Nhasi tichatanga kudzidza nezve OSPF routing. Ichi chinyorwa, senge EIGRP protocol, ndiyo inonyanya kukosha musoro weCCNA kosi. Sezvauri kuona, Chikamu 2.4 chakanzi "Kugadzirisa, Kuedza, uye Kugadzirisa OSPFv2 Single-Zone uye Multi-Zone yeIPv4 (Kusingasanganisire Authentication, Sefa, Manual Route Summarization, Redistribution, Stub Area, VNet, uye LSA).
Musoro weOSPF wakakura kwazvo, saka zvinotora 2, pamwe 3 vhidhiyo zvidzidzo. Chidzidzo chanhasi chichapihwa kune theoretical divi renyaya; Ini ndichakuudza kuti iyi protocol ndeyei muhuwandu uye kuti inoshanda sei. Muvhidhiyo inotevera, isu tichaenda kuOSPF yekumisikidza modhi tichishandisa Packet Tracer.
Saka muchidzidzo chino tichava kufukidza zvinhu zvitatu: chii OSPF chii, kuti inoshanda sei, uye chii OSPF nzvimbo dziri. Muchidzidzo chakapfuura, takataura kuti OSPF iLink State routing protocol inoongorora hukama hwekukurukurirana pakati pemarouta uye inoita sarudzo zvichienderana nekumhanya kweaya malink. Chanera refu ine sipidhi yepamusoro, ndiko kuti, ine zvakawanda zvinobuda, ichapihwa pekutanga pane pfupi chiteshi chine zvishoma.
Iyo RIP protocol, iri chinhambwe vector protocol, ichasarudza imwe-hop nzira, kunyangwe iyi link ine yakaderera kumhanya, uye OSPF protocol ichasarudza nzira refu yemahops akati wandei kana iyo yakazara kumhanya munzira iyi yakakwira kupfuura traffic kumhanya munzira pfupi.
Tichatarisa sarudzo algorithm gare gare, asi ikozvino unofanirwa kuyeuka kuti OSPF iLink State Protocol. Iyi yakavhurika chiyero yakagadzirwa muna 1988 kuitira kuti yega yega yekugadzira michina yetiweki uye chero mupi wetiweki anogona kuishandisa. Saka OSPF inonyanya kufarirwa pane EIGRP.
OSPF vhezheni 2 yakatsigira IPv4 chete, uye gore rakatevera, muna 1989, vagadziri vakazivisa vhezheni 3, iyo yakatsigira IPv6. Nekudaro, shanduro yechitatu inoshanda zvizere yeOSPF yeIPv6 yakaonekwa chete muna 2008. Sei wakasarudza OSPF? Muchidzidzo chekupedzisira, takadzidza kuti iyi yemukati gedhi protocol inoita nzira convergence nekukurumidza kupfuura RIP. Iyi iclassless protocol.
Kana iwe uchiyeuka, RIP ndeye classful protocol, zvichireva kuti haitumire subnet mask ruzivo, uye kana ikasangana nekirasi A/24 IP kero, haigamuchire. Semuyenzaniso, kana ukairatidza ine IP kero yakaita se 10.1.1.0/24, inozviona se network 10.0.0.0 nekuti hainzwisise kana network yaiswa pasi pasi uchishandisa anopfuura imwe subnet mask.
OSPF iprotocol yakachengeteka. Somuenzaniso, kana routers maviri ari kuchinjanisa OSPF mashoko, unogona gadzirisa authentication kuitira kuti unogona chete kugoverana mashoko nevavakidzani router pashure kupinda pasiwedhi. Sezvatakambotaura, iyo yakavhurika mwero, saka OSPF inoshandiswa nevazhinji vanogadzira network michina.
Mupfungwa yepasi rose, OSPF inzira yekutsinhanisa Link State Advertisements, kana LSAs. LSA meseji inogadzirwa neiyo router uye ine ruzivo rwakawanda: iyo router yakasarudzika identifier router-id, data nezve network inozivikanwa kune router, data nezve mutengo wavo, zvichingodaro. Iyo router inoda ruzivo rwese urwu kuita sarudzo dzekufambisa.
