Nhasi tichatanga kudzidza EIGRP protocol, iyo, pamwe nekudzidza OSPF, ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yekosi yeCCNA.
Tichadzokera kuChikamu 2.5 gare gare, asi ikozvino, mushure meChikamu 2.4, tichaenda kuChikamu 2.6, "Kugadzirisa, Kuongorora, uye Kugadzirisa EIGRP pamusoro peIPv4 (Kusingabatanidzi Kuvimbiswa, Kusefa, Kupfupisa, Manual Summarization, Redistribution, uye Stub. Configuration).
Nhasi tichava nechidzidzo chekutanga umo ini ndichakuzivisai pfungwa yeEnhanced Internal Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP, uye muzvidzidzo zviviri zvinotevera tichatarisa kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa marobhoti eprotocol. Asi chekutanga ndinoda kukuudza zvinotevera.
Pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvishoma zvatanga tichidzidza nezve OSPF. Iye zvino ndinoda kuti urangarire kuti patakatarisa kuRIP mwedzi yakawanda yapfuura, takataura nezve routing loops uye matekinoroji anodzivirira traffic kubva pakubhururuka. Unogona sei kudzivirira routing zvishwe kana uchishandisa OSPF? Zvinoita here kushandisa nzira dzakadai seRoute Poison kana Split Horizon kune izvi? Iyi mibvunzo yaunofanira kuzvipindura iwe pachako. Unogona kushandisa zvimwe zviwanikwa zvemusoro, asi tsvaga mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi. Ndinoda kuti iwe udzidze kuti ungawana sei mhinduro iwe pachako nekushanda nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, uye ndinokukurudzira kuti usiye maonero ako pasi pevhidhiyo iyi kuitira kuti ndione kuti vangani vevadzidzi vangu vakapedza basa iri.
Chii chinonzi EIGRP? Iyo hybrid routing protocol inosanganisa anobatsira maficha ese ari chinhambwe vector protocol seRIP uye chinongedzo-nyika protocol senge OSPF.
EIGRP iCisco proprietary protocol yakaitwa kuti iwanikwe kune veruzhinji muna 2013. Kubva paiyo link-state tracking protocol, akatora nharaunda yekumisikidzwa algorithm, kusiyana neRIP, iyo isingagadziri vavakidzani. RIP zvakare inotsinhana routing matafura nevamwe vatori vechikamu muprotocol, asi OSPF inoumba adjacency isati yatanga kuchinjana uku. EIGRP inoshanda nenzira imwechete.
Iyo RIP protocol nguva nenguva inogadziridza iyo yakazara routing tafura masekonzi makumi matatu ega ega uye inogovera ruzivo nezvese maficha uye nzira dzese kune vese vavakidzani vayo. EIGRP haiite nguva nenguva yakazara yeruzivo, pachinzvimbo kushandisa pfungwa yekutepfenyura Mhoro mameseji nenzira imwechete iyo OSPF inoita. Masekonzi mashoma ega ega anotumira Hello kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti muvakidzani achiri "mupenyu".
Kusiyana nechekure vector protocol, iyo inoongorora iyo network topology isati yafunga kugadzira nzira, EIGRP, seRIP, inogadzira nzira zvichienderana nerunyerekupe. Kana ndikataura makuhwa, ndinoreva kuti kana muvakidzani akashuma chimwe chinhu, EIGRP inobvumirana nayo pasina mubvunzo. Semuenzaniso, kana muvakidzani akati anoziva kusvika pa10.1.1.2, EIGRP inomutenda pasina kubvunza, “Wazviziva sei izvozvo? Ndiudze nezve topology ye network yese!
