Yekutanga pasi rose hard drive, IBM RAMAC 305, yakaburitswa muna 1956, yaingobata 5 MB yedata, yairema 970 kg uye yakaenzana nehukuru hwefiriji yemuindasitiri. Mireza yemazuva ano yemakambani inogona kudada nehukuru hwe20 TB. Chimbofungidzira: makore makumi matanhatu nemana apfuura, kuitira kunyora huwandu uhu hweruzivo, kupfuura 64 miriyoni RAMAC 4 ingadai yaidiwa, uye saizi yenzvimbo yedata inodiwa kuti ivagadzirise ingadai yakapfuura 305 square kilometers, nepo nhasi bhokisi diki rinorema. anenge 9 magiramu! Nenzira dzakawanda, uku kunoshamisa kwekuwedzera kwekuchengetedza density kwakawanikwa nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemagineti ekurekodha nzira.
Zvakaoma kutenda, asi dhizaini yakakosha yedhiraivha yakaoma haina kushanduka kweanoda kusvika makore makumi mana, kutanga muna 40: ndipo apo yekutanga 1983-inch hard drive RO3,5, yakagadzirwa nekambani yeScottish Rodime, yakaona chiedza chezuva. Mwana uyu aive nemagineti maviri endiro dze351 MB imwe neimwe, zvichireva kuti aikwanisa kubata data rakapetwa kaviri seyakagadziridzwa 10-inch ST-412 Seagate yakaburitswa gore rimwe chetero kumakomputa eBM 5,25.
Rodime RO351 - yekutanga yenyika 3,5-inch hard drive
Pasinei nekuvandudzwa kwayo uye kukura kwayo, panguva yekusunungurwa kwayo RO351 yakave isina maturo kune ani zvake, uye kumwe kuedza kwaRodime kuwana nzvimbo mumusika wehard drive kwakakundikana, ndokusaka muna 1991 kambani yakamanikidzwa. kumisa mabasa ayo, kutengesa zvinenge zvese zviripo uye kuderedza vashandi kusvika pashoma. Zvisinei, Rodime akanga asina kurongerwa kubhuroka: munguva pfupi vagadziri vakuru vehard drive vakatanga kuibata, vachishuvira kutenga rezinesi rekushandisa iyo fomu factor patented neScots. Parizvino, 3,5 inches ndiyo inowanzo gamuchirwa chiyero chekugadzirwa kweese mutengi HDD uye bhizinesi-kirasi madhiraivha.
Nekuuya kweneural network, Kudzidza Kwakadzika uye Internet yeZvinhu (IoT), huwandu hwedata hwakagadzirwa nevanhu hwakatanga kukura zvakanyanya. Zvinoenderana nefungidziro nesangano rekuongorora IDC, panosvika gore ra2025 huwandu hweruzivo rwakagadzirwa nevanhu vese pachavo uye zvishandiso zvakatipoteredza zvichasvika 175 zettabytes (1 Zbyte = 1021 bytes), uye izvi kunyangwe hazvo muna 2019 izvi zvakasvika 45 Zbytes. , muna 2016 - 16 Zbytes, uye shure muna 2006, nhamba yose yedheta yakagadzirwa pamusoro penhoroondo yose inooneka haina kudarika 0,16 (!) Zbytes. Tekinoroji dzemazuva ano dziri kubatsira kubata nekuputika kwemashoko, kwete zvishoma ayo ari nani nzira dzekurekodha data.
LMR, PMR, CMR uye TDMR: Ndeupi musiyano?
Nheyo yekushanda kwema hard drive iri nyore. Mahwendefa esimbi akatetepa akaputirwa nerunyoro rweferromagnetic zvinhu (chinhu checrystalline chinogona kuramba chine magineti kunyangwe chisina kuratidzwa kune yekunze magineti patembiricha iri pazasi peCurie point) inofamba ichienderana nemusoro wekunyora unit nekumhanya kukuru (5400 revolutions paminiti kana zvimwe). Kana simba remagetsi rinoshandiswa kumusoro wekunyora, imwe nzvimbo inoshandura magnetic field inomuka, iyo inoshandura nzira ye magnetization vector yezvikamu (discrete regions of matter) yeferromagnet. Kuverenga data kunoitika kungave nekuda kwechiitiko che electromagnetic induction (kufamba kwemadomasi zvine hukama ne sensor kukonzeresa kutaridzika kweanotsinhanisa emagetsi ikozvino mune yekupedzisira), kana nekuda kwegiant magnetoresistive mhedzisiro (pasi pesimba remagineti iyo magetsi. kuramba kwe sensor shanduko), sezvinoitwa mumadhiraivha emazuva ano. Imwe neimwe dura inoisa imwe diki yeruzivo, ichitora zvine musoro kukosha "0" kana "1" zvichienderana nekwakanangana neiyo magnetization vector.
