Nhanganyaya
"Random nhamba yekugadzira yakakosha zvakanyanya kuti isasiiwe mukana."
Robert Cavue, 1970
Ichi chinyorwa chakazvipira kune inoshanda mashandisiro emhinduro uchishandisa yakaunganidzwa nhamba chizvarwa munzvimbo isingavimbike. Muchidimbu, sei uye nei zvisina kujairika inoshandiswa mu blockchains, uye zvishoma nezve nzira yekusiyanisa "zvakanaka" zvisina tsarukano kubva "zvakaipa". Kugadzira nhamba isina kurongeka idambudziko rakanyanya kuoma, kunyangwe pakombuta imwe chete, uye rave nenguva richidzidzwa nevanonyora. Zvakanaka, mumatanho akasarudzika, kugadzirwa kwenhamba dzisina kujairika kwakatonyanya kuoma uye kwakakosha.
Iri mumanetiweki umo vatori vechikamu vasingavimbane kuti kugona kuburitsa nhamba isingaverengeki isina kurongeka inotibvumira kunyatsogadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji akakosha uye nekuvandudza zvakanyanya zvirongwa zviripo. Uyezve, kubhejera uye marotari handicho chinangwa chekutanga pano, sezvazvingaratidzika pakutanga kumuverengi asina ruzivo.
Random nhamba chizvarwa
Makomputa haagone kugadzira manhamba asina kurongeka ivo pachavo; ivo vanoda rubatsiro rwekunze kuti vadaro. Iyo komputa inogona kuwana imwe yakasarudzika kukosha kubva, semuenzaniso, mbeva mafambiro, huwandu hwendangariro hunoshandiswa, inorasika mafungu pamapini e processor, uye mamwe akawanda manyuko anonzi entropy masosi. Aya makoshero pachawo haana kurongeka zvachose, sezvo ari mune imwe nhanho kana ane fungidziro yemaitiro ekuchinja. Kushandura manhamba akadaro kuita nhamba isina kurongeka mukati meiyo yakapihwa renji, cryptotransformations inoiswa kwavari kuti ibudise yakagovaniswa pseudo-random kukosha kubva kune zvisina kuenzana kugovaniswa kukosha kweiyo entropy sosi. Mhedzisiro inokonzeresa inonzi pseudorandom nekuti haina kurongeka, asi inotorwa kubva kune entropy. Chero yakanaka cryptographic algorithm, kana encryption data, inogadzira ciphertexts izvo zvinofanirwa kuve zvisingazivikanwe kubva kune zvakangoitika zvakateerana, saka kuti ubudise zvisina tsarukano iwe unogona kutora sosi ye entropy, iyo inopa chete yakanaka kudzokorora uye kusatarisika kwehunhu kunyangwe muzvikamu zvidiki, iyo zororo rebasa iri kuparadzira uye kusanganisa mabhiti muKukosha kunoguma kunotorwa neiyo encryption algorithm.
Kuti ndipedze chirongwa chipfupi chedzidzo, ndichawedzera kuti kugadzira nhamba dzisina kurongeka kunyangwe pachigadzirwa chimwe ndeimwe yembiru dzekuona kuchengetedzwa kwedata redu. cryptographic kiyi, yekuenzanisa mitoro, yekutarisa kuvimbika, uye kune mamwe akawanda maapplication. Kuchengetedzwa kwemaprotocol mazhinji kunoenderana nekugona kugadzira yakavimbika, yekunze isingatarisike isina kurongeka, kuichengeta, uye kusaiburitsa kusvika padanho rinotevera reprotocol, zvikasadaro chengetedzo ichakanganiswa. Kurwiswa kwe pseudorandom kukosha jenareta kune njodzi zvakanyanya uye nekukasira kunotyisidzira ese software inoshandisa randomness chizvarwa.
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva zvese izvi kana iwe wakatora yekutanga kosi yecryptography, saka ngatienderere mberi nezve decentralized network.
