Tisati tapinda muzvidzidzo zveVLAN, ndinokumbira kuti imi mose mumbomira vhidhiyo iyi, tinya chiratidzo chiri pakona yezasi yekuruboshwe panonzi Networking consultant, enda kuFacebook peji redu uye urifarire ipapo. Wobva wadzokera kuvhidhiyo uye tinya pane King icon pakona yepasi kurudyi kuti unyore kune yedu yepamutemo YouTube chiteshi. Isu tiri kugara tichiwedzera nhevedzano mitsva, ikozvino izvi zvine chekuita neCCNA kosi, saka tinoronga kutanga kosi yezvidzidzo zvevhidhiyo CCNA Security, Network +, PMP, ITIL, Prince2 uye kushambadza aya anoshamisa akatevedzana pachiteshi chedu.
Saka, nhasi tichataura nezvekutanga kweVLAN uye tipindure mibvunzo mitatu: chii chinonzi VLAN, nei tichida VLAN uye kuti tingaigadzirisa sei. Ndinovimba kuti mushure mekuona iyi vhidhiyo tutori iwe uchakwanisa kupindura mibvunzo yese mitatu.
Chii chinonzi VLAN? VLAN chidimburidzo chevirtual local area network. Gare gare muchidzidzo ichi tichatarisa kuti nei network iyi iri chaiyo, asi tisati taenda kuVLAN, tinoda kunzwisisa kuti switch inoshanda sei. Tichadzokorora mimwe yemibvunzo yatakakurukura muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura.
Kutanga, ngatikurukurei kuti Multiple Collision Domain chii. Isu tinoziva kuti iyi 48-port switch ine 48 kudhumhana domains. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chimwe nechimwe chezviteshi izvi, kana kuti midziyo yakabatana nezviteshi izvi, inogona kutaurirana nemumwe mudziyo pane imwe chiteshi nenzira yakazvimirira pasina kukanganisa mumwe nemumwe.
Ese makumi mana nemasere zviteshi zveiyi switch chikamu cheimwe Broadcast Domain. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana michina yakawanda yakabatana kune dzakawanda zviteshi uye chimwe chazvo chiri kutepfenyura, chinozoonekwa pazviteshi zvese zvakabatanidzwa zvakasara. Aya ndiwo mashandiro anoita switch.
Zvinoita sokuti vanhu vakanga vakagara mukamuri rimwe chete pedyo nomumwe nomumwe, uye apo mumwe wavo akataura chimwe chinhu chinonzwika, vanhu vose vakanzwa. Nekudaro, izvi hazvishande zvachose - kana vanhu vazhinji vachionekwa mukamuri, inova ruzha uye avo varipo havachanzwa mumwe nemumwe. Mamiriro akafanana anomuka nemakomputa - kana michina yakawanda yakabatana kune imwe network, iyo yakakura "kudanidzira" kwekutepfenyura kunova, izvo zvisingabvumire kutaurirana kunoshanda kuti kugadzirwe.
Tinoziva kuti kana imwe yezvishandiso izvi yakabatana kune 192.168.1.0/24 network, mamwe maturusi ese ari chikamu chetiweki imwechete. Iyo switch inofanirwawo kubatana kune network ine imwecheteyo IP kero. Asi pano switch, seOSI layer 2 mudziyo, inogona kunge iine dambudziko. Kana midziyo miviri yakabatana kune imwecheteyo network, inogona kutaurirana zviri nyore nemakomputa emumwe. Ngatifungei kuti kambani yedu ine "munhu akaipa", hacker, wandichadhirowa pamusoro. Pazasi payo pane komputa yangu. Saka, zviri nyore kuti hacker iyi ipinde mukombuta yangu nekuti makomputa edu chikamu chetiweki imwe chete. Ndiro dambudziko.
Kana ndiri we manejimendi manejimendi uye mukomana mutsva uyu anogona kuwana mafaera pakombuta yangu, hazvizove zvakanaka zvachose. Ehe, komputa yangu ine firewall inodzivirira kubva kune dzakawanda kutyisidzira, asi hazvingave zvakaoma kuti hacker aipfuure.