Gore ra2013 risati rasvika, dai wanga uchingoshandisa Cisco zvivakwa, waigona kushandisa EIGRP, sezvo iyi protocol yakagadzirwa kumashure muna1994. Zvisinei, makambani akawanda, kunyange kushandisa Cisco midziyo, akanga asingadi kushanda pamwe gaka iri. Sekuona kwangu, EIGRP ndiyo yakanakisa dynamic routing protocol nhasi nekuti iri nyore kushandisa, asi vanhu vachiri kuda OSPF. Ndinofunga izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti ivo havadi kusungirirwa kune zvigadzirwa zveCisco. Asi Cisco yakaita kuti protocol iyi iwanikwe pachena nekuti inotsigira wechitatu-bato network network seJuniper, uye kana ukabatana nekambani isingashandise Cisco michina, hauzove nematambudziko.
Ngatitorei kapfupi rwendo munhoroondo yetiweki protocol.
Iyo RIPv1 protocol, iyo yakaonekwa muma1980s, yaive nehuwandu hwekugumira, semuenzaniso, huwandu hwepamusoro hwehops ye16, uye saka yaisakwanisa kupa nzira pamusoro pematanho makuru. Mushure mechinguva chidiki, ivo vakagadzira yemukati gedhi routing protocol IGRP, yaive nani pane RIP. Nekudaro, yaive yakanyanya kureba vector protocol pane yekubatanidza state protocol. Mukupera kwema80, yakavhurika chiyero chakabuda, iyo OSPFv2 link state protocol yeIPv4.
Mukutanga 90s, Cisco yakasarudza kuti IGRP yaida kuvandudzwa uye kuburitsa Enhanced Internal Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP. Yainyanya kushanda kupfuura OSPF nekuti yakabatanidza maficha eRIP uye OSPF. Sezvatinotanga kuiongorora, uchaona kuti EIGRP iri nyore kugadzirisa pane OSPF. Cisco yakaedza kugadzira protocol yaizoita kuti ive yekukurumidza inogoneka network convergence.
Mukupera kwema90s, yakagadziridzwa classless vhezheni yeRIPv2 protocol yakaburitswa. Mumakore ekuma2000, shanduro yechitatu yeOSPF, RIPng uye EIGRPv6, iyo yakatsigira IPv6 protocol, yakaonekwa. Nyika iri kusvika zvishoma nezvishoma kushanduko yakazara kuIPv6, uye vanogadzira protocol vanoda kugadzirira izvi.
Kana iwe uchiyeuka, isu takadzidza kuti pakusarudza nzira yakakwana, RIP, sechinhambwe vector protocol, inotungamirwa nechero mucherechedzo - huwandu hushoma hwemahops, kana diki chinhambwe kuenda kunzvimbo yekuenda. Saka, router R1 ichasarudza nzira yakananga kune router R3, pasinei nokuti kukurumidza kweiyi nzira ndeye 64 kbit / s - kakawanda zvishoma kudarika kukurumidza munzira R1-R2-R3, yakaenzana ne1544 kbit / s. Iyo RIP protocol ichatarisa nzira inononoka yeimwe hop kureba kuti ive yakakwana pane yekukurumidza nzira ye2 hops.
OSPF achadzidza yose samambure topology uye sarudza kushandisa nzira kuburikidza R3 sezvo kukurumidza nzira yokukurukura router R2. RIP inoshandisa nhamba yehops semetric yayo, nepo OSPF's metric iri mutengo, iyo muzviitiko zvakawanda inoenderana nebandwidth yeiyi link.
EIGRP inotarisawo pamutengo wenzira, asi metric yayo yakanyanya kuoma kupfuura OSPF uye inovimba nezvinhu zvakawanda, zvinosanganisira Bandwidth, Kunonoka, Kuvimbika, Kurodha, uye yakanyanya MTU. Semuenzaniso, kana imwe node yakatakurwa kupfuura mamwe, EIGRP ichaongorora mutoro munzira yese uye sarudza imwe node ine mutoro wakaderera.
Mukosi yeCCNA isu tinongofunga nezve metric yekugadzira zvinhu seBandwidth uye Kunonoka; aya ndiwo achashandiswa nemetric formula.
