Nhasi ini ndichakuudza nzira yekuronga network muhofisi yekambani diki. Tasvika pane imwe nhanho mukudzidziswa kwakatsaurirwa kune switch - nhasi tichava nevhidhiyo yekupedzisira, tichipedzisa musoro weCisco switch. Ehe, isu tichadzokera kuma switch, uye mune inotevera vhidhiyo chidzidzo ini ndichakuratidza mepu yemugwagwa kuitira kuti munhu wese anzwisise kuti ndeipi nzira yatiri kufamba mairi uye ndeipi chikamu chekosi yatakatoziva.
Zuva rechi18 remakirasi edu richava kutanga kwechinyorwa chitsva chakatsaurirwa kune ma routers, uye ini ndichapira chidzidzo chinotevera, Zuva regumi nenomwe, kuhurukuro yekudzokorora pamisoro yakadzidzwa uye kutaura nezvezvirongwa zvekuwedzera kudzidziswa. Tisati tapinda muchidzidzo chemazuva ano, ndinoda kuti urangarire kugovera aya mavhidhiyo, kunyorera kuYouTube chiteshi, shanyira boka redu reFacebook uye webhusaiti. , kwaunogona kuwana zviziviso zvezvikamu zvitsva zvezvidzidzo.
Saka ngatitangei kugadzira network yehofisi. Kana iwe ukatsemura maitiro aya kuita zvikamu, chinhu chekutanga chaunofanirwa kuita kuona izvo zvinodikanwa izvo network iyi inofanirwa kugutsa. Saka usati watanga kugadzira network yehofisi diki, network yemba kana chero imwe yenzvimbo network, unofanirwa kuita runyoro rwezvinoda pairi.
Chinhu chechipiri chekuita ndechekugadzira dhizaini yetiweki, sarudza kuti unoronga sei kuzadzisa zvinodiwa, uye chechitatu kugadzira kurongeka kweiyo network.
Ngatitii tiri kutaura nezvehofisi itsva umo mune madhipatimendi akasiyana-siyana: Dhipatimendi reKushambadzira, Dhipatimendi reDhipatimendi rekutonga, Dhipatimendi rezvemari reAkaunti, Dhipatimendi reHuman resource uye Server room, umo iwe uchave uri sewe IT inotsigira nyanzvi uye system administrator. Inotevera imba yedhipatimendi reSales.
Zvinodiwa kunetiweki yakagadzirwa ndezvekuti vashandi vemadhipatimendi akasiyana havafanirwe kubatana kune mumwe nemumwe. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, semuenzaniso, vashandi vedhipatimendi rekutengesa vane 7 makomputa vanogona kungochinjana mafaera uye meseji kune mumwe nemumwe pane network. Saizvozvo, makomputa maviri mudhipatimendi rekushambadzira anogona kungotaurirana chete. Dhipatimendi rekutonga, iro rine komputa 1, mune ramangwana rinogona kuwedzera kune vashandi vakati wandei. Nenzira imwecheteyo, dhipatimendi reakaunzi uye dhipatimendi rezvishandiso zvevanhu rinofanira kunge riine network yavo yakasiyana.
Izvi ndizvo zvinodiwa kune network yedu. Sezvandakataura, server room ndiyo kamuri yauchagara uye kubva kwauchatsigira iyo yese hofisi network. Sezvo iyi iri network nyowani, wakasununguka kusarudza magadzirirwo ayo uye maitiro ekuironga. Tisati taenderera mberi, ndinoda kukuratidza kuti server room yakaita sei.
Zviri kwauri, semanetiweki maneja, kuti kamuri yako yeseva ichataridzika seiya inoratidzwa pane yekutanga siraidhi kana inoratidzwa pane yechipiri.