Kwenguva yakareba, madhiraivha akaomarara akashandisa iyo Longitudinal Magnetic Recording (LMR) nzira, umo iyo domain magnetization vector yakarara mundege yemagineti ndiro. Zvisinei nekureruka kwekuita, tekinoroji iyi yaive nechaidzora kumashure: kuti ukunde kumanikidza (shanduko yemagineti zvidimbu kuita imwe-domain state), inoyevedza buffer zone (iyo inonzi nzvimbo yevarindi) yaifanira kusiiwa pakati. nzira. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo yakanyanya kurekodha density yakawanikwa pakupera kweiyi tekinoroji yaingova 150 Gbit/inch2.
Muna 2010, LMR yakapotsa yatsiviwa nePMR (Perpendicular Magnetic Recording). Musiyano mukuru pakati peiyi tekinoroji uye longitudinal magineti kurekodha ndeyekuti iyo magineti inotungamira vector yedomendi yega yega inowanikwa pakona ye90 Β° kusvika pamusoro peiyo magineti plate, iyo yakanyanya kudzikisa mukaha pakati pemakwara.
Nekuda kweizvi, iyo data yekurekodha density yakawedzera zvakanyanya (kusvika 1 Tbit / in2 mumidziyo yemazuva ano), pasina kupira hunhu hwekumhanya uye kuvimbika kwedhiraivha yakaoma. Parizvino, perpendicular magineti kurekodha inotonga pamusika, ndosaka ichiwanzonzi CMR (Conventional Magnetic Recording). Panguva imwecheteyo, iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti hapana mutsauko pakati pePMR neCMR - ingori imwe vhezheni yezita.
Uchiri kudzidza hunyanzvi hunhu hweazvino hard drive, iwe unogona zvakare kusangana neisinganzwisisike chidimbu TDMR. Kunyanya, tekinoroji iyi inoshandiswa nemabhizinesi-kirasi madhiraivha . Kubva pamaonero efizikisi, TDMR (inomirira maviri Dimensional Magnetic Recording) haina kusiyana neyakajairwa PMR: sepakutanga, isu tiri kubata neasina-anopindirana makwara, madomasi ayo akatariswa perpendicular kune ndege yemagnetic. maplates. Musiyano uripo pakati petekinoroji uri munzira yekuverenga ruzivo.
Mubhokisi remagineti misoro yemadhiraivha akagadzirwa uchishandisa TDMR tekinoroji, musoro wega wega wekunyora une ma sensors maviri ekuverenga anoverenga panguva imwe chete data kubva pane imwe neimwe track yakapfuura. Iyi redundancy inobvumira iyo HDD controller kunyatsosefa yemagetsi ruzha, kutaridzika kwayo kunokonzerwa nekukanganisa intertrack (ITI).
Kugadzirisa dambudziko reITI kunopa maviri akakosha mabhenefiti:
- kuderedza iyo ruzha chinhu chinokubvumira kuti uwedzere kurekodha density nekudzikisa kureba pakati pemakwara, ichipa kuwana muhuwandu huwandu hunosvika gumi muzana kana uchienzaniswa neyakajairwa PMR;
- Yakasanganiswa neRVS tekinoroji uye matatu-chinzvimbo microactuator, TDMR inonyatso kurwisa kutenderera kunokonzerwa nema hard drive, zvichibatsira kuwana anowirirana mazinga ekuita kunyangwe mumamiriro ekushanda akaomarara.
Chii chinonzi SMR uye chinodyiwa nei?
Saizi yemusoro wekunyora ingangoita 1,7 nguva yakakura kana ichienzaniswa nehukuru hwekuverenga sensor. Musiyano unokatyamadza wakadaro unogona kutsanangurwa zviri nyore: kana iyo module yekurekodha ikaitwa yakatonyanya diki, simba remagineti raanogona kuburitsa harizokwanirise magineti madomasi eiyo ferromagnetic layer, zvinoreva kuti iyo data inongoita. kwete kuchengetwa. Muchiitiko chekuverenga kuverenga, dambudziko iri harimuki. Uyezve: iyo miniaturization inoita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera kudzoreredza pesvedzero yeyataurwa pamusoro ITI pane yekuverenga ruzivo.