Njodzi yechipiri iripo kumunhu wese ari nhengo yeiyi nhepfenyuro dhizaini ndeyekuti kana mumwe munhu aine dambudziko nenhepfenyuro, kupindira ikoko kunokanganisa zvimwe zvishandiso pane network. Kunyangwe zvese zviteshi makumi mana nemasere zvichigona kubatanidzwa kune akasiyana mauto, kutadza kwemumwe muenzi kuchakanganisa imwe 48, izvo zvisiri izvo zvatinoda.
Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri tinoshandisa pfungwa yeVLAN, kana chaiyo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo network. Inoshanda zvakapusa, kupatsanura iyi hombe 48-chiteshi switch mune akati wandei madiki switch.
Isu tinoziva kuti ma subnets anopatsanura imwe yakakura network kuita akati wandei madiki network, uye maVLAN anoshanda nenzira yakafanana. Inokamura 48-port switch, semuenzaniso, mune 4 switch ye 12 ports, imwe neimwe iri chikamu chetsva yakabatana network. Panguva imwecheteyo, tinogona kushandisa 12 ports yehutungamiri, 12 ports ye IP telephony, uye zvichingodaro, kureva, kuparadzanisa shanduko kwete mumuviri, asi zvine musoro, chaizvoizvo.
Ndakagovera zviteshi zvitatu zvebhuruu pane yekumusoro switch yeblue VLAN10 network, uye ndakapa matatu maorenji madoko eVLAN20. Nekudaro, chero traffic kubva kune imwe yeiyi madoko ebhuruu inongoenda kune mamwe mablue ports, pasina kukanganisa mamwe madoko eiyi switch. Traffic kubva kumaorenji ports ichagoverwa zvakafanana, ndiko kuti, zvinoita sekunge tiri kushandisa maviri akasiyana emuviri switch. Saka, VLAN inzira yekukamura switch kuita akati wandei ma switch kune akasiyana network.
Ndakadhirowa maswiti maviri pamusoro, pano isu tine mamiriro apo kuruboshwe chinja chete bhuruu zviteshi zvetiweki imwe zvakabatanidzwa, uye kurudyi - chete maorenji madoko kune imwe network, uye idzi switch hadzina kubatana kune imwe neimwe nzira. .
Ngatiti iwe unoda kushandisa mamwe madoko. Ngatimbofungidzirai isu tine zvivakwa zviviri, chimwe nechimwe chine vashandi vayo vekutungamira, uye maviri maorenji madoko epazasi switch anoshandiswa manejimendi. Naizvozvo, isu tinoda kuti madoko aya abatanidzwe kune ese orenji madoko emamwe ma switch. Mamiriro acho akafanana neblue ports - ese ebhuruu madoko ekumusoro switch anofanirwa kuve akabatana kune mamwe madoko eruvara rwakafanana. Kuti tiite izvi, isu tinofanirwa kubatanidza maswichi maviri aya muzvivakwa zvakasiyana ane mutsara wekutaurirana wakasiyana; mumufananidzo, uyu ndiwo mutsetse pakati pezviteshi zviviri zvegirinhi. Sezvatinoziva, kana ma switch maviri akabatana panyama, tinoumba musana, kana hunde.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peyakajairwa uye VLAN switch? Haisi mutsauko mukuru. Paunotenga switch nyowani, nekusarudzika ese madoko anogadziriswa muVLAN modhi uye ari chikamu chetiweki imwechete, yakasarudzwa VLAN1. Ndosaka tikabatanidza chero mudziyo pachiteshi chimwe chete, chinoguma chakabatana kune mamwe madoko nekuti ese makumi mana nemasere zviteshi ndezveiyo VLAN48. Asi kana tikagadzirisa zviteshi zvebhuruu kuti zvishande pane network yeVLAN1, maorenji madoko paVLAN10 network, uye girinhi zviteshi paVLAN20, tichawana matatu akasiyana switch. Nekudaro, kushandisa chaiyo network modhi inotibvumira kurongedza zvine mutsindo madoko mune chaiyo network, kupatsanura nhepfenyuro kuita zvikamu, uye kugadzira ma subnets. Muchiitiko ichi, imwe neimwe yezviteshi zveimwe ruvara ndeyeimwe network. Kana zviteshi zvebhuruu zvichishanda pane network ye 1 uye maorenji madoko akashanda pane network 3, zvino kunyangwe neiyo IP kero, haazobatanidzwe kune mumwe nemumwe, nekuti zvine musoro zvichave zvekuchinja kwakasiyana. Uye sezvatinoziva, shanduko dzemuviri dzakasiyana hadzitaudzane kunze kwekunge dzakabatanidzwa neyakajairwa tambo yekutaurirana. Saka isu tinogadzira ma subnets akasiyana eVLAN akasiyana.