Router R3 inotumira ruzivo rwayo rweLSA kune router R5, uye router R5 inogovera ruzivo rwayo rweLSA neR3. Aya maLSA anomiririra chimiro chedata chinoumba Link State Data Base, kana LSDB. Iyo router inounganidza ese akagamuchirwa maLSA uye inoaisa muLSDB yayo. Mushure mekunge ma router ese agadzira dhatabhesi, vanochinjana Mhoro mameseji, ayo anoshanda kutsvaga vavakidzani, uye otanga maitiro ekuenzanisa maLSDB avo.
Router R3 inotumira router R5 a DBD, kana "database tsananguro" meseji, uye R5 inotumira DBD yayo kune router R3. Aya mameseji ane maLSA indexes anowanikwa mune dhatabhesi yerouter yega yega. Mushure mekutambira DBD, R3 inotumira chikumbiro chechimiro cheLSR network kuR5 ichiti "Ndatova nemeseji 3,4 ne9, saka nditumirei 5 ne7 chete."
R5 inoita zvimwe chetezvo, ichiudza router yechitatu kuti: "Ndine ruzivo 3,4 uye 9, saka nditumire 1 uye 2." Mushure mekugamuchira zvikumbiro zveLSR, ma routers anotumira kumashure LSU network state update packets, kureva, mukupindura LSR yayo, router yechitatu inogamuchira LSU kubva router R5. Mushure mekunge ma routers agadziridza dhatabhesi, ese, kunyangwe uine zana marouters, achange aine maLSDB akafanana. Kana iyo LSDB dhatabhesi yagadzirwa mumarouter, mumwe nemumwe wavo achaziva nezve network yese seyakazara. Iyo OSPF protocol inoshandisa Shortest Path Yekutanga algorithm kugadzira iyo routing tafura, saka inonyanya kukosha mamiriro ekushanda kwayo kwakaringana ndeyekuti maLSDB ezvishandiso zvese zviri pamanetiweki anowiriraniswa.
Mumufananidzo uri pamusoro, pane 9 routers, imwe neimwe inotsinhanisa LSR, LSU, uye zvichingodaro mameseji nevavakidzani vayo. Ese akabatana kune mumwe nemumwe kuburikidza nep2p, kana "point-to-point" nzvimbo dzinotsigira mashandiro kuburikidza neOSPF protocol, uye inodyidzana nemumwe kugadzira iyo LSDB yakafanana.
Pangove mabhesi awiriraniswa, yega yega router, ichishandisa ipfupi nzira algorithm, inoumba yayo yega tafura tafura. Aya matafura achave akasiyana kune akasiyana ma routers. Ndokunge, ese ma routers anoshandisa yakafanana LSDB, asi gadzira routing matafura zvichienderana nekufunga kwavo nezve mapfupi nzira. Kuti ushandise algorithm iyi, OSPF inoda kugara ichivandudza iyo LSDB.
Saka, kuti OSPF ishande pachayo, inofanira kutanga yapa 3 mamiriro: tsvaga vavakidzani, kugadzira uye kugadzirisa iyo LSDB, uye kugadzira tafura yekufambisa. Kuti uzadzise mamiriro ekutanga, maneja wetiweki angangoda kugadzirisa nemaoko iyo router-id, nguva, kana wildcard mask. Muvhidhiyo inotevera tichatarisa kumisikidza mudziyo wekushanda neOSPF, nekuti ikozvino iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti iyi protocol inoshandisa reverse mask, uye kana isingaenderane, kana ma subnets ako asingaenderane, kana kuti chokwadi hachienderane. , nharaunda ye routers haizokwanisi kuumba. Naizvozvo, paunenge uchigadzirisa OSPF, unofanirwa kuziva kuti nei iyi nharaunda isina kuumbwa, ndiko kuti, tarisa kuti maparameter ari pamusoro anoenderana.
