimba muchandiregerera.

Nezvesainzi network

Mufananidzo uyu unoratidza imwe yeakanyanya kukosha emhinduro loops munyika (uye zvave seizvi kwenguva yakati rebei):

Kufambira mberi kwekutenderera (K ⟶ T) kuri nyore: isu tinoshandisa ruzivo rutsva kugadzira zvishandiso zvitsva. Semuenzaniso, kunzwisisa fizikisi yesemiconductors kunotibvumira kuvaka makomputa.

Zvisinei, kuderera kunoda imwe tsananguro. Kuvandudzwa kweruzivo rwemichina kunounza sei kuwedzera kwezivo?

Imwe nzira—zvichida yakananga zvikuru—ndipo apo matekinoroji matsva anotipa nzira itsva dzokuona nadzo nyika. Semuenzaniso, maikorosikopu akanakisa anotendera kuti utarise zvakadzika mukati mesero, ichipa ruzivo rwemolecular biology. GPS trackers inoratidza mafambiro anoita mhuka. Sonar inokubvumira kuti uongorore makungwa. Zvichingoenda zvakadaro.

Iyi pasina mubvunzo inzira yakakosha, asi kune dzimwe nzira mbiri kubva kune tekinoroji kuenda kune ruzivo. Dzinogona kunge dzisiri nyore, asi ndinofunga dzakangokosha:

Yokutanga. Tekinoroji inotungamira kune kuwanda kwehupfumi (kureva hupfumi), iyo inobvumira vanhu vazhinji kuita mukugadzira ruzivo.

Kana 90% yehuwandu hwenyika yako ichiita zvekurima, uye iyo yasara 10% inobata mune imwe nzira yekutengeserana (kana hondo), saka vanhu vane nguva shoma yekusununguka yekufunga nezvemitemo yezvakasikwa. Zvichida ndicho chikonzero nei munguva dzekare sainzi yainyanya kusimudzirwa nevana vanobva kumhuri dzakapfuma.

United States inogadzira zvinopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu zvePh.D. gore rega rega. Panzvimbo pokuti munhu aende kunoshanda mufekitari pazera ramakore 50 (kana kuti asati asvika), mudzidzi anenge apedza kufunda anofanira kupiwa mari kutozosvikira pazera ramakore 000 kana kuti zvichida 18—uye kunyange ipapo hazvina kujeka kana basa ravo richava nepesvedzero ipi neipi chaiyoiyo yezvemari. Asi zvinotoda kuti munhu asvike pamberi pezvirango zvake, zvikuru sei munyaya dzakaoma dzakadai sefizikisi kana biology.

Icho chokwadi ndechekuti kubva kune masisitimu maonero, nyanzvi dzinodhura. Uye iyo yekupedzisira sosi yehupfumi hweveruzhinji inopa mari nyanzvi idzi tekinoroji nyowani: gejo rinopa mari peni.

Yechipiri. Tekinoroji nyowani, kunyanya mumunda wekufamba uye kutaurirana, iri kushandura chimiro chesocial network umo ruzivo rwunokura. Kunyanya, inobvumira nyanzvi uye nyanzvi kuti dzidyidzane zvakanyanya kune mumwe nemumwe.

Zvigadzirwa zvinozivikanwa pano zvinosanganisira muchina wokudhinda, zvikepe uye njanji (kufambisa kufamba uye/kana kutumira tsamba nenzendo refu), nhare, ndege, neInternet. Ese matekinoroji aya anobatsira kuwedzera kusimba kwenetiweki, kunyanya mukati menharaunda dzine hunyanzvi (uko kunoitika kukura kweruzivo). Semuyenzaniso, matsamba ekutumirana akabuda pakati pevasayendisiti vekuEurope pakupera kweMiddle Ages, kana mashandisiro anoita mafizikisi emazuva ano arXiv.

Pakupedzisira, nzira mbiri idzi dzakafanana. Ose ari maviri anowedzera kuwanda kwetiweki yenyanzvi, izvo zvinozotungamira mukuwedzera kwezivo:

Kwemakore akawanda ndakanga ndisingafariri dzidzo yepamusorosoro. Kupfupika kwangu muchikoro chekupedza chikoro kwakasiya kuravira kwakashata mumuromo mangu. Asi zvino sezvandinotarira shure ndofunga (kunze kwezvinetso zvose zvomunhu oga), ndinofanira kugumisa kuti dzidzo yepamusorosoro ichiripo zvakanyanya zvakakosha.