Ndinoda kukwevera pfungwa dzako kune chokwadi chekuti VLAN pfungwa inoshanda chete kune switch. Chero ani anoziva nezve encapsulation protocols akadai .1Q kana ISL anoziva kuti hapana marauta kana makomputa ane chero maVLAN. Kana iwe ukabatanidza komputa yako, semuenzaniso, kune imwe yebhuruu zviteshi, haushandure chero chinhu mukombuta, shanduko dzese dzinoitika chete padanho rechipiri OSI, iyo switch level. Patino gadzirisa madoko kuti ashande neimwe VLAN10 kana VLAN20 network, switch inogadzira VLAN dhatabhesi. Iyo "inorekodha" mundangariro yayo kuti zviteshi 1,3 uye 5 ndezveVLAN10, zviteshi 14,15 uye 18 chikamu cheVLAN20, uye madoko akasara anobatanidzwa chikamu cheVLAN1. Naizvozvo, kana imwe traffic ichibva kublue port 1, inongoenda kumadoko 3 ne5 eiyo VLAN10. Iyo switch inotarisa kune yayo dhatabhesi uye inoona kuti kana traffic ichibva kune imwe yeorenji ports, inofanirwa kungoenda kumaorenji ports eVLAN20.
Nekudaro, komputa haina chainoziva nezve maVLAN aya. Kana tikabatanidza 2 switch, trunk inoumbwa pakati pegirinhi ports. Izwi rekuti "trunk" rinoenderana chete neCisco madivayiri; vamwe vanogadzira network network, seJuniper, vanoshandisa izwi rekuti Tag port, kana "tagged port". Ini ndinofunga zita rekuti Tag port rakakodzera. Kana traffic ichibva kune iyi network, trunk inoendesa kune ese madoko einotevera switch, ndiko kuti, tinobatanidza maviri 48-port switch uye tinotora imwe 96-port switch. Panguva imwecheteyo, kana isu tichitumira traffic kubva kuVLAN10, inove yakamaka, ndiko kuti, inopihwa nereti inoratidza kuti inongoitirwa zviteshi zveVLAN10 network. Yechipiri switch, yagamuchira iyi traffic, inoverenga iyo tag uye inonzwisisa kuti iyi ndiyo traffic yakanangana neVLAN10 network uye inofanirwa kungoenda kublue ports. Saizvozvo, "orenji" traffic yeVLAN20 yakamaka kuratidza kuti yakarongerwa VLAN20 ports pane yechipiri switch.
Isu takataurawo encapsulation uye pano pane nzira mbiri dze encapsulation. Yekutanga ndeye .1Q, ndiko kuti, patinoronga trunk, tinofanira kupa encapsulation. Iyo .1Q encapsulation protocol ndeye yakavhurika mwero inotsanangura maitiro ekumaka traffic. Pane imwe protocol inonzi ISL, Inter-Switch link, yakagadzirwa neCisco, inoratidza kuti traffic ndeyeVLAN chaiyo. Zvose zvinoshandura zvemazuva ano zvinoshanda ne .1Q protocol, saka paunotora shanduko itsva kubva mubhokisi, haufaniri kushandisa chero mirairo ye encapsulation, nokuti nekusagadzika kunoitwa ne .1Q protocol. Saka, mushure mekugadzira trunk, traffic encapsulation inoitika otomatiki, iyo inobvumira ma tags kuverengerwa.
Zvino ngatitange kumisa iyo VLAN. Ngatigadzirei network umo pachave ne 2 switch uye maviri ekupedzisira zvishandiso - makomputa PC1 uye PC2, yatichabatanidza netambo kushandura #0. Ngatitangei nemasetidziro ekutanga eiyo Basic Configuration switch.
