Nhasi tichatanga kudzidza ma routers. Kana iwe wakapedza kosi yangu yevhidhiyo kubva kune yekutanga kusvika kune yechigumi nenomwe chidzidzo, saka iwe wakatodzidza izvo zvekutanga zvekuchinja. Iye zvino tinoenderera mberi kune imwe kifaa chinotevera - router. Sezvaunoziva kubva pane yapfuura vhidhiyo chidzidzo, imwe yemisoro yeCCNA kosi inonzi Cisco Switching & Routing.
Mune ino nhevedzano, isu hatizo dzidza Cisco ma routers, asi tichatarisa iyo pfungwa ye routing zvakazara. Tichava nemisoro mitatu. Yekutanga ipfupiso yezvaunotoziva nezve ma routers uye nhaurirano nezvekuti ingashandiswa sei pamwe chete neruzivo rwawakawana mukuita kudzidza switch. Isu tinofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti ma switch uye ma router anoshanda sei pamwechete.
Tevere, isu tichatarisa kuti chii chinonzi routing, zvachinoreva, uye kuti chinoshanda sei, uye tozoenderera mberi kune marudzi emaprotocol ekufambisa. Nhasi ndiri kushandisa topology yawakamboona muzvidzidzo zvapfuura.
Takatarisa kuti data inofamba sei kunetiweki uye kuti TCP-nzira nhatu kubata maoko kunoitwa sei. Meseji yekutanga kutumirwa pamusoro petiweki iSYN packet. Ngatitarisei kuti kubata-maoko-matatu kunoitika sei kana komputa ine IP kero 10.1.1.10 inoda kubata server 30.1.1.10, ndiko kuti, inoedza kumisikidza kubatana kweFTP.
Kuti utange kuwirirana, kombiyuta inogadzira nzvimbo yechiteshi ine nhamba isina kurongeka 25113. Kana iwe wakanganwa kuti izvi zvinoitika sei, ndinokurayira kuti uongorore zvidzidzo zvekare zvevhidhiyo zvakakurukura nyaya iyi.
Tevere, inoisa nhamba yechiteshi chekufambisa mufuremu nekuti inoziva kuti inofanirwa kubatana nechiteshi 21, yobva yawedzera OSI Layer 3 ruzivo, inova yayo IP kero uye yekuenda IP kero. Iyo ine dotted data haishanduke kusvika yasvika kumagumo. Kana vasvika sevha, ivowo havachinje, asi sevha inowedzera ruzivo rwechipiri-chikamu kune furemu, ndiko kuti, kero yeMAC. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti ma switch anongoona OSI level 2 ruzivo. Muchiitiko ichi, router ndiyo yega network network inofunga nezve Layer 3 ruzivo; sezvineiwo, komputa inoshandawo neruzivo urwu. Saka, shanduko inoshanda chete neruzivo rwezinga XNUMX, uye router inoshanda chete nehuwandu hwetatu ruzivo.
Iyo switch inoziva kwainobva MAC kero XXXX:XXXX:1111 uye inoda kuziva kero yeMAC yeseva iyo komputa iri kuwana. Inofananidza kwainobva IP kero nekero yekuenda, inoona kuti zvishandiso izvi zviri pane akasiyana subnets, uye inosarudza kushandisa gedhi kusvika kune imwe subnet.
Ini ndinowanzo kubvunzwa mubvunzo wekuti ndiani anosarudza kuti gedhi IP kero rinofanira kunge riri rei. Kutanga, inosarudzwa nenetiweki maneja, anogadzira network uye anopa IP kero kune yega yega mudziyo. Semutungamiri, unogona kugovera router yako chero kero mukati mehuwandu hwekero dzinobvumirwa pa subnet yako.Iyi inowanzova kero yekutanga kana yekupedzisira, asi hapana mitemo yakasimba pamusoro pekuigovera. Kwatiri, maneja akapa kero yegedhi, kana router, 10.1.1.1 uye akapa iyo kuchiteshi F0/0.