Semanetiweki maneja, iwe hausi kubatikana mukugadzirwa kweLSDB. Databases inovandudzwa otomatiki mushure mekugadzira nharaunda yemarouter, sekuvakwa kwematafura ekufambisa. Zvose izvi zvinoitwa nemudziyo pachawo, wakagadzirirwa kushanda ne OSPF protocol.
Ngatitarisei muenzaniso. Tine 2 routers, kwandakagovera RIDs 1.1.1.1 uye 2.2.2.2 kuti zvive nyore. Patinongozvibatanidza, iyo yekubatanidza chiteshi ichakurumidza kuenda kumusoro, nekuti ini ndakatanga kugadzirisa ma routers aya kuti ashande neOSPF. Pakangoumbwa nzira yekutaurirana, router A inobva yatumira Hello packet kune router A. Iyi pakiti ichange iine ruzivo rwekuti router iyi haisati "yaona" chero munhu pane iyi chiteshi, nekuti iri kutumira Mhoro kekutanga, pamwe neyayo identifier, data nezve network yakabatana nayo, uye rumwe ruzivo rwainogona. govana nemuvakidzani.
Mushure mekugamuchira pakiti iyi, router B ichati: "Ndinoona kuti pane angave akakodzera kumuvakidzani weOSPF pane iyi nzira yekukurukurirana" uye achaenda kuInit state. The Hello packet haisi unicast kana nhepfenyuro meseji, iri multicast packet inotumirwa kune multicast OSPF IP kero 224.0.0.5. Vamwe vanhu vanobvunza kuti chii chinonzi subnet mask ye multicast. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti multicast haina subnet mask; inopararira sechiratidzo cheredhiyo, iyo inonzwika nemidziyo yese yakagadziridzwa kune frequency yayo. Semuyenzaniso, kana iwe uchida kunzwa nhepfenyuro yeFM pafrequency 91,0, unoisa redhiyo yako kune iyo frequency.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, router B inogadziriswa kuti igamuchire mameseji eiyo multicast kero 224.0.0.5. Ichiri kuteerera kuchiteshi ichi, inogamuchira Hello packet yakatumirwa neRouter A uye inopindura neyayo meseji.
Muchiitiko ichi, nharaunda inogona kusimbiswa chete kana mhinduro B ichizadzisa seti yemaitiro. Chiyero chekutanga ndechekuti kuwanda kwekutumira Mhoro mameseji uye nguva yekumirira mhinduro kune iyi meseji Dead Interval inofanira kunge yakafanana kune ese ma routers. Kazhinji iyo Dead Interval yakaenzana kune akati wandei Hello timer values. Saka, kana Hello Timer ye router A iri 10 s, uye router B inotumira iyo meseji mushure me30 s, nepo Dead Interval iri 20 s, iyo yakatarisana haizoitike.
Chechipiri chiyero ndechekuti ma router ese anofanirwa kushandisa mhando imwechete yekusimbisa. Saizvozvo, mapassword echokwadi anofanirawo kuenderana.
Chiyero chechitatu ndeye match yeArial ID zone identifiers, yechina ndeyekufananidza kwehurefu hwenetiweki prefix. Kana Router A ikashuma a/24 prefix, ipapo Router B inofanirawo kuva ne/24 network prefix. Muvhidhiyo inotevera tichatarisa izvi zvakadzama, ikozvino ini ndichacherechedza kuti iyi haisi subnet mask, pano ma routers anoshandisa reverse Wildcard mask. Uye zvechokwadi, iyo Stub nharaunda mireza inofanirawo kufanana kana ma routers ari munharaunda ino.
Mushure mekutarisa maitiro aya, kana achienderana, router B inotumira yayo Hello packet kune router A. Kusiyana neshoko raA, Router B inoshuma kuti yakaona Router A uye inozvisuma.