Kuti uite izvi, tinya pane switch uye enda kune yekuraira mutsara interface, wobva waisa zita remuenzi, uchidana switch iyi sw1. Iye zvino ngatiendei kune zvigadziro zvekombuta yekutanga uye tiise iyo static IP kero 192.168.1.1 uye subnet mask 255.255. 255.0. Iko hakuna kudikanwa kweiyo default gedhi kero nekuti zvese zvishandiso zvedu zviri pane imwecheteyo network. Zvadaro, tichaita zvakafanana kune yechipiri kombiyuta, tichiigovera iyo IP kero 192.168.1.2.
Zvino ngatidzokere kune komputa yekutanga kuping yechipiri komputa. Sezvauri kuona, iyo ping yakabudirira nekuti ese ari maviri makomputa akabatana kune imwechete switch uye ari chikamu chetiweki imwechete nekusarudzika VLAN1. Kana isu tikatarisa ikozvino switch interfaces, tichaona kuti ese FastEthernet ports kubva 1 kusvika 24 uye maviri GigabitEthernet ports akagadziridzwa paVLAN #1. Zvisinei, kuwanikwa kwakanyanyisa kwakadaro hakudiwi, saka tinoenda mumagadzirirwo ekushandura uye tinoisa show vlan command kuti titarise kune virtual network database.
Iwe unoona pano zita reVLAN1 network uye chokwadi chekuti ese ma switch ports ndeeiyi network. Izvi zvinoreva kuti iwe unokwanisa kubatana kune chero chiteshi uye ivo vese vachakwanisa "kutaura" kune mumwe nemumwe nekuti ivo chikamu cheiyo network.
Isu tichachinja mamiriro aya; kuita izvi, isu tichatanga tagadzira maviri chaiwo network, kureva, kuwedzera VLAN10. Kuti ugadzire virtual network, shandisa murairo se "vlan network nhamba".
Sezvauri kuona, paunenge uchiedza kugadzira network, sisitimu yakaratidza meseji ine runyorwa rweVLAN mirairo yekumisikidza inoda kushandiswa kuita ichi:
kubuda - shandisa shanduko uye kubuda zvigadziriso;
zita - isa zita reVLAN;
kwete - kanzura murairo kana kuimisa seyakagadzirirwa.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti usati wapinda mukugadzira VLAN kuraira, iwe unofanirwa kuisa zita rekuraira, iro rinovhura zita rekutonga maitiro, wozoenderera mberi nekugadzira network nyowani. Muchiitiko ichi, sisitimu inosimudzira kuti nhamba yeVLAN inogona kugoverwa mumhando kubva pa1 kusvika 1005.
Saka ikozvino tinoisa murairo wekugadzira VLAN nhamba 20 - vlan 20, uye toipa zita remushandisi, rinoratidza kuti imhando yei network. Muchiitiko chedu, isu tinoshandisa zita rekuti Employees command, kana network yevashandi vekambani.
Zvino isu tinoda kugovera chaiyo chiteshi kune iyi VLAN. Isu tinoisa chinja masisitimu modhi int f0/1, tobva tachinja chiteshi kuenda kuAccess mode uchishandisa switchport mode yekuwana command uye tinoratidza kuti ndeipi chiteshi chinoda kuchinjirwa kune iyi modhi - iyi ndiyo chiteshi cheVLAN10 network.
Tinoona kuti mushure meizvi ruvara rwekubatanidza nzvimbo pakati pePC0 uye chinja, ruvara rwechiteshi, rakashandurwa kubva pagirinhi kusvika kune orenji. Ichashanduka girini zvakare pakangochinja magadzirirwo. Ngatiedzei kubaya komputa yechipiri. Hatina kuita shanduko kune network zvigadziriso zvemakomputa, ivo vachiri ne IP kero ye192.168.1.1 uye 192.168.1.2. Asi kana tikaedza ping PC0 kubva komputa PC1, hapana chinozoshanda, nekuti iko zvino makomputa aya ndeaya akasiyana network: yekutanga kuVLAN10, yechipiri kune yekuzvarwa VLAN1.