Musiyano uripo pakati pemaseva maviri aya unoenderana nekuti wakarangwa sei. Kana iwe ukatevedzera tsika yekuisa mazita etiweki tambo nema tag uye zvimiti, unogona kuchengeta hofisi yako network yakarongeka. Sezvauri kuona, mune yechipiri server kamuri tambo dzese dzakarongeka uye boka rega rega retambo rine tag inoratidza kuti tambo idzi dzinoenda kupi. Semuenzaniso, imwe tambo inoenda kune dhipatimendi rekutengesa, imwe kune manejimendi, uye zvichingodaro, ndiko kuti, zvese zvinozivikanwa.
Unogona kugadzira server room sezvakaratidzwa pa siraidhi yekutanga kana uine makomputa gumi chete. Iwe unogona kunamatira tambo mune zvisina kurongeka uye kuronga switch neimwe nzira pasina chero system muhurongwa hwavo. Iri harisi dambudziko chero uine diki network. Asi sezvo mamwe makomputa achiwedzerwa uye network yekambani ichiwedzera, pachauya nguva yauchazopedza yakawanda yenguva yako uchizivisa ese tambo. Unogona kucheka tambo netsaona uchienda pakombuta kana kungotadza kunzwisisa kuti ndeipi tambo yakabatana nechiteshi chipi.
Saka, kurongeka kwakangwara kwekurongeka kwemidziyo mukamuri yako yeseva iri mune zvakanakira iwe. Chinhu chinotevera chakakosha kutaura nezvacho ndechekusimudzira network - tambo, plugs uye tambo sockets. Takataura zvakawanda nezve switch, asi takakanganwa kutaura nezvetambo.
CAT5 kana CAT6 tambo inowanzonzi isina kuvharwa yakamonyoroka pair kana UTP tambo. Kana iwe ukabvisa sheath yekudzivirira yetambo yakadaro, iwe uchaona 8 waya dzakamonyoroka muhuviri: girini uye chena-girinhi, orenji uye machena-orenji, brown uye machena-brown, bhuruu uye machena-bhuruu. Sei vakamonyaniswa? Kupindira kweElectromagnetic kwemasaini emagetsi mumawaya maviri anoenderana kunogadzira ruzha, izvo zvinoita kuti chiratidzo chishaye simba sezvo waya dzinowedzera kureba. Kumonyorora waya kunoripa mhedzisiro inokonzeresa mafungu, kunoderedza kupindira uye kuwedzera chiratidzo chekufambisa chinhambwe.
Isu tine 6 zvikamu zve network cable - kubva 1 kusvika 6. Sezvo chikwata chinowedzera, chiratidzo chekufambisa kureba chinowedzera, kunyanya nekuda kwekuti dhigirii rekumonyorora kwemaviri rinowedzera. CAT6 tambo ine akawanda anotendeuka pahurefu hweyuniti pane CAT5, saka inodhura zvakanyanya. Saizvozvo, Chikamu 6 tambo dzinopa yakakwira data yekumhanyisa kumhanya kwechinhambwe chakareba. Zvikamu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvetambo pamusika ndeye 5, 5e uye 6. 5e tambo iboka rakavandudzwa 5, rinoshandiswa nemakambani mazhinji, asi pakugadzira mahofisi ehofisi emazuva ano vanonyanya kushandisa CAT6.
Kana ukabvisa tambo iyi musheti yayo ichange iine mapeya mana akamonyoroka sezvakaratidzwa pachisiraidhi. Iwe zvakare une RJ-4 yekubatanidza iyo ine 45 mapini esimbi. Iwe unofanirwa kuisa tambo dzetambo mukubatanidza uye kushandisa crimping chishandiso chinonzi crimper. Kuti ucheke mawaya akamonyoroka, unofanirwa kuziva maitiro ekuamisa zvakanaka mukubatanidza. Zvirongwa zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa kune izvi.
Iko kune yakananga uye crossover, kana crossover crimping yeakamonyoroka tambo tambo. Muchiitiko chekutanga, unobatanidza waya dzeruvara rwakafanana kune mumwe nemumwe, ndiko kuti, unobatanidza waya chena-orenji kune 1 kusangana kweRJ-45 yekubatanidza, iyo orenji kune yechipiri, chena-girini waya kune chechitatu zvichingodaro, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo.