Paunenge uchigadzira network pakombiyuta ine static IP kero ye 10.1.1.10, iwe unopa subnet mask ye 255.255.255.0 uye gedhi rekutanga re 10.1.1.1. Kana usiri kushandisa kero yakamira, ipapo komputa yako iri kushandisa DHCP, iyo inopa ine simba kero. Pasinei neiyo IP kero inoshandiswa nekombuta, yakamira kana yakasimba, inofanirwa kunge iine kero yegedhi yekuwana imwe network.
Saka, kombiyuta 10.1.1.10 inoziva kuti inofanira kutumira furemu kune router 10.1.1.1. Kuchinjisa uku kunoitika mukati metiweki yenzvimbo, uko iyo IP kero haina basa, chete kero yeMAC ndiyo yakakosha pano. Ngatifungei kuti komputa haina kumbobvira yataura nerouter uye haizive kero yayo yeMAC, saka inofanira kutanga yatumira chikumbiro cheARP chinobvunza zvese zvishandiso pa subnet: "hey, ndiani wenyu ane kero 10.1.1.1? Ndokumbira undiudze kero yako yeMAC! Sezvo ARP iri meseji yekutepfenyura, inotumirwa kune ese madoko emidziyo yese, kusanganisira router.
Computer 10.1.1.12, yagamuchira ARP, inofunga: "kwete, kero yangu haisi 10.1.1.1," uye inorasa chikumbiro; kombiyuta 10.1.1.13 inoita zvakafanana. Router, yagamuchira chikumbiro, inonzwisisa kuti ndiye ari kubvunzwa, uye inotumira kero yeMAC yechiteshi F0/0 - uye zviteshi zvose zvine kero yakasiyana yeMAC - kukombiyuta 10.1.1.10. Zvino, nekuziva kero yegedhi XXXX:AAAA, iyo mune ino kesi ndiyo kero yekuenda, komputa inoiwedzera kumagumo efuremu yakanangidzirwa kune server. Panguva imwecheteyo, inoisa iyo FCS/CRC furemu musoro, inova yekutapurirana kukanganisa kwekutarisa maitiro.
Mushure meizvi, chimiro chekombiyuta 10.1.1.10 inotumirwa pamusoro pematare kune router 10.1.1.1. Mushure mekugamuchira furemu, router inobvisa FCS/CRC uchishandisa algorithm yakafanana nekombuta kuti ionekwe. Dhata haisi chinhu kunze kwekuunganidzwa kweimwe uye zero. Kana iyo data yakashatiswa, kureva kuti, 1 inova 0 kana 0 inova imwe, kana pane data inodonha, inowanzoitika kana uchishandisa hubhu, ipapo mudziyo unofanirwa kutumira furemu zvakare.
Kana cheki yeFCS/CRC ikabudirira, router inotarisa kunobva uye kwainoenda MAC kero uye yovabvisa, sezvo iyi iri Layer 2 ruzivo, uye inoenda kumutumbi wefuremu, iyo ine Layer 3 ruzivo. Kubva pairi anodzidza kuti ruzivo rwuri muforomu rwakagadzirirwa chigadzirwa chine IP kero 30.1.1.10.
Iyo router neimwe nzira inoziva pane mudziyo uyu. Hatina kukurukura nyaya iyi patakatarisa kuti maswichi anoshanda sei, saka tichazvitarisa izvozvi. Iyo router ine 4 ports, saka ini ndakawedzera mamwe mashoma ekubatanidza kwairi. Saka, router inoziva sei kuti data yemudziyo ine IP kero 30.1.1.10 inofanira kutumirwa kuburikidza nechiteshi F0/1? Sei isingavatumire kuburikidza nechiteshi F0/3 kana F0/2?
Ichokwadi ndechokuti router inoshanda netafura yekufambisa. Router yega yega ine tafura yakadaro iyo inokutendera iwe kuti usarudze kuburikidza nechiteshi chipi chekutumira chaiyo furemu.