Iyo kureba vector protocol RIP inoshandisa pfungwa mbiri: chinhambwe uye gwara. Kana tine ma routers matatu, uye imwe yadzo yakabatana kune network 3, saka sarudzo ichaitwa nedaro - aya mahops, mune iyi nyaya 20.0.0.0 hop, uye nekutungamira, ndiko kuti, munzira iyo - kumusoro. kana pasi - kutumira traffic .
Pamusoro pezvo, RIP inoshandisa nguva nenguva yekuvandudza ruzivo, kugovera tafura yakazara yenzira mukati metiweki masekonzi makumi matatu ega ega. Iyi update inoita zvinhu zviviri. Yekutanga ndiyo chaiyo yekuvandudza yetafura yekufambisa, yechipiri ndeyekutarisa kugona kwemuvakidzani. Kana mudziyo ukasagamuchira mhinduro yetafura yekupindura kana ruzivo rutsva rwenzira kubva kumuvakidzani mukati memasekondi makumi matatu, inonzwisisa kuti nzira inoenda kumuvakidzani haichagoni kushandiswa. Iyo router inotumira yekuvandudza masekonzi makumi matatu ega ega kuti ione kana muvakidzani achiri mupenyu uye kana nzira yacho ichiri kushanda.
Sezvandakataura, Split Horizon tekinoroji inoshandiswa kudzivirira nzira zvishwe. Izvi zvinoreva kuti iyo yekuvandudza haina kudzoserwa kune iyo interface kwayakabva. Yechipiri tekinoroji yekudzivirira zvishwe iRoute Poison. Kana iyo yekubatanidza neiyo 20.0.0.0 network inoratidzwa mumufananidzo yakakanganiswa, iyo router iyo yakabatana nayo inotumira "nzira ine chepfu" kune vavakidzani vayo, iyo inoshuma kuti network iyi ikozvino yave kuwanikwa mu16 hops, ndiko kuti, zvisingasvikike. Aya ndiwo mashandiro anoita RIP protocol.
EIGRP inoshanda sei? Kana iwe uchiyeuka kubva kune zvidzidzo pamusoro peOSPF, iyi protocol inoita mabasa matatu: inogadza nharaunda, inoshandisa LSA kugadzirisa LSDB maererano nekuchinja kwemambure topology, uye inovaka tafura yekufambisa. Kugadzira nharaunda inzira yakaoma kunzwisisa inoshandisa akawanda ma parameter. Semuenzaniso, kutarisa nekushandura 2WAY yekubatanidza - zvimwe zvinongedzo zvinoramba zviri mumbiri-nzira yekutaurirana mamiriro, vamwe vanoenda kune FULL state. Kusiyana neOSPF, izvi hazviitike muEIGRP protocol - inotarisa chete 4 parameters.
Kufanana neOSPF, iyi protocol inotumira Mhoro meseji ine 10 paramita masekonzi gumi ega ega. Yekutanga ndiyo chiyero chechokwadi, kana yakagadziridzwa kare. Muchiitiko ichi, zvishandiso zvese zvinotangwa nepedyo zvinofanirwa kunge zvine maparamita echokwadi akafanana.
Yechipiri parameter inoshandiswa kutarisa kana zvishandiso ndezveiyo imwechete inozvimiririra sisitimu, ndiko kuti, kumisikidza adjacency uchishandisa EIGRP protocol, ese maturusi anofanirwa kunge aine imwecheteyo autonomous system nhamba. Yechitatu parameter inoshandiswa kutarisa kuti Mhoro mameseji anotumirwa kubva kune imwecheteyo Source IP kero.