Kazhinji, kana iwe ukabatanidza 2 zvishandiso zvakasiyana, semuenzaniso, chinja uye hubhu kana chinja uye router, unoshandisa yakananga crimping. Kana iwe uchida kubatanidza zvishandiso zvakafanana, semuenzaniso chinja kune imwe switch, unofanirwa kushandisa crossover. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, waya yemuvara mumwechete yakabatana newaya yeruvara rumwe chete; iwe unongoshandura nzvimbo dzehukama dzewaya nemapini ekubatanidza.
Kuti unzwisise izvi, funga nezvefoni. Iwe unotaura mumaikorofoni yefoni uye teerera kune ruzha kubva kumutauri. Kana iwe uchitaura neshamwari yako, zvaunotaura mumaikorofoni zvinouya nemutauri wefoni yake, uye izvo shamwari yako inotaura mumaikorofoni yake zvinobuda mumukurukuri wako.
Izvi ndizvo zvinonzi crossover connection. Kana iwe ukabatanidza maikorofoni ako pamwe chete uye zvakare kubatanidza vatauri vako, mafoni haashande. Iyi haisiriyo fananidzo yakanakisa, asi ndinovimba iwe unowana iyo pfungwa yekuchinjika: iyo inogamuchira waya inoenda kune transmitter waya, uye iyo yekuparadzira waya inoenda kune inogamuchira.
Kubatana kwakananga kwezvishandiso zvakasiyana kunoshanda seizvi: switch uye router zvine zviteshi zvakasiyana, uye kana pini 1 uye 2 yekuchinja inoitirwa kutapurirana, ipapo pini 1 uye 2 ye router inoitirwa kugamuchira. Kana zvishandiso zvakafanana, ipapo mabatiro 1 uye 2 ezvese ekutanga uye yechipiri switch anoshandiswa kutapurirana, uye sezvo waya dzekufambisa dzisingakwanisi kubatanidzwa kune imwechete waya, mabikirwo 1 uye 2 emupepeti wekutanga akabatana contacts 3 uye 6 chechipiri chinja, kureva, neanogamuchira. Ndizvo zvinoita crossover.
Asi nhasi zvirongwa izvi ndezvechinyakare, pachinzvimbo Auto-MDIX inoshandiswa - dhizaini yekufambisa data zvinoenderana nenharaunda. Unogona kuziva nezvazvo kubva kuGoogle kana chinyorwa cheWikipedia, ini handidi kutambisa nguva pane izvozvo. Muchidimbu, iyi yemagetsi uye yemagetsi interface inobvumidza iwe kushandisa chero tambo, senge yakananga yekubatanidza, uye iyo smart kifaa pachayo ichaona kuti ndeipi mhando yetambo iri kushandiswa - inotumira kana inogamuchira, uye ichibatanidza zvinoenderana.
Zvino zvatatarisa kuti tambo dzinoda kubatana sei, ngatiendererei kune zvinodiwa netiweki dhizaini. Ngativhure Cisco Packet Tracer uye tione kuti ndaisa dhayagiramu yehofisi yedu se substrate yepamusoro pepa rekuvandudza network. Sezvo madhipatimendi akasiyana aine network dzakasiyana, zviri nani kuaronga kubva kune akazvimirira switch. Ndichaisa switch imwe mukamuri yega yega, saka tine hwerengedzo yemaswichichi matanhatu kubva paSW0 kuenda kuSW5. Ipapo ini ndicharonga 1 komputa kune yega yega mushandi wemuhofisi - yakazara zvidimbu gumi nemaviri kubva kuPC12 kusvika kuPC0. Mushure meizvozvo, ini ndichabatanidza komputa imwe neimwe kune switch uchishandisa tambo. Urongwa uhwu hwakachengeteka zvakaringana, data reimwe dhipatimendi hariwanikwe kune rimwe dhipatimendi, hauna ruzivo rwerimwe dhipatimendi rakabudirira kana kutadza, uye yakanaka hofisi mutemo. Zvichida mumwe munhu mudhipatimendi rekutengesa ane hunyanzvi hwekubira uye anogona kupaza mumakomputa edhipatimendi rekushambadzira pamusoro petiweki yakagovaniswa uye kudzima ruzivo, kana vanhu vari mumadhipatimendi akasiyana havafanirwe kugovana data nekuda kwezvikonzero zvebhizinesi, nezvimwe, saka ma network akaparadzana anobatsira kudzivirira nyaya dzakafanana. .