Random mu blockchains
Chekutanga, ini ndichataura nezve blockchains nerutsigiro rwezvibvumirano zvakangwara; ivo ndivo vanogona kushandisa zvizere mikana inopihwa nemhando yepamusoro, isingarambike kusarongeka. Kupfuurirazve, kupfupika, ndichadaidza iyi tekinoroji "Inoonekwa Neruzhinji Random Beaconsβ kana kuti PVRB. Sezvo blockchains ari network umo ruzivo runogona kusimbiswa nechero anotora chikamu, chikamu chakakosha chezita ndechekuti "Public Verifiable", i.e. Chero ani zvake anogona kushandisa maverengero kuti awane humbowo hwekuti nhamba inoguma yakatumirwa pa blockchain ine zvinotevera zvivakwa:
- Mhedzisiro yacho inofanirwa kunge iine kugovera kwakafanana, i.e. kuve yakavakirwa pane inogoneka yakasimba cryptography.
- Hazvibviri kudzora chero zvimedu zvemugumisiro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mhedzisiro haigone kufanotaurwa pachine nguva.
- Iwe haugone kukanganisa chizvarwa protocol nekusatora chikamu muprotocol kana nekuremedza network nemashoko ekurwisa.
- Zvese zviri pamusoro apa zvinofanirwa kupesana nekubatana kwenhamba inobvumidzwa yevasina kutendeseka protocol vatori vechikamu (semuenzaniso, 1/3 yevatori vechikamu).
Chero mukana weboka diki rakabatana revatori vechikamu kugadzira kunyange inodzorwa kunyange / isinganzwisisike zvisina mwero igomba rekuchengetedza. Chero kugona kweboka kumisa kuburitswa kwezvisina tsarukano igomba rekuchengetedza. Kazhinji, kune matambudziko mazhinji, uye basa iri harisi nyore ...
Zvinoita sekuti inonyanya kukosha application yePVRB mitambo yakasiyana siyana, marotari, uye kazhinji chero mhando yekubhejera pa blockchain. Chokwadi, iyi igwara rakakosha, asi kusarongeka mu blockchains kune zvakatonyanya kukosha maapplication. Ngativatarise.
Consensus Algorithms
PVRB inoita basa guru mukuronga kubvumirana kwenetiweki. Kutengeserana mu blockchains kunodzivirirwa nesiginecha yemagetsi, saka "kurwiswa kwekutengesa" nguva dzose kusanganisa / kusabatanidzwa kwekutengeserana mubhuroka (kana akati wandei mabhuroko). Uye basa guru rekubvumirana kwegorgorithm nderokubvumirana pamusoro pekurongeka kwekutengeserana uku uye kurongeka kwezvivharo zvinosanganisira izvi zvekutengeserana. Zvakare, chivakwa chinodiwa chechokwadi blockchains ndeyekupedzisira - kugona kwenetiweki kubvumirana kuti cheni kusvika kune yakapedzwa block ndeyekupedzisira, uye haizombofa yakabviswa nekuda kwekuonekwa kweforogo nyowani. Kazhinji, kuti ubvumirane kuti block inoshanda uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, yekupedzisira, zvinodikanwa kuunganidza masiginecha kubva kune vazhinji vevagadziri ve block (zvino zvinonzi BP - block-vagadziri), izvo zvinoda kanenge kuendesa block cheni. kune ese maBP, uye kugovera masiginecha pakati pese maBP. Sezvo nhamba yeBP inokura, nhamba yemashoko anodiwa mumambure anokura zvakanyanya, saka, chibvumirano chekugadzirisa zvinoda kupera, chinoshandiswa semuenzaniso muHyperledger pBFT kubvumirana, haishande painoda kukurumidza, kutanga kubva kune gumi nemaviri BPs, inoda. nhamba huru yekubatanidza.