Ichi chokwadi chakaumba hwaro hweShingled Magnetic Recording (SMR). Ngatione kuti zvinoshanda sei. Paunenge uchishandisa yechinyakare PMR, musoro wekunyora unochinjirwa kune imwe neimwe yapfuura track nechinhambwe chakaenzana nehupamhi hwayo + hupamhi hwenzvimbo yevarindi.
Paunenge uchishandisa nzira yekurekodha yemagineti, musoro wekunyora unoenda mberi chikamu chehupamhi hwawo, saka track yega yega yapfuura inodzivirirwa zvishoma neinotevera: magineti anodhumhana sematairi edenga. Iyi nzira inokubvumira kuti uwedzere kuwedzera kurekodha density, kupa pfuma muhuwandu hunosvika 10%, pasina kukanganisa maitiro ekuverenga. Muenzaniso ndeuyu - nyika yekutanga 3.5-inch 20 TB dhiraivha ine SATA/SAS interface, kutaridzika kwayo kwakagoneka nekuda kweiyo nyowani yemagineti yekurekodha tekinoroji. Nekudaro, shanduko kuenda kuSMR disks inobvumidza iwe kuti uwedzere kuwanda kwekuchengetwa kwedata mumaraki mamwe chete nemari shoma yekusimudzira IT infrastructure.
Kunyangwe iyo yakakosha mukana wakadaro, SMR zvakare ine yakajeka drawback. Sezvo magineti emagetsi achipindirana, kuvandudza dhata kunoda kunyora zvakare kwete chete chidimbu chinodiwa, asiwo ese anotevera matiraki mukati memagnetic platter, iyo vhoriyamu inogona kudarika 2 terabytes, izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukudonha kwakanyanya mukuita.
Dambudziko iri rinogona kugadziriswa nekubatanidza imwe nhamba yematiraki kuita mapoka akasiyana anonzi zones. Kunyangwe iyi nzira yekuronga kuchengetwa kwedata ichideredza huwandu hwese hweHDD (sezvo zvichidikanwa kuchengetedza mapeji akakwana pakati penzvimbo kudzivirira mateki kubva kumapoka ari padyo kuti asanyorwa pamusoro), inogona kukurumidza kukurumidza kuvandudza data, kubvira zvino. nhamba shoma chete yemakwara anobatanidzwa mairi.
Tile magnetic kurekodha inosanganisira akati wandei maitiro ekuita:
- Dhiraivha Inotungamirirwa SMR
Kubatsira kwayo kukuru ndeyekuti hapana chikonzero chekugadzirisa software yekugamuchira uye / kana Hardware, sezvo HDD controller inotora kutonga kwekurekodha data. Madhiraivha akadaro anogona kubatanidzwa kune chero sisitimu ine inodiwa interface (SATA kana SAS), mushure meiyo dhiraivha ichakurumidza kugadzirira kushandiswa.
Kuipa kweiyi nzira ndeyekuti mazinga ekuita anosiyana, zvichiita kuti Drive Managed SMR isakodzere maapplication ebhizinesi uko kunoenderana mashandiro ehurongwa kwakakosha. Nekudaro, madhiraivha akadaro anoita zvakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu anobvumira nguva yakakwana yekuti yekumashure data defragmentation iitike. Semuenzaniso, DSMMR inotyaira , yakagadziridzwa kuti ishandiswe sechikamu chediki 8-bay NAS, ichave sarudzo yakanakisa yekuchengetera kana backup sisitimu inoda kuchengetwa kwenguva refu kwezvivharo.
- Host Inotungamirirwa SMR
Host Managed SMR ndiyo inosarudzika yekurekodha yekurekodha kushandiswa munzvimbo yebhizinesi. Muchiitiko ichi, iyo host system pachayo ine basa rekutonga kuyerera kwedata uye kuverenga / kunyora mashandiro, uchishandisa izvi zvinangwa ATA (Zoned Device ATA Command Set, ZAC) uye SCSI (Zoned Block Commands, ZBC) interface yekuwedzera yakagadziridzwa neINCITS. T10 uye T13 makomiti.