Dambudziko ndeiri. Ini ndichawedzera gore pazasi pemufananidzo - iyi iInternet, iyo iyo komputa yemutungamiriri wetiweki iri mukamuri yeseva yakabatana kuburikidza nekuchinja.
Iwe haugone kupa dhipatimendi rega rega mukana wega kuInternet, saka unofanirwa kubatanidza madhipatimendi edhipatimendi kune switch mukamuri yeseva. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo izvo zvinodikanwa zvekubatanidza hofisi Internet zvinonzwika senge - ese maturusi ega ega anofanirwa kubatana kune yakajairwa switch inokwanisa kuwana kunze kwehofisi network.
Pano isu tine dambudziko rinonyatsozivikanwa: kana tikasiya network ine default marongero, ipapo makomputa ese achakwanisa kutaurirana nekuti anozobatanidzwa kune imwechete yekuzvarwa VLAN1. Kuti tidzivise izvi, tinoda kugadzira maVLAN akasiyana.
Tichashanda ne 192.168.1.0/24 network, iyo yatichaparadzanisa muzvikamu zviduku zvishoma. Ngatitange nekugadzira izwi network VLAN10 ine kero nzvimbo 192.168.1.0/26. Unogona kutarisa tafura mune imwe yapfuura vhidhiyo tutorials uye undiudze kuti vangani mauto achange aripo pane ino network - / 26 zvinoreva 2 mabheti akakwereta anokamura network muzvikamu zvina zve4 kero, saka kuchave ne64 yemahara IP. kero mune yako subnet yevagamuchiri. Isu tinofanirwa kugadzira network yakaparadzana yekutaurirana nezwi kuti iparadzanise kutaurirana kwezwi kubva kune data data. Izvi zvinofanirwa kuitwa kudzivirira anorwisa kubva pakubatana nekurukurirano yefoni uye kushandisa Wireshark kudhipfenyura data inofambiswa pamusoro peiyo chiteshi sekutaura kwezwi.
Saka, VLAN10 ichashandiswa chete kuIP telephony. Slash 26 zvinoreva kuti nhare makumi matanhatu nembiri dzinogona kubatana netiweki iyi. Tevere, isu tichagadzira dhipatimendi rekutonga network VLAN62 ine kero nzvimbo ye 20/192.168.1.64, kureva, iyo network kero renji ichave makumi matatu nembiri ine makumi matatu anoshanda IP kero. VLAN27 ichapihwa kudhipatimendi rekushambadzira, VLAN32 ichave dhipatimendi rekutengesa, VLAN30 ichave dhipatimendi rezvemari, VLAN30 ichava HR department, uye VLAN40 ichave IT department network.
Ngatinyorei manetwork aya muhofisi network topology diagram totanga neVLAN20 nekuti VLAN10 yakachengeterwa runhare. Mushure meizvi, tinogona kufunga kuti takagadzira dhizaini yehofisi network itsva.