Muchiitiko ichi, port F0/0 inogadziriswa ku IP kero 10.1.1.1 uye izvi zvinoreva kuti yakabatanidzwa kune network 10.1.1.10/24. Saizvozvowo, port F0/1 inogadziriswa kukero 20.1.1.1, kureva, yakabatanidzwa kune network 20.1.1.0/24. Iyo router inoziva ese ma network aya nekuti akabatana zvakananga kumadoko ayo. Saka, ruzivo rwekuti traffic kune network 10.1.10/24 inofanira kupfuura nepachiteshi F0/0, uye netiweki 20.1.1.0/24 kuburikidza nechiteshi F0/1, inozivikanwa nekutadza. Iyo router inoziva sei kuburikidza nemadoko ekushanda nemamwe ma network?
Isu tinoona kuti network 40.1.1.0/24 yakabatana nechiteshi F0/2, network 50.1.1.0/24 yakabatana nechiteshi F0/3, uye network 30.1.1.0/24 inobatanidza yechipiri router kune server. Yechipiri router inewo tafura yekufambisa, iyo inotaura kuti network 30. yakabatana nechiteshi chayo, ngatiiratidze 0/1, uye yakabatanidzwa kune yekutanga router kuburikidza nechiteshi 0/0. Iyi router inoziva kuti chiteshi chayo 0/0 chakabatana kune network 20., uye chiteshi 0/1 chakabatana kune network 30., uye hapana chimwe chainoziva.
Saizvozvowo, yekutanga router inoziva nezvemambure 40. uye 50. yakabatana kune zviteshi 0/2 uye 0/3, asi haizivi chinhu pamusoro pemambure 30. Iroroti yekufambisa inopa ma routers ruzivo rwavasina nekusingaperi. Iyo nzira iyo ma routers anotaurirana kune mumwe nemumwe ndiyo hwaro hwenzira, uye kune inoshanduka uye yakamira nzira.
Static routing ndeyekuti yekutanga router inopiwa ruzivo: kana iwe uchida kubata network 30.1.1.0/24, saka unofanirwa kushandisa port F0/1. Zvisinei, apo yechipiri router inogamuchira traffic kubva kune server iyo inotarisirwa kombiyuta 10.1.1.10, haizivi zvokuita nayo, nokuti tafura yayo yekufambisa inongova nemashoko pamusoro pemambure 30. uye 20. Nokudaro, router iyi inodawo. kunyoresa static routing: Kana ikagamuchira traffic kune network 10., inofanirwa kuitumira kuburikidza nechiteshi 0/0.
Dambudziko ne static routing nderekuti ndinofanira kugadzirisa nemaoko router yekutanga kushanda netiweki 30. uye yechipiri router kushanda netiweki 10. Izvi zviri nyore kana ndine 2 routers chete, asi kana ndine 10 routers, kugadzirisa. static routing inotora nguva yakawanda. Muchiitiko ichi, zvine musoro kushandisa dynamic routing.
Saka, wagamuchira furemu kubva pakombuta, yekutanga router inotarisa patafura yayo yekufambisa uye inosarudza kuitumira kuburikidza nechiteshi F0/1. Panguva imwecheteyo, inowedzera panotangira MAC kero XXXX.BBBB uye kero yeMAC yekuenda XXXX.CCSS kune furemu.
Mushure mekugamuchira iyi furemu, yechipiri router "inocheka" kero dzeMAC dzine hukama neyechipiri OSI layer uye inoenda kune yechitatu layer ruzivo. Anoona kuti nzvimbo ye IP kero 3 ndeye network imwechete sechiteshi 30.1.1.10/0 che router, inowedzera iyo inobva MAC kero uye nzvimbo yeMAC kero kune furemu uye inotumira furemu kune server.
Sezvandambotaura, zvino maitiro akafanana anodzokororwa kune yakatarisana, ndiko kuti, nhanho yechipiri yekubata maoko inoitwa, umo sevha inotumira kumashure SYN ACK meseji. Isati yaita izvi, inorasa ruzivo rwese rusina basa uye inosiya chete SYN packet.
Mushure mekugamuchira iyi pakiti, yechipiri router inoongorora iyo yakagamuchirwa ruzivo, inoiwedzera uye nekuitumira.