Academic social network (semuenzaniso, nharaunda dzekutsvagisa) ndeimwe yemhando yepamusoro uye yakakosha zvimiro zvakagadzirwa nebudiriro yedu. Hapana kwatakaunganidza kuwanda kwenyanzvi dzakanangana nekugadzira ruzivo. Hapana nzvimbo apo vanhu vakakudziridza mano makuru okunzwisisa nokutsoropodza mifungo yomumwe nomumwe. Ndiwo moyo unorova webudiriro. Ndimo mumanetiweki aya umo moto wekuvhenekera unopisa zvakanyanya.

Asi hatigoni kurerutsa kufambira mberi. Kana kuedza irreproducibility dambudziko uye kana yakatidzidzisa chero chinhu, yaive yekuti sainzi inogona kuve nematambudziko ehurongwa. Iyi imhando yekushatisa network.

Ngatitii tinosiyanisa pakati penzira mbiri dzekuita sainzi: sainzi chaiyo и kuita basa. Sainzi chaiyo maitiro anoburitsa ruzivo zvakavimbika. Inokurudzirwa nekuda kuziva uye inoratidzirwa nekutendeseka (Feynman: "Unoona, ndinongoda kunzwisisa nyika"). Careerism, pane kudaro, inokurudzirwa nezvishuvo zvehunyanzvi uye inoratidzirwa nekutamba zvematongerwo enyika uye mapfupi esainzi. Inogona kutarisa uye kuita sesainzi, asi kwete inobudisa zivo yakavimbika.

(Hongu, iyi dichotomy yakawedzeredzwa. Kungoedza kufunga. Musandipe mhosva).

Chokwadi ndechekuti kana vezvebasa vachitora nzvimbo munharaunda chaiyo yekutsvagisa, vanoparadza basa. Vanoyedza kuzvisimudzira apo nharaunda yese ichiedza kuwana nekugovana ruzivo rutsva. Panzvimbo pekuvavarira kujekeswa, vezvemabasa vanoomesa nekuvhiringa zvese kuti zvinzwike zvinoyemurika. Ivo vari kuita (sezvaizotaurwa naHarry Frankfurt) zvesainzi zvisina maturo. Uye saka isu taigona kuvatevedzera semanodhi akafa, asingapindire mukutsinhana kwakanaka kweruzivo rwunodiwa mukukura kweruzivo:

Zvichida iyo yakanakisa modhi nderimwe umo macareerist node haango pindikidzwa neruzivo, asi nekushingaira kuparadzira. zivo yenhema. Ruzivo rwemanyepo runogona kusanganisira mhedzisiro isina kukosha iyo kukosha kwayo kwakakwidziridzwa, kana mhedzisiro yenhema inomuka kubva mukunyengedza kana kugadzirwa kwedata.

Hazvina mhosva kuti tinovatevedzera sei, vanoita basa vanogona kukanganisa nharaunda dzedu dzesainzi.

Zvakafanana nekuita kwenyukireya cheni yatinoda zvikuru - tinoda kuputika kwezivo - chete yedu yakafumiswa U-235 ine yakawandisa isingaite reactive isotope U-238 mairi, iyo inodzvanya maitiro eketani.

Ehe, hapana musiyano wakajeka pakati pevashandi vebasa uye masayendisiti chaiwo. Mumwe nomumwe wedu ane zvishomanana zvekushanda zvakavanzwa mukati medu. Mubvunzo ndewokuti inguva yakareba sei iyo network inogona kugara kuparadzira ruzivo kusati kwapera.

O, iwe unoverenga kusvika kumagumo. Ndinokutendai nekuverenga.

License

CC0 Kodzero dzese hadzina kuchengetwa. Unogona kushandisa basa iri sezvaunoona zvakakodzera :).

Kutenda

• Kevin Kwok и Nicky Nyaya kune mazano ane hunyanzvi uye mazano pane akasiyana siyana echinyorwa.
• Nick Barr - yerutsigiro rwetsika muhurongwa hwese uye nemhinduro dzinobatsira pabasa rangu.
• Keith A. yekunongedza kwandiri chiitiko che percolation uye percolation chikumbaridzo.
• Geoff Lonsdale kune link ku iyi rondedzero, iyo (pasinei nekukanganisa kwayo kwakawanda) ndiyo yaive kukurudzira kukuru kwekushanda pane iyi positi.

Interactive Essay Samples

• Ese basa raNicky Case, esp. "Mufananidzo wePolygons" (pamwe naVi Hart) uye "Kugadzira vhoti yekuvhota iri nani". Iri ndiro bhara repamusoro rezvingave rondedzero inopindirana.
• Distill.pub: Yakasarudzika yemhando yepamusoro inopindirana tsananguro yekudzidza muchina.
• Basa reClass naBret Victor "Kumusoro uye Kudzika Padanho reAbstraction". Ndakanga ndisiri shasha pakufamba kukwira masitepisi, asi panogara paine kumwe kuedza.

Source: www.habr.com