Paunenge uchishandisa HMSMR, iyo yese iripo yekuchengetera dhiraivha yakakamurwa kuva marudzi maviri enzvimbo: Yenguva Dzakawanda, iyo inoshandiswa kuchengetedza metadata uye zvisina kujairika kurekodha (kunyanya kutamba basa recache), uye Sequential Nyora Inodiwa Nzvimbo, dzinogara. chikamu chikuru cheiyo yakazara hard drive kugona umo data inonyorwa zvakanyatsoteerana. Kunze-kwe-odha data inochengetwa munzvimbo yecache, kubva kwainozoendeswa kune yakakodzera inoteedzana kunyora nzvimbo. Izvi zvinova nechokwadi chekuti zvikamu zvese zvemuviri zvakanyorwa zvakatevedzana mugwara reradial uye zvinonyorwa patsva mushure mekutamisa cyclic, zvichikonzera kugadzikana uye kufanofungidzira kuita kwehurongwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, madhiraivha eHMSMR anotsigira zvisingaverengeki kuverenga mirairo nenzira imwechete sedhiraivha uchishandisa yakajairwa PMR.
Host Managed SMR inoiswa mune bhizinesi-kirasi hard drive .
Mutsara unosanganisira yakakwirira-yakawanda SATA uye SAS madhiraivha akagadzirirwa kushandiswa mu hyperscale data centers. Tsigiro yeHost Inotungamirwa SMR inowedzera zvakanyanya chiyero chekushandiswa kweakaomesesa madhiraivha: mukuwedzera kune backup masisitimu, iwo akakwana kuchengetera gore, CDN kana kutenderera mapuratifomu. Kuwanda kwehukuru hwemadhiraivha anotendera iwe kuti uwedzere zvakanyanya dhiraivha yekuchengetera (muma racks mamwe) nemutengo wakaderera wekusimudzira, uye yakaderera simba rekushandisa (hapana anopfuura 0,29 watts pa terabyte yeruzivo rwakachengetwa) uye kupisa kupisa (paavhareji 5 Β° C yakaderera. kupfuura analogues) - inowedzera kuderedza mari yekushandisa yekuchengetedza data center.
Iyo chete dhizaini yeHMSMR ndiyo hukama hwakaoma hwekuita. Icho chinhu ndechekuti nhasi hapana sisitimu yekushandisa kana application inogona kushanda nemadhiraivha akadaro kunze kwebhokisi, ndosaka shanduko dzakakomba kune software stack ichidikanwa kugadzirisa iyo IT infrastructure. Chekutanga pane zvese, izvi zvinonetsa, hongu, iyo OS pachayo, iyo mumamiriro emazuva ano data data uchishandisa akawanda-core uye akawanda-socket maseva ibasa risiri diki. Iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve sarudzo dzekushandisa Host Managed SMR rutsigiro pane yakasarudzika sosi , yakatsaurirwa kune nyaya dze zonal data kuchengetedza. Ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa pano ruchakubatsira iwe kutanga kuongorora kugadzirira kweIT yako zvivakwa zvekuendesa kunzvimbo yekuchengetedza masisitimu.
- Host Aware SMR (Host Aware SMR)
Host Aware SMR-inogonesa zvishandiso zvinosanganisa kurerukira uye kuchinjika kweDrive Managed SMR pamwe nekumhanya kwekunyora kwakanyanya kweHost Managed SMR. Aya madhiraivha anodzokera kumashure anoenderana neakare ekuchengetedza masisitimu uye anogona kushanda pasina kudzora zvakananga kubva kune anotambira, asi mune iyi kesi, sekune madhiraivha eDMSMR, kuita kwavo kunova kusingatarisike.
Kufanana neHost Inotungamirirwa SMR, Host Aware SMR inoshandisa marudzi maviri enzvimbo: Magariro Akajairwa ekunyora zvisina tsarukano uye Sequential Nyora Yaanofarira Mazoni. Iwo ekupedzisira, mukupesana neSequential Nyora Inodiwa Mazoni ataurwa pamusoro, anongoendeswa kune chikamu chenguva dzose kana vakatanga kurekodha data kunze kwehurongwa.
Iyo inotambira-inoziva kuitiswa kweSMR inopa nzira dzemukati dzekudzoreredza kubva kune zvisingaenderane kunyora. Kunze-kwe-kurongeka data inonyorerwa kune cache nzvimbo, kubva uko diski inogona kuendesa ruzivo kune inoteedzana kunyora nzvimbo mushure mekunge mabhuroki anodiwa agamuchirwa. Iyo dhisiki inoshandisa indirection tafura kubata kunyora kunze-kwe-kurongeka uye kumashure defragmentation. Nekudaro, kana zvikumbiro zvebhizinesi zvichida kufanofungidzira uye kuita kwakagadziridzwa, izvi zvichiri kuwanikwa chete kana muenzi akatora kutonga kwakazara kwese kuyerera kwedata uye nzvimbo dzekurekodha.
Source: www.habr.com