Mukupindura iyi meseji, router A inotumira zvakare Mhoro kune router B, iyo inosimbisa kuti yakaonawo router B, nzira yekukurukurirana pakati pavo ine zvishandiso 1.1.1.1 uye 2.2.2.2, uye iyo pachayo ndiyo mudziyo 1.1.1.1 . Iri idanho rakakosha zvikuru rekutanga nharaunda. Muchiitiko ichi, nzira mbiri-2-WAY yekubatanidza inoshandiswa, asi chii chinoitika kana tine shanduko ine network yakagoverwa ye 4 routers? Munzvimbo yakadai "yakagovaniswa", imwe yemarouta inofanirwa kuita basa reYakarongwa router DR, uye yechipiri inofanirwa kuita basa reBackup yakasarudzwa router, BDR.
Chimwe nechimwe chezvishandiso izvi chichagadzira Kubatana Kwakazara, kana mamiriro ekubatana kwakazara, gare gare tichatarisa kuti chii ichi, zvisinei, kubatana kwerudzi urwu kuchasimbiswa chete neDR uye BDR; maviri ezasi ma routers D uye B achaitwa. vachiri kutaurirana vachishandisa nzira mbiri dzekubatanidza "point-to-point".
Ndiko kuti, neDR neBDR, vese ma routers vanogadzira hukama hwakazara hwevakidzani, uye pamwe chete - yekubatanidza-kune-point. Izvi zvakakosha nekuti panguva yekubatanidza nzira mbiri pakati pemidziyo iri padyo, ese Hello packet parameters anofanirwa kuenderana. Kwatiri, zvese zvinoenderana, saka zvishandiso zvinogadzira nharaunda pasina matambudziko.
Pangosvika nzira mbiri dzekutaurirana, router A inotumira router B a Database Description packet, kana "database tsananguro", uye inopinda muExStart state - kutanga kwekutsinhana, kana kumirira kutakura. Iyo Database Descriptor iruzivo rwakafanana netafura yezviri mukati mebhuku - irondedzero yezvese zviri mudura renzira. Mukupindura, Router B inotumira tsananguro yedhatabhesi kuRouter A uye inopinda muChinjana chekutaurirana mamiriro. Kana muExchange state router inoona kuti mamwe mashoko haapo mudhatabhesi rayo, anozopinda muLOADING loading state uye otanga kuchinjanisa LSR, LSU uye LSA mameseji nemuvakidzani wayo.
Saka, router A ichatumira LSR kumuvakidzani wayo, uyo achapindura neLSU packet, iyo router A ichapindura router B nemashoko eLSA. Kutsinhana uku kuchaitika kakawanda senge michina inoda kuchinjanisa mameseji eLSA. Iyo LOADING state inoreva kuti yakazara update yeLSA dhatabhesi haisati yaitika. Kana data rese ratorwa, ese maturusi achapinda FULL adjacency state.
Ziva kuti nekubatanidza nzira mbiri, zvigadziri zvinongori munzvimbo yakatarisana, uye iyo yakazara adjacency state inogoneka chete pakati pema routers, DR neBDR.Izvi zvinoreva kuti router yega yega inozivisa DR nezve shanduko mumambure, uye ese ma routers. dzidza nezve shanduko idzi kubva kuna DR
Sarudzo yeDR neBDR inyaya yakakosha. Ngatitarisei kuti DR inosarudzwa sei munzvimbo yakajairika. Ngatifungei kuti chirongwa chedu chine matatu marouters uye switch. OSPF zvishandiso zvinotanga kuenzanisa izvo zvakakosha muMhoro mameseji, wozoenzanisa iyo Router ID.
Chishandiso chine chepamusoro chepamusoro chinova DR Kana zvinokosheswa zvezvishandiso zviviri zvakabatana, ipapo mudziyo une iyo yepamusoro Router ID inosarudzwa kubva kune maviri uye inova DR.