Kana pane PVRB isingarambiki uye yakatendeseka mumambure, saka, kunyange mukufungidzira kwakapfava, munhu anogona kusarudza mumwe wevagadziri ve block zvichibva pazviri uye kumugadza se "mutungamiri" panguva imwechete yeprotocol. Kana tine N block vagadziri, izvo M: M > 1/2 N vakatendeseka, usatarise kutengeserana uye usafokose cheni kuti uite "kupedza kaviri" kurwisa, ipapo kushandisa yakafanana yakagovaniswa isina kupikiswa PVRB inobvumira kusarudza mutungamiri akatendeseka ane mukana. M / N (M / N > 1/2). Kana mutungamiri wega wega akapihwa nguva yake yenguva panguva yaanogona kugadzira block uye kusimbisa cheni, uye nguva idzi dzakaenzana nenguva, ipapo block chain yeBP yakatendeseka ichave yakareba kupfuura cheni yakaumbwa nehutsinye BP, uye kubvumirana. algorithm inotsamira pakureba kwecheni, ingorasa iyo "yakaipa" imwe. Iyi nheyo yekugovera zvimedu zvakaenzana zvenguva kune imwe neimwe BP yakatanga kushandiswa muGraphene (yakatangira EOS), uye inobvumira zvidhinha zvakawanda kuti zvivharwe nesaini imwe chete, iyo inoderedza zvikuru mutoro wemambure uye inobvumira kubvumirana uku kushanda nokukurumidza zvikuru uye zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvisinei, EOS network ikozvino inofanira kushandisa zvidhinha zvakakosha (Last Irreversible Block), iyo inosimbiswa nemasaini e2/3 BP. Aya mabhuroki anoshanda kuve nechokwadi chekupedzisira (kusaita kweforogo yeketani kutanga pamberi pekupedzisira Irreversible Block).
Uyewo, mukushandiswa kwechokwadi, chirongwa cheprotocol chinonyanya kuoma - kuvhota kwezvivharo zvakarongwa kunoitwa mumatanho akawanda kuchengetedza network kana pasina zvidhinha uye matambudziko netiweki, asi kunyange kufunga izvi, kubvumirana algorithms uchishandisa PVRB inoda. mameseji mashoma pakati peBP, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nekukurumidza kupfuura zvechinyakare PVFT, kana kugadziridzwa kwayo kwakasiyana.
Mumiriri ane mukurumbira wealgorithms akadaro: kubva kuchikwata cheCardano, icho chinonzi chinoratidzika semasvomhu chinopesana neBP collusion.
MuOuroboros, PVRB inoshandiswa kutsanangura iyo inonzi "BP ββchirongwa" - hurongwa maererano neiyo BP yega yega inopihwa yayo nguva yekutsikisa block. Kubatsira kukuru kwekushandisa PVRB ndiko "kuenzana" kwakakwana kweBPs (zvichienderana nehukuru hwemashizha avo). Kuvimbika kwePVRB kunovimbisa kuti maBP ane hutsinye haakwanise kudzora kurongwa kwenguva, uye nekudaro haigone kushandura cheni nekugadzirira uye kuongorora maforogo echeni pachine nguva, uye kusarudza forogo inokwana kungovimba nekureba kweketani. cheni, pasina kushandisa nzira dzinonyengera kuverenga "utility" yeBP uye "kurema" kwezvivharo zvayo.
Kazhinji, mune zvese zviitiko apo mutori wechikamu anoda kusarudzwa mune yakasarudzika network, PVRB inenge inogara iri sarudzo yakanakisa, pane yekumisikidza sarudzo yakavakirwa, semuenzaniso, block hash. Pasina PVRB, kugona kupesvedzera sarudzo yemunhu ari kutora chikamu kunotungamira mukurwiswa uko munhu anorwisa anogona kusarudza kubva mune dzakawanda remangwana kuti asarudze anotevera ane huori anotora chikamu kana akati wandei kamwechete kuti ave nechokwadi chekugoverana kukuru musarudzo. Kushandiswa kwePVRB kunozvidza marudzi aya ekurwiswa.
Kuyera uye kuyera mutoro
PVRB inogona zvakare kubatsira zvikuru mumabasa akadai sekudzikisa mutoro uye kuwedzera mubhadharo. Kutanga, zvine musoro kujairana nazvo Rivesta "Electronic Lottery Tickets se Micropayments". Pfungwa huru ndeyokuti panzvimbo yekubhadhara 100 1c kubva kumubhadhari kune anogamuchira, unogona kutamba rotari yakatendeseka nemubairo we1 $ = 100c, apo mubhadhari anopa bhangi imwe ye1 ye "matikiti erotari" kune imwe neimwe. 100c kubhadhara. Imwe yematikiti aya inohwina chirongo chemadhora 1, uye itikiti iri iro mugamuchiri anogona kurekodha mu blockchain. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti matikiti makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe asara anotamiswa pakati peanogamuchira uye anobhadhara pasina chero chekunze kutora chikamu, kuburikidza neyakavanzika chiteshi uye chero yaunoda kumhanya. Tsanangudzo yakanaka yeprotocol inobva pachirongwa ichi paEmercoin network inogona kuverengwa .