Ngatidzokere kune switch interface uye tigadzirise chiteshi chechipiri. Kuti ndiite izvi, ini ndinoburitsa murairo int f0/2 uye ndodzokorora nhanho dzakafanana dzeVLAN 20 sezvandakaita pakugadzirisa iyo yapfuura chaiyo network.
Tinoona kuti ikozvino chiteshi chezasi chekuchinja, icho chechipiri kombiyuta yakabatanidzwa, yakashandurawo ruvara rwayo kubva kune yakasvibirira kusvika kune orenji - mashoma mashoma anofanira kupfuura kusati kwaitwa shanduko mumagadzirirwo uye inoshanduka yakasvibira zvakare. Kana tikatanga pinging yechipiri komputa zvakare, hapana chichashanda, nekuti makomputa achiri kune akasiyana network, chete PC1 yava chikamu cheVLAN1, kwete VLAN20.
Saka, iwe wakapatsanura imwe yemuviri switch kuita maviri akasiyana anonzwisisika switch. Iwe unoona kuti ikozvino ruvara rwechiteshi chachinja kubva kuorenji kuenda kugirinhi, chiteshi chiri kushanda, asi zvakadaro hachipindure nekuti ndeyeimwe network.
Ngatiite shanduko kudunhu redu - bvisa komputa PC1 kubva kune yekutanga switch uye kuibatanidza kune yechipiri switch, uye batanidza switch ivo pachavo netambo.
Kuti ndigadzirise hukama pakati pavo, ini ndichapinda muzvigadziro zvechipiri chinja uye ndigadzire VLAN10, ndichipa zita rekuti Management, ndiko kuti, manejimendi network. Ipapo ini ndichagonesa Access mode uye nditaure kuti iyi modhi ndeyeVLAN10. Ikozvino ruvara rwezviteshi umo ma switch akabatanidzwa achinja kubva orenji kuenda kugirinhi nekuti ese akagadzirirwa paVLAN10. Iye zvino tinoda kugadzira trunk pakati pema switch. Ose maviri aya madoko ndiFa0/2, saka iwe unofanirwa kugadzira trunk yeFa0/2 chiteshi cheiyo switch yekutanga uchishandisa switchport mode trunk command. Izvo zvakafanana zvinofanirwa kuitwa kune yechipiri switch, mushure meiyo trunk inoumbwa pakati pezviteshi zviviri izvi.
Iye zvino, kana ndichida ping PC1 kubva pakombuta yekutanga, zvese zvichashanda, nekuti kubatana pakati pePC0 uye chinja #0 iVLAN10 network, pakati chinja #1 uye PC1 zvakare VLAN10, uye zvese zvinochinja zvakabatanidzwa ne trunk. .
Saka, kana zvishandiso zviri paVLAN dzakasiyana, saka hazvina kubatana kune mumwe nemumwe, asi kana zviri pane imwechete network, traffic inogona kushandurwa zvakasununguka pakati pavo. Ngatiedzei kuwedzera imwe mudziyo kune imwe neimwe switch.
Mune network network yePC2 yakawedzera komputa, ini ndichaisa iyo IP kero ku 192.168.2.1, uye muzvirongwa zvePC3, kero ichava 192.168.2.2. Muchiitiko ichi, madoko ayo maPC maviri aya akabatanidzwa achasarudzwa Fa0/3. Mune zvigadziriso zvekuchinja #0 isu tichaisa iyo Access mode uye tinoratidza kuti chiteshi ichi chakagadzirirwa VLAN20, uye isu tichaita zvimwe chete pakuchinja #1.
Kana ndikashandisa switchport yekuwana vlan 20 command, uye VLAN20 haisati yagadzirwa, sisitimu icharatidza kukanganisa senge "Access VLAN haipo" nekuti ma switch akagadzirirwa kushanda chete neVLAN10.
Ngatigadzire VLAN20. Ini ndinoshandisa iyo "show VLAN" yekuraira kuona iyo chaiyo network dhatabhesi.