Yechina parameter inoshandiswa kutarisa kuenderana kweiyo inosiyana K-Values coefficients. Iyo EIRGP protocol inoshandisa mashanu akadaro coefficients kubva kuK5 kusvika kuK1. Kana iwe uchirangarira, kana K = 5 ma paramita akafuratirwa, asi kana K = 0, ipapo ma paramita anoshandiswa mufomula yekuverenga metric. Saka, kukosha kweK1-1 yemidziyo yakasiyana inofanira kunge yakafanana. Mukosi yeCCNA isu tichatora zvakagara zvichikosha zveaya coefficients: K5 neK1 zvakaenzana ne3, uye K1, K2 neK4 zvakaenzana ne5.
Saka, kana aya 4 paramita achienderana, EIGRP inogadza hukama hwemuvakidzani uye zvishandiso zvinopinda mumwe nemumwe mutafura yemuvakidzani. Tevere, shanduko dzinoitwa kune iyo topology tafura.
Ese Mharidzo mameseji anotumirwa kune multicast IP kero 224.0.0.10, uye zvigadziriso, zvichienderana nekugadziriswa, zvinotumirwa kune unicast kero dzevavakidzani kana kune multicast kero. Ichi chigadziriso hachiuye pamusoro peUDP kana TCP, asi chinoshandisa imwe protocol inonzi RTP, Reliable Transport Protocol. Iyi protocol inotarisa kana muvakidzani awana update, uye sezvinoreva zita rayo, basa rayo guru nderekuona kuvimbika kwekutaurirana. Kana iyo update isingasviki muvakidzani, kutapurirana kunodzokororwa kusvikira muvakidzani agamuchira. OSPF haina nzira yekutarisa iyo anogamuchira mudziyo, saka sisitimu haizivi kana midziyo yevavakidzani yakagamuchira iyo yekuvandudza kana kwete.
Kana iwe uchirangarira, RIP inotumira dhizaini yeiyo yakazara network topology masekonzi makumi matatu ega ega. EIGRP inoita izvi chete kana mudziyo mutsva waonekwa panetiweki kana zvimwe shanduko dzaitika. Kana iyo subnet topology yachinja, iyo protocol inotumira kunze, asi kwete yakazara topology tafura, asi chete marekodhi ane shanduko iyi. Kana subnet ikachinja, iyo topology chete ndiyo inovandudzwa. Ichi chinoratidzika sechimwe chigadziridzo chinoitika kana chichidiwa.
Sezvaunoziva, OSPF anotumira kunze LSAs ose 30 maminitsi, pasinei kana pane chero shanduko kune network. EIGRP haizotumire chero zvigadziriso kwenguva yakareba kusvika pane shanduko munetiweki. Naizvozvo, EIGRP inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura OSPF.
Mushure mekunge ma routers achinjana mapakeji ekuvandudza, danho rechitatu rinotanga - kuumbwa kwetafura yenzira yakavakirwa pametric, inoverengerwa uchishandisa fomura inoratidzwa mumufananidzo. Anoverenga mutengo uye anoita sarudzo zvichienderana nemari iyi.
Ngatifungei kuti R1 yakatumira Mhoro kune router R2, uye iyo router yakatumira Mhoro kune router R1. Kana ma parameter ese achienderana, ma routers anogadzira tafura yevavakidzani. Mune tafura iyi, R2 inonyora yekupinda nezve router R1, uye R1 inogadzira yekupinda nezve R2. Mushure meizvi, router R1 inotumira iyo yekuvandudza kune network 10.1.1.0/24 yakabatana nayo. Mutafura yekufambisa, izvi zvinotaridzika seruzivo nezve IP kero yetiweki, iyo router interface inopa kutaurirana nayo, uye mutengo weiyo nzira kuburikidza neiyi interface. Kana iwe uchiyeuka, mari yeEIGRP ndeye 90, uye ipapo kukosha kweKureba kunoratidzwa, izvo zvatichataura nezvazvo gare gare.
Iyo yakazara metric formula inotaridzika zvakanyanya kuomarara, nekuti inosanganisira kukosha kweiyo K coefficients uye akasiyana shanduko. Webhusaiti yeCisco inopa fomu rakazara refomati, asi kana ukatsiva iyo default coefficient kukosha, inoshandurwa kuita fomu iri nyore - metric ichaenzana ne (bandwidth + Delay) * 256.