Kana iwe uchirangarira, ndati yako server kamuri inogona kuve nechaotic marongero kana kunyatsorongwa. Chero zvazvingaitika, iwe unofanirwa kugadzira zvinyorwa - izvi zvinogona kunge zviri marekodhi pabepa kana pakombuta, iyo inonyora chimiro chetiweki yako, tsanangura ese ma subnets, kubatana, IP kero uye rumwe ruzivo rwakakosha pabasa renetiweki maneja. Muchiitiko ichi, sezvo network inokura, iwe unogara uchitonga mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Izvi zvichakubatsira kuchengetedza nguva uye kudzivirira matambudziko paunenge uchibatanidza zvishandiso zvitsva uye kugadzira ma subnets matsva.
Saka, mushure mekunge tagadzira ma subnets akasiyana edhipatimendi rega rega, ndiko kuti, takazviita kuti zvigadziriswe zvinongotaurirana mukati meVLAN yavo, mubvunzo unotevera unomuka. Sezvaunorangarira, switch iri muserver room ndiyo yepakati communicator kune mamwe ese ma switch akabatana, saka inofanirwa kuziva nezvese network muhofisi. Nekudaro, chinja SW0 inongoda kuziva nezveVLAN30 nekuti hapana mamwe network mudhipatimendi iri. Iye zvino fungidzira kuti dhipatimendi redu rekutengesa rawedzera uye tichafanira kuendesa vamwe vevashandi kunzvimbo yedhipatimendi rekutengesa. Muchiitiko ichi, isu tichada kugadzira VLAN40 network mudhipatimendi rekushambadzira, iyo inodawo kubatana neSW0 switch.
Mune imwe yemavhidhiyo apfuura, takakurukura zvinodaidzwa kuti interface management, ndiko kuti, takaenda kuVLAN1 interface uye takapa IP kero. Iye zvino isu tinoda kugadzirisa 2 manejimendi edhipatimendi makomputa kuitira kuti abatanidzwe kune yekupinda ports ye switch inoenderana neVLAN30.
Ngatitarisei komputa yako yePC7, kubva kwauri iwe, sewe network maneja, unofanirwa kutonga kure kure netiweki switch. Imwe nzira yekuona izvi kuenda kudhipatimendi remanejimendi uye nemaoko gadzirisa SW0 switch kuti ibatanidzwe pakombuta yako. Nekudaro, iwe unofanirwa kukwanisa kugadzirisa switch iyi kure nekuti pa-saiti kumisikidza haigoneke nguva dzose. Asi iwe uri paVLAN100 nekuti PC7 yakabatana neVLAN100 switch port.
Chinja SW0 hapana chainoziva nezveVLAN100, saka isu tinofanirwa kugovera VLAN100 kune imwe yemachiteshi ayo kuitira kuti PC7 igone kutaurirana nayo. Kana iwe ukapa VLAN30 IP kero kune interface SW0, chete PC0 uye PC1 inogona kubatana kwairi. Nekudaro, iwe unofanirwa kugona kubata iyi switch kubva pakombuta yako yePC7 yeVLAN100 network. Naizvozvo, isu tinofanirwa kugadzira chinongedzo cheVLAN0 mukuchinja SW100. Isu tinofanirwa kuita zvimwechete neasara switch - zvese izvi zvishandiso zvinofanirwa kuve neVLAN100 interface, iyo yatinofanira kugovera IP kero kubva kune akasiyana kero anoshandiswa nePC7. Iyi kero inotorwa kubva ku192.168.1.224/27 renji yeIT VLAN uye inopihwa kune ese switch ports iyo VLAN100 inopihwa.
Mushure meizvi, kubva mukamuri yeseva, kubva pakombuta yako, iwe unozokwanisa kubata chero chekuchinja kuburikidza neTelnet protocol uye wozvigadzirisa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa netiweki. Nekudaro, semanetiweki maneja, iwe zvakare unoda kuwana kune idzi switch kuburikidza nekunze nzira yekutaurirana, kana kunze kwebhendi yekuwana. Kuti upe mukana wakadaro, unoda mudziyo unonzi Terminal Server, kana terminal server.