Ichi chirongwa chine matambudziko mashoma, sekuti mugamuchiri anogona kumira kushandira mubhadhari pakarepo mushure mekugamuchira tikiti rekuhwina, asi kune akawanda akakosha maapplication, senge paminiti yekubhadharisa kana kunyoreswa kwemagetsi kumasevhisi, izvi zvinogona kuregererwa. Chinodiwa chikuru, chokwadi, kurongeka kweroti, uye kuti iite PVRB inodiwa zvachose.
Sarudzo yemunhu anotora chikamu yakangokoshawo zvakanyanya pakuita sharding mapuroteni, chinangwa chayo chiri kuyera yakatwasuka block chain, ichibvumira maBP akasiyana kuti agadzirise chete chiyero chekutengeserana. Iri ibasa rakaoma zvakanyanya, kunyanya maererano nekuchengetedza kana uchibatanidza shards. Kusarudzwa kwakaringana kweBP isina kurongeka nechinangwa chekupa avo vane chekuita nechaicho shard, sezviri mukubvumirana algorithms, ibasa rePVRB. Mune centralized masisitimu, shards inopihwa nea balancer; inongoverengera hashi kubva pachikumbiro uye inotumira kune anodiwa executor. Mune blockchains, kugona kupesvedzera basa iri kunogona kutungamira mukurwiswa kwekubvumirana. Semuenzaniso, zviri mukati mekutengeserana zvinogona kudzorwa neanorwisa, anogona kudzora kuti ndeapi matransaction anoenda kune shard yaanotonga uye kushandura ketani yezvivharo mairi. Iwe unogona kuverenga nhaurirano yedambudziko rekushandisa nhamba dzisina kurongeka dzekuita sharding mabasa muEthereum
Sharding ndeimwe yeanonyanya kushuvira uye akakomba matambudziko mumunda we blockchain; mhinduro yayo inobvumira kuvaka dhizaini network yeakanakisa kuita uye vhoriyamu. PVRB ingori imwe yemabhuroko akakosha kuigadzirisa.
Mitambo, maprotocol ehupfumi, kukakavara
Basa renhamba dzisina kurongeka muindasitiri yemitambo yakaoma kuwedzeredza. Kushandiswa kwakajeka mumakasinos epamhepo, uye kushandiswa kwakajeka paunenge uchiverenga mhedzisiro yechiito chemutambi ese matambudziko akaomarara kune akasarudzika network, uko pasina nzira yekuvimba nepakati sosi yekusagadzikana. Asi kusarudzwa zvisina kurongeka kunogonawo kugadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji ehupfumi uye kubatsira kuvaka zviri nyore uye zvinoshanda mapuroteni. Ngatitii muprotocol yedu mune kupokana pamusoro pekubhadhara kwemamwe masevhisi asingadhure, uye kupokana uku kunoitika kashoma. Muchiitiko ichi, kana pane PVRB isina kupokana, vatengi nevatengesi vanogona kubvumirana kugadzirisa kukakavara zvisina tsarukano, asi paine mukana wakapihwa. Semuenzaniso, ne60% mukana wekuti mutengi anohwina, uye aine 40% mukana wekuti mutengesi anohwina. Iyi nzira, iyo isinganzwisisike kubva pakuona kwekutanga, inokubvumira kugadzirisa otomatiki kukakavara nechikamu chakanyatso fungirwa chekukunda / kurasikirwa, icho chinokodzera mapato ese pasina kubatanidzwa kwechitatu uye kutambisa nguva kusingakoshi. Uyezve, iyo mukana wechiyero inogona kuve ine simba uye inotsamira pane mamwe epasi rose akasiyana. Semuenzaniso, kana kambani ichiita zvakanaka, ine nhamba yakaderera yekupokana uye purofiti yakakura, kambani inogona kushandura yega mukana wekugadzirisa gakava kune mutengi-centricity, semuenzaniso 70/30 kana 80/20, uye zvinopesana, kana kukakavara kuchitora mari yakawanda uye kubiridzira kana kusakwana, unogona kushandura mukana kune rimwe divi.