Isu tichashandisa iyi yakarerutswa fomu yeformula kuverenga metric, uko bandwidth mu kilobits yakaenzana ne107, yakakamurwa nediki bandwidth yezvose zvinosangana zvinotungamira kune yekuenda network zvishoma-bandwidth, uye kuwedzera-kunonoka ndiyo yakazara. kunonoka mumakumi emamicroseconds kune ese mainterface anotungamira kune yekuenda network.
Kana tichidzidza EIGRP, tinofanira kunzwisisa tsanangudzo ina: Feasible Distance, Akashumwa Distance, Successor (muvakidzani router ine yakaderera nzira mutengo kune nzvimbo network), uye Feasible Successor (negadziriro yeparutivi muvakidzani router). Kuti unzwisise zvavanoreva, funga zvinotevera network topology.
Ngatitange nekugadzira tafura yenzira R1 kusarudza nzira yakanaka kune network 10.1.1.0/24. Padivi pemudziyo wega wega kuburitsa mu kbit/s uye latency mu ms inoratidzwa. Isu tinoshandisa 100 Mbps kana 1000000 kbps GigabitEthernet interfaces, 100000 kbps FastEthernet, 10000 kbps Ethernet, uye 1544 kbps seriyori interfaces. Aya makoshero anogona kuwanikwa nekuona hunhu hweinowirirana yemuviri inopindirana mune router marongero.
The default throughput of Serial interfaces is 1544 kbps, uye kunyangwe uine 64 kbps mutsetse, the throughput icharamba iri 1544 kbps. Naizvozvo, semanetiweki maneja, iwe unofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti uri kushandisa chaiyo bandwidth kukosha. Kune yakasarudzika interface, inogona kusetwa uchishandisa bandwidth command, uye uchishandisa yekunonoka kuraira, unogona kushandura iyo default kunonoka kukosha. Iwe haufanirwe kunetseka nezve default bandwidth kukosha kweGigabitEthernet kana Ethernet interfaces, asi chenjera pakusarudza mutsara wekumhanya kana uri kushandisa Serial interface.
Ndokumbira utarise kuti mudhayagiramu iyi kunonoka kunofungidzirwa mumamilliseconds ms, asi muchokwadi iwo mamicroseconds, ini handina vara μ kuratidza nemazvo microseconds μs.
Ndapota nyatsoteerera kune chokwadi chinotevera. Kana iwe ukaburitsa iyo show interface g0/0 command, iyo sisitimu inoratidza iyo latency mumakumi emamicroseconds kwete kungoita mamicroseconds.
Tichatarisa nyaya iyi zvakadzama muvhidhiyo inotevera pakugadzirisa EIGRP, parizvino yeuka kuti kana uchitsiva latency values mune fomula, 100 μs kubva padhayagiramu inoshanduka kuita gumi, sezvo formula inoshandisa makumi e microseconds, kwete mayunitsi.
Mudhayagiramu, ini ndicharatidza nemadotsi matsvuku maratidziro ayo anoratidzwa maburitsiro uye kunonoka kunoenderana.
Chekutanga pane zvese, isu tinofanirwa kuona iyo inokwanisika Distance. Iyi ndiyo FD metric, inoverengerwa uchishandisa fomula. Kune chikamu kubva kuR5 kusvika kune network yekunze, tinoda kugovera 107 ne106, semugumisiro tinowana 10. Zvadaro, kune iyi bandwidth kukosha tinoda kuwedzera kunonoka kwakaenzana ne1, nokuti tine 10 microseconds, kureva, gumi gumi. Nhamba inoguma ye11 inofanira kuwanda ne 256, kureva kuti, metric value ichava 2816. Iyi ndiyo FD inokosha yechikamu ichi chetiweki.