Zvinoenderana neiyo inonzwisisika network topology, ese aya ma switch anowanikwa mumakamuri akasiyana, asi mumuviri anogona kuiswa pane yakajairika rack mukamuri yeseva. Iwe unogona kuisa terminal server mune imwechete rack, iyo iyo makomputa ese achabatanidzwa. Tambo dzeOptical dzinobuda musevha iyi, kune imwe magumo ayo pane seri yekubatanidza, uye kune imwe magumo kune yakajairika plug yeCAT5 tambo. Ese tambo idzi dzakabatana kune console ports dzema switch akaiswa murack. Imwe neimwe tambo yemaziso inogona kubatanidza 8 zvishandiso. Iyi terminal server inofanirwa kubatana kune yako PC7 komputa. Nekudaro, kuburikidza neiyo Terminal Server iwe unogona kubatana kune iyo console chiteshi chero chekuchinja kuburikidza nekunze kwekutaurirana chiteshi.
Unogona kubvunza kuti nei izvi zvichidikanwa kana zvese izvi zvishandiso zviri padivi pako mune imwe server kamuri. Chinhu ndechekuti komputa yako inogona kungobatana zvakananga kune imwe console port. Naizvozvo, kuti uedze ma switch akawanda, unozofanirwa kudzima tambo kubva kune imwe mudziyo kuti ubatanidze kune imwe. Paunenge uchishandisa terminal server, iwe unongoda kudzvanya kiyi imwe pakombuta yako keyboard kuti ubatanidze kune console port ye switch #0, kuti uchinje kune imwe switch unongoda kudzvanya imwe kiyi, zvichingodaro. Saka, iwe unogona kudzora chero chekuchinja nekungodzvanya makiyi. Naizvozvo, pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, iwe unoda terminal sevha yekugadzirisa switch kana uchinetsa netiweki matambudziko.
Saka, isu tapedza netiweki dhizaini uye ikozvino tichatarisa kune ekutanga network marongero.
Imwe neimwe yemidziyo inoda kupihwa zita remuenzi, izvo zvaunofanira kuita uchishandisa mutsara wekuraira. Ndinovimba kuti paunenge uchipedza kosi iyi, iwe uchawana ruzivo runoshanda kuitira kuti iwe uzive nemoyo mirairo inodiwa kupa zita remugamuchiri, kugadzira bhena rekugamuchira, kuseta password yekoni, kuseta password yeTelnet, uye kugonesa password kukurudzira. . Iwe unofanirwa kuziva maitiro ekugadzirisa iyo switch's IP kero, kugovera yakasarudzika gedhi, nekutonga kudzima chishandiso, isa mirairo yekuramba, uye chengetedza shanduko dzakaitwa kune switch masisitimu.
Kana iwe ukazadzisa matanho matatu ese: sarudza zvinodikanwa kunetiweki, dhirowa dhayagiramu yeramangwana network pane pabepa uye wozoenda kune zvigadziriso, unogona kuronga zviri nyore kamuri yako yeseva.
Sezvandambotaura, isu tave kuda kupedza kudzidza switch, kunyangwe isu tichadzokera kwavari, saka mune inotevera vhidhiyo zvidzidzo tichaenderera kune ma routers. Iyi inyaya inonakidza kwazvo, yandichaedza kuvhara zvizere sezvinobvira. Tichatarisa vhidhiyo yekutanga nezve ma routers kuburikidza nechidzidzo, uye chidzidzo chinotevera, Zuva 17, ini ndichazvipira kune mhedzisiro yebasa rakaitwa pakudzidza kosi yeCCNA, ini ndichakuudza chikamu chekosi yawakatogona. uye kuti uchiri kudzidza zvakadii, kuti munhu wese anzwisise zvakajeka kuti asvika padanho ripi rekudzidza.
Ini ndinoronga kutumira bvunzo dzekudzidzira pawebhusaiti yedu munguva pfupi, uye kana ukanyoresa, unozokwanisa kutora bvunzo dzakafanana nedzaunotora kuti utore bvunzo dzeCCNA.
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Source: www.habr.com