Mudziyo une chechipiri chepamusoro pekutanga kana chechipiri chepamusoro cheRouter ID inova iyo backup yakatsaurirwa router BDR. Kana DR ikatadza, ichatsiviwa neBDR pakarepo. Ichatanga kuita basa reDR, uye sisitimu ichasarudza imwe. BDR
Ndinovimba kuti wafunga kusarudzwa kweDR neBDR, kana zvisina kudaro, ndichadzokera kunyaya iyi mune imwe yemavhidhiyo anotevera uye ndinotsanangura maitiro aya.
Parizvino takatarisa kuti Mhoro chii, iyo Database Descriptor, uye LSR, LSU, uye LSA meseji. Tisati taenda kune inotevera musoro, ngatitaure zvishoma nezve mutengo weOSPF.
PaCisco, mari yemugwagwa inotarwa uchishandisa chimiro chechiyero cheReferensi bandwidth, iyo inotarwa ku100 Mbit / s nekusarudzika, kune mutengo wechiteshi. Semuenzaniso, kana uchibatanidza michina kuburikidza ne serial port, kukurumidza i 1.544 Mbps, uye mari ichava 64. Paunenge uchishandisa Ethernet yekubatanidza nekumhanya kwe10 Mbps, mari yacho ichava gumi, uye mari yekubatanidza FastEthernet ne. kumhanya kwe10 Mbps ichave 100.
Patinenge tichishandisa Gigabit Ethernet tine kukurumidza kwe1000 Mbps, asi munyaya iyi kukurumidza kunogara kunofungidzirwa kuva 1. Saka, kana iwe une Gigabit Ethernet pane network yako, unofanira kushandura kukosha kweRef. BW ne1000. Muchiitiko ichi, mutengo uchave 1, uye tafura yese ichaverengerwa zvakare nemitengo yemitengo ichiwedzera nekagumi. Kana tangogadzira padyo nekuvaka iyo LSDB, tinoenderera mberi nekuvaka tafura yekufambisa.
Mushure mekugamuchira LSDB, router yega yega inotanga kuburitsa runyorwa rwenzira uchishandisa SPF algorithm. Muchirongwa chedu, router A ichagadzira tafura yakadaro pachayo. Semuenzaniso, inoverenga mari yenzira yeA-R1 uye inosarudza kuti ndeye 10. Kuita kuti dhayagiramu ive nyore kunzwisisa, fungidzira kuti router A inosarudza nzira yakakwana ye router B. Mari yekubatanidza A-R1 ndeye 10 , chinongedzo A-R2 i100, uye mutengo wenzira A-R3 wakaenzana ne11, kureva, huwandu hwenzira A-R1 (10) uye R1-R3 (1).
Kana router A ichida kusvika kune router R4, inogona kuita izvi pamwe munzira A-R1-R4 kana munzira A-R2-R4, uye muzviitiko zviviri izvi mutengo wenzira uchafanana: 10+100. =100+10=110. Nzira A-R6 inodhura 100+1= 101, iyo yatova nani. Zvadaro, tinotarisa nzira ye router R5 munzira A-R1-R3-R5, iyo mari ichava 10 + 1 + 100 = 111.
Nzira ye router R7 inogona kuiswa nenzira mbiri: A-R1-R4-R7 kana A-R2-R6-R7. Mutengo wekutanga uchava 210, wechipiri - 201, zvinoreva kuti unofanira kusarudza 201. Saka, kuti usvike router B, router A inogona kushandisa 4 nzira.
Mutengo wenzira A-R1-R3-R5-B uchava 121. Nzira A-R1-R4-R7-B ichaita 220. Nzira A-R2-R4-R7-B ichaita 210, uye A-R2- R6-R7- B ine mari ye 211. Kubva pane izvi, router A ichasarudza nzira ine mari yakaderera, yakaenzana ne121, uye inoiisa mutafura yekufambisa. Uyu dhayagiramu rakarerutswa rekuti SPF algorithm inoshanda sei. Muchokwadi, iyo tafura haina chete maratidziro eiyo marouters ayo akanakisa nzira inomhanya, asiwo maratidziro ezviteshi zvinovabatanidza uye mamwe ese anodiwa ruzivo.