Iwe unogona kuona kuti iyo default network ndeye VLAN1, kune iyo madoko Fa0/4 kuFa0/24 uye Gig0/1, Gig0/2 akabatana. VLAN nhamba gumi, inonzi Management, yakabatana nechiteshi Fa10/0, uye VLAN nhamba 1, inonzi VLAN20 nekusarudzika, yakabatana nechiteshi Fa0020/0.
Muchidimbu, zita retiweki harina basa, chinhu chikuru ndechekuti haridzokororwe kune akasiyana network. Kana ini ndichida kushandura zita retiweki iro sisitimu inopa nekusarudzika, ini ndinoshandisa murairo vlan 20 uye zita reVashandi. Ndinogona kushandura zita iri kune chimwe chinhu, seIPphones, uye kana tikabaya IP kero 192.168.2.2, tinogona kuona kuti zita reVLAN harina zvarinoreva.
Chinhu chekupedzisira chandinoda kutaura ndicho chinangwa cheManagement IP, yatakataura nezvayo muchidzidzo chekupedzisira. Kuti tiite izvi tinoshandisa int vlan1 murairo uye pinda iyo IP kero 10.1.1.1 uye subnet mask 255.255.255.0 uye wobva wawedzera mutemo wekuvhara. Isu takapa Management IP kwete yekuchinja kwese, asi chete kune VLAN1 ports, ndiko kuti, isu takapa IP kero kubva kune iyo VLAN1 network inotungamirwa. Kana isu tichida kubata VLAN2, isu tinofanirwa kugadzira inoenderana interface yeVLAN2. Kwatiri, kune zviteshi zveblue VLAN10 uye orenji VLAN20 zviteshi, izvo zvinoenderana nekero 192.168.1.0 uye 192.168.2.0.
VLAN10 inofanira kunge iine kero dziri muchikamu chakafanana kuitira kuti michina yakakodzera ikwanise kubatana nayo. Kurongeka kwakafanana kunofanirwa kuitirwa VLAN20.
Iyi switch yekuraira mutsara hwindo inoratidza iyo interface marongero eVLAN1, kureva, yekuzvarwa VLAN.
Kuti tigadzirise Management IP yeVLAN10, tinofanira kugadzira interface int vlan 10, tobva tawedzera IP kero 192.168.1.10 uye subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
Kugadzirisa VLAN20, tinofanira kugadzira interface int vlan 20, uye wobva wawedzera IP kero 192.168.2.10 uye subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
Nei izvi zvichidiwa? Kana komputa PC0 uye chekumusoro kuruboshwe chechiteshi chekuchinja #0 chiri chenetiweki 192.168.1.0, PC2 ndeye 192.168.2.0 network uye yakabatana neiyo VLAN1 chiteshi, inova ye10.1.1.1 network, ipapo PC0 haigone kumisa kutaurirana neiyi switch kuburikidza neprotocol SSH nekuti ndeyemanetiweki akasiyana. Naizvozvo, kuitira kuti PC0 itaurirane neshanduko kuburikidza neSSH kana Telnet, isu tinofanirwa kuibvumidza kupinda. Ichi ndicho chikonzero tinoda network management.
Tinofanira kukwanisa kusunga PC0 tichishandisa SSH kana Telnet kuVLAN20 interface IP kero uye kuita chero shanduko yatinoda kuburikidza neSSH. Saka, Management IP inodiwa zvakananga kugadzirisa maVLAN, nekuti yega yega yega network inofanirwa kuve neyayo yekuwana kutonga.
Muvhidhiyo yanhasi, takakurukura nyaya dzakawanda: basic switch settings, kugadzira maVLAN, kugovera VLAN ports, kugovera Management IP yeVLANs, uye kugadzirisa hunde. Usanyara kana iwe usinganzwisisi chimwe chinhu, izvi ndezvechisikigo, nekuti VLAN inyaya yakaoma uye yakafararira yatichadzokera kwairi mune ramangwana zvidzidzo. Ini ndinovimbisa kuti nerubatsiro rwangu unogona kuve tenzi weVLAN, asi chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekujekesa mibvunzo mitatu kwauri: chii maVLAN, nei tichiada uye maitiro ekuagadzirisa.
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Source: www.habr.com