Nhamba huru yemaprotocol anonakidza akasarudzika, senge token curated registries, misika yekufungidzira, bonding curves uye nezvimwe zvakawanda, mitambo yehupfumi umo maitiro akanaka anopihwa mubairo uye maitiro akaipa anorangwa. Anowanzo aine matambudziko ekuchengetedza ayo edziviriro anopokana. Chii chinodzivirirwa kubva pakurwiswa ne "whales" nemabhiriyoni ezviratidzo ("hombe huru") iri panjodzi yekurwiswa nezviuru zveakaunti ane mabharari madiki ("sybil stake") uye matanho anotorwa pakurwisa kumwe chete, sekunge kusiri- mubhadharo wemutsara wakagadzirirwa kuita kuti kushanda nedanda hombe kusaite purofiti kazhinji inorambwa nekumwe kurwiswa. Sezvo isu tiri kutaura nezvemutambo wehupfumi, zviyero zvinoenderana nenhamba zvinogona kuverengerwa pachine nguva, uye kungotsiva makomisheni neasina kurongeka nekugovera kwakakodzera. Makomisheni akadai ekufungidzira anoitwa zvakanyanya nyore kana iyo blockchain iine yakavimbika sosi yekusagadzikana uye isingade chero maverengero akaomarara, zvichiita kuti hupenyu huome kune ese mawhale nemasybils.
Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakakosha kuramba uchiyeuka kuti kutonga pamusoro pechinhu chimwe chete mune izvi zvisinganzwisisiki zvinokubvumira kubiridzira, kuderedza uye kuwedzera zvingaita nehafu, saka PVRB yakatendeseka ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yezvibvumirano zvakadaro.
Ndekupi kwaungawane kwakaringana zvisina tsarukano?
Muchiono, kusarudzwa kwakasarudzika mumatanho akasarudzika kunoita kuti chero protocol ive yakachengeteka kubva mukudyidzana. Chirevo chacho chiri nyore - kana network ichibvumirana pane imwechete 0 kana 1 bit, uye isingasviki hafu yevatori vechikamu vasina kuvimbika, saka, kupiwa kudzokororwa kwakakwana, network inovimbiswa kusvika pakubvumirana pane iyo bhiti ine mukana wakagadziriswa. Zvingori nekuti munhu akatendeseka anongosarudza 51 kubva pa100 vatori vechikamu 51% yenguva. Asi izvi zviri mudzidziso, nekuti... mumanetiweki chaiwo, kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwakadai sezviri muzvinyorwa, mameseji mazhinji pakati pevaenzi, yakaoma multi-pass cryptography inodiwa, uye chero complication yeprotocol pakarepo inowedzera kurwisa mavectors.
Ndicho chikonzero isu tisati taona PVRB inopikisa inopikisa mu blockchains, iyo ingadai yakashandiswa kwenguva yakakwana kuti iongororwe nemashandisirwo chaiwo, kuongororwa kwakawanda, mitoro, uye zvechokwadi, kurwiswa kwechokwadi, pasina izvo zvakaoma kudana a. chigadzirwa chakachengeteka zvechokwadi.
Nekudaro, kune akati wandei anovimbisa nzira, iwo anosiyana mune zvakawanda ruzivo, uye imwe yadzo ichagadzirisa dambudziko. Nezviwanikwa zvemakomputa zvemazuva ano, dzidziso yecryptographic inogona kududzirwa zvine hungwaru kuita maapplication anoshanda. Mune ramangwana, tichafara kutaura pamusoro pePVRB kushandiswa: kune ikozvino akati wandei, imwe neimwe ine yayo yakakosha midziyo uye maitiro ekuita, uye kumashure kweumwe neumwe kune zano rakanaka. Iko hakuna zvikwata zvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa mune randomisation, uye ruzivo rweumwe neumwe wavo rwakakosha zvakanyanya kune wese wese. Tinovimba kuti ruzivo rwedu ruchabvumira zvimwe zvikwata kuti zvifambe nekukurumidza, tichifunga nezve ruzivo rwevakazvitangira.
Source: www.habr.com