Saka, muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura takadzidza kuti switch inoshanda sei, uye zvino takadzidza kuti ma router anoshanda sei. Ngatipindurei mubvunzo wekuti chii chinonzi routing mupfungwa yepasi rose. Ngatitii ukasangana nechikwangwani chemumugwagwa chakadaro chakaiswa pamharadzano yekutenderera. Iwe unogona kuona kuti bazi rekutanga rinotungamira kuRAF Fairfax, yechipiri kuairport, yechitatu kumaodzanyemba. Kana iwe ukatora kubuda kwechina iwe unenge watofa, asi pachishanu unogona kutyaira nepakati pedhorobha kuenda kuBraxby castle.
Kazhinji, nzira ndiyo inomanikidza router kuita sarudzo pamusoro pekutumira traffic. Muchiitiko ichi, iwe, semutyairi, unofanira kusarudza kuti ndeipi yekubuda kubva pamharadzano yekutora. Mumanetiweki, ma routers anofanirwa kuita sarudzo nezve kwekutumira mapaketi kana mafuremu. Iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti nzira inobvumidza iwe kugadzira matafura zvichienderana nekuti ma router anoita sarudzo idzi.
Sezvandakataura, pane static uye dynamic routing. Ngatitarisei static routing, iyo yandichadhirowa 3 zvishandiso zvakabatana kune mumwe nemumwe, neyekutanga neyechitatu chishandiso chakabatana kune network. Ngatifungei kuti imwe samambure 10.1.1.0 anoda kukurukura nomumbure 40.1.1.0, uye pakati routers pane network 20.1.1.0 uye 30.1.1.0.
Muchiitiko ichi, ma router ports anofanirwa kunge ari emamwe ma subnets. Router 1 nekusarudzika inongoziva nezve network 10. uye 20. uye hapana chaanoziva nezve mamwe ma network. Router 2 inongoziva nezve network 20. uye 30. nekuti yakabatana nayo, uye router 3 inongoziva nezve network 30. uye 40. Kana network 10. inoda kubata network 40., Ndinofanira kuudza router 1 nezve network 30. uye kuti kana achida kuendesa furemu kune network 40., anofanira kushandisa iyo interface yetiweki 20. uye kutumira furemu pane imwechete network 20.
Ndinofanira kupa 2 nzira kune yechipiri router: kana ichida kutumira pakiti kubva kune network 40. kune network 10., Zvino inofanira kushandisa network network 20., uye kutumira pakiti kubva kune network 10. kune network 40. - network port 30. Saizvozvo, ini ndinofanira kupa router 3 ruzivo nezve network 10. uye 20.
Kana iwe uine madiki madiki, saka kumisikidza static routing iri nyore kwazvo. Nekudaro, iyo yakakura iyo network inokura, matambudziko mazhinji anomuka ne static routing. Ngatimbofungidzira kuti iwe wagadzira nyowani nyowani inobatanidza zvakananga yekutanga neyechitatu ma routers. Muchiitiko ichi, iyo dhizaini yekufambisa protocol inongogadzirisa tafura yeRouter 1 neinotevera: "kana uchida kubata Router 3, shandisa nzira yakananga"!
Kune marudzi maviri emaprotocol ekufambisa: Internal Gateway Protocol IGP uye External Gateway Protocol EGP. Iyo yekutanga protocol inoshanda pane yakaparadzana, inozvimiririra sisitimu inozivikanwa seyo routing domain. Fungidzira kuti une sangano duku rine 5 routers chete. Kana isu tichingotaura nezvekubatana pakati pemarouter aya, saka tinoreva IGP, asi kana ukashandisa network yako kutaurirana neInternet, sezvinoita vanopa ISP, ipapo unoshandisa EGP.
IGP inoshandisa 3 mapuroteni anozivikanwa: RIP, OSPF uye EIGRP. Iyo CCNA curriculum inongotaura chete maviri ekupedzisira maprotocol nekuti RIP ndeyekare. Iyi ndiyo yakapfava yemaprotocol ekufambisa uye ichiri kushandiswa mune dzimwe nguva, asi haipe inodiwa network kuchengetedza. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei Cisco isingabatanidzi RIP kubva mukosi yekudzidzira. Nekudaro, ini ndichakuudza nezvazvo zvakadaro nekuti kuidzidza kunokubatsira kuti unzwisise izvo zvekutanga nzira.