Ngatitarisei imwe dingindira ine chekuita nemarongesheni enzvimbo. Kazhinji, kana uchimisikidza kambani OSPF zvishandiso, zvese zviri munzvimbo imwechete yakafanana.
Chii chinoitika kana mudziyo wakabatana neR3 router ukangoerekana watadza? Router R3 ichangotanga kutumira meseji kune ma routers R5 uye R1 kuti chiteshi chine mudziyo uyu hachichashandi, uye ma routers ese achatanga kuchinjana nezve chiitiko ichi.
Kana iwe uine 100 routers, ivo vese vanovandudza iyo link state ruzivo nekuti vari munzvimbo imwechete yakajairika. Chinhu chimwe chete chichaitika kana imwe yevavakidzani ma routers ikatadza - ese maturusi ari munharaunda achatsinhanisa LSA zvigadziriso. Mushure mekuchinjana kwemameseji akadaro, network topology pachayo ichachinja. Kana izvi zvangoitika, SPF inoverengerazve matafura ekufambisa zvinoenderana nemamiriro akachinja. Iyi inzira yakakura kwazvo, uye kana uine chiuru chemidziyo munzvimbo imwe chete, unofanirwa kudzora saizi yekurangarira yemarouter kuitira kuti ikwane kuchengeta ese maLSA uye hombe yeLSDB yekubatanidza state database. Pakangochinja shanduko mune imwe nzvimbo yenzvimbo, iyo SPF algorithm inobva yaverengazve nzira. Nekusagadzikana, iyo LSA inogadziridzwa maminetsi makumi matatu ega ega. Izvi hazviitike pamidziyo yese panguva imwe chete, asi chero zvipi zvacho, zvigadziriso zvinoitwa nerouter yega yega maminetsi makumi matatu. Iyo yakawanda network zvishandiso. Iyo yakawanda ndangariro uye nguva inotora kugadzirisa iyo LSDB.
Dambudziko iri rinogona kugadziriswa nekukamura nzvimbo imwechete munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kureva kushandisa multizoning. Kuti uite izvi, iwe unofanirwa kuve nehurongwa kana dhayagiramu yese network yaunotarisira. AREA 0 ndiyo yako Nzvimbo huru. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo iyo yekubatanidza kune yekunze network inoitwa, semuenzaniso, kuwana kuInternet. Paunenge uchigadzira nzvimbo nyowani, unofanirwa kutevedzera mutemo: imwe neimwe nzvimbo inofanirwa kuve neimwe ABR, Area Border Router. Iyo yekumucheto router ine imwe interface mune imwe zone uye yechipiri interface mune imwe zone. Semuenzaniso, iyo R5 router ine interfaces munharaunda 1 uye zone 0. Sezvandakataura, imwe neimwe yezoni inofanira kubatanidzwa kune zone zero, kureva, ine edge router, imwe yenzvimbo dzayo dzakabatana neAREA 0.
Ngatifungei kuti iyo R6-R7 yekubatanidza yakundikana. Muchiitiko ichi, iyo LSA yekuvandudza inopararira chete kuburikidza neAREA 1 uye inongobata iyi nzvimbo chete. Zvishandiso muzone 2 uye zone 0 hazvitomboziva nezvazvo. Edge router R5 inopfupikisa ruzivo nezve zviri kuitika munharaunda yayo uye inotumira pfupiso ruzivo nezve mamiriro etiweki kunzvimbo huru AREA 0. Zvishandiso zviri munzvimbo imwe hazvidi kuziva nezvese shanduko yeLSA mukati memamwe mazoni nekuti iyo ABR router inoendesa pfupiso yenzira ruzivo kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe.
Kana iwe usiri kunyatsojeka pane pfungwa yenzvimbo, unogona kudzidza zvakawanda muzvidzidzo zvinotevera kana tapinda mukugadzirisa OSPF routing uye tarisa mimwe mienzaniso.
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Source: www.habr.com