Iyo EGP protocol kupatsanura inoshandisa maviri maprotocol: BGP uye EGP protocol pachayo. Muchidzidzo cheCCNA, tinongovhara BGP, OSPF, uye EIGRP. Iyo nyaya yeRIP inogona kutariswa bhonasi ruzivo, iyo inozoratidzwa mune imwe yevhidhiyo tutorials.
Kune mamwe marudzi maviri emaitiro ekufambisa: Distance Vector protocol uye Link State routing protocol.
Yekutanga pass inotarisa kure uye nzira mavector. Somuenzaniso, ndinogona kumisa kubatana zvakananga pakati router R1 uye R4, kana ndinogona kuita kubatana munzira R1-R2-R3-R4. Kana isu tichitaura nezve routing maprotocol anoshandisa nzira yekufamba vector, saka mune iyi kesi kubatana kunogara kuchiitwa munzira ipfupi. Hazvina mhosva kuti kubatana uku kuchave nekasipidhi shoma. Muchiitiko chedu, iyi 128 kbps, iyo inononoka kupfuura yekubatanidza pamwe neR1-R2-R3-R4 nzira, uko kumhanya kuri 100 Mbps.
Ngatitarisei kureba vector protocol RIP. Ini ndichakwevera network 1 pamberi pe router R10, uye network 4 kumashure kwe router R40. Ngatitorei kuti kune makombiyuta akawanda mumambure aya. Kana ndichida kutaurirana pakati pemambure 10. R1 uye network 40. R4, ipapo ini ndichaisa static routing kuR1 senge: "kana iwe uchida kubatanidza kune network 40., shandisa yakananga kubatana kune router R4." Panguva imwecheteyo, ini ndinofanira kugadzirisa nemaoko RIP pane ese mana ma routers. Zvadaro tafura yekufambisa R4 ichataura kuti kana network 1. inoda kutaurirana netiweki 10., inofanira kushandisa kubatanidza zvakananga R40-R1. Kunyangwe iyo bypass ikashanduka kuve nekukurumidza, iyo Distance Vector protocol icharamba ichisarudza nzira ipfupi ine ipfupi yekufambisa chinhambwe.
OSPF iri link-state routing protocol inogara ichitarisa mamiriro ezvikamu zvetiweki. Muchiitiko ichi, inoongorora kumhanya kwematanho, uye kana ikaona kuti kumhanya kwekufambisa kwemotokari paR1-R4 chiteshi yakaderera, inosarudza nzira nekumhanya kwepamusoro R1-R2-R3-R4, kunyangwe kureba kunodarika nzira pfupi. Saka, kana ini kugadzirisa OSPF protocol pamusoro routers zvose, pandinoedza kubatanidza samambure 40. kuti samambure 10., motokari achatumirwa pamwe nzira R1-R2-R3-R4. Saka, RIP iri chinhambwe vector protocol, uye OSPF iri link state routing protocol.
Pane imwe protocol - EIGRP, inoringana Cisco routing protocol. Kana tikataura nezve network zvishandiso kubva kune vamwe vanogadzira, semuenzaniso, Juniper, havatsigire EIGRP. Iyi ndiyo yakanakisa nzira protocol inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura RIP neOSPF, asi inogona kushandiswa chete mumambure akavakirwa paCisco zvishandiso. Gare gare ini ndichakuudza zvakadzama kuti sei protocol iyi yakanaka. Parizvino, ini ndichacherechedza kuti EIGRP inosanganisa maficha echinhambwe vector protocol uye link-state routing protocol, inomiririra hybrid protocol.
Muchidzidzo chinotevera chevhidhiyo tichauya pedyo nekutariswa kweCisco routers; Ini ndichakuudza zvishoma nezve Cisco IOS inoshanda sisitimu, iyo inoitirwa zvese switch uye ma router. Ndinovimba, muZuva 19 kana Zuva 20, isu tichapinda mune zvakadzama nezve routing mapuroteni, uye ini ndicharatidza maitiro ekugadzirisa Cisco routers uchishandisa madiki network semuenzaniso.
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Source: www.habr.com