Router R5 inotumira iyi kukosha kune router R2, uye yeR2 ichava iyo yakaziviswa daro Rinoshumwa Distance, ndiko kuti, kukosha kwakaudzwa nemuvakidzani. Nekudaro, iyo yakashambadzirwa RD kureba kune ese mimwe michina ichave yakaenzana neinobvira FD chinhambwe chechishandiso chakakuzivisa kwauri.
Router R2 inoita FD kuverenga zvichienderana nedata rayo, ndiko kuti, inoparadzanisa 107 ne105 uye inowana 100. Zvadaro inowedzera kune iyi kukosha uwandu hwekunonoka panzira inoenda kune network yekunze: kunonoka kweR5, yakaenzana ne microseconds gumi, uye yayo. kunonoka kwake, kuenzana negumi. Iko kunonoka kwese kuchave gumi nerimwe makumi emamicroseconds. Isu tinozviwedzera kuzana rinobuda towana 11, towedzera kukosha uku ne111 uye towana kukosha FD = 256. Router R28416 inoita zvimwe chetezvo, kugamuchira mushure mekuverenga kukosha FD = 3. Router R281856 inoverenga kukosha FD = 4 uye inoendesa kuR3072 seRD.
Ndokumbira utarise kuti kana uchiverenga FD, router R1 haitsivi bandwidth yayo ye1000000 kbit/s mufomula, asi yakaderera bandwidth yerouter R2, iyo yakaenzana ne100000 kbit/s, nekuti iyo formula inogara inoshandisa iyo shoma bandwidth ye. iyo interface inotungamira kune network yekuenda. Muchiitiko ichi, ma routers R10.1.1.0 uye R24 ari munzira inoenda kunetiweki 2/5, asi sezvo router yechishanu ine bandwidth yakakura, iyo diki bandwidth kukosha kweiyo R2 inotsiviwa mune fomula. Kunonoka kuzere munzira R1-R2-R5 ndeye 1+10+1 (makumi) = 12, iyo yakaderedzwa throughput i100, uye huwandu hwenhamba idzi dzakapetwa ne256 hunopa kukosha FD=30976.
Saka, zvese zvishandiso zvakaverenga iyo FD yenzvimbo dzadzo, uye router R1 ine 3 nzira dzinotungamira kune yekuenda network. Aya ndiwo nzira R1-R2, R1-R3 uye R1-R4. Iyo router inosarudza hushoma kukosha kweiyo inokwanisika kureba FD, iyo yakaenzana ne30976 - iyi ndiyo nzira yekuenda kune router R2. Router iyi inova Mutsivi, kana kuti “mutsivi”. Tafura yekufambisa inoratidzawo Feasible Successor (backup mutsivi) - zvinoreva kuti kana kubatana pakati peR1 neSuccessor kwakaputsika, nzira ichafambiswa kuburikidza nebhaibheri Feasible Successor router.
Feasible Successors vanopihwa maererano nemutemo mumwechete: iyo yakashambadzirwa kureba RD yeiyi router inofanira kunge iri pasi peiyo FD yerouter muchikamu kune Mutevedzeri. Muchiitiko chedu, R1-R2 ine FD = 30976, RD muchikamu R1-K3 yakaenzana ne281856, uye RD muchikamu R1-R4 yakaenzana ne3072. Sezvo 3072 <30976, router R4 inosarudzwa seFeasible Successors.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana kutaurirana kuchikanganiswa paR1-R2 network network, traffic kune 10.1.1.0/24 network ichatumirwa pamwe neR1-R4-R5 nzira. Kuchinja nzira kana uchishandisa RIP kunotora makumi akati wandei emasekonzi, kana uchishandisa OSPF inotora masekonzi akati wandei, uye muEIGRP inoitika ipapo ipapo. Iyi ndiyo imwe mukana weEIGRP pamusoro pemamwe maprotocol ekufambisa.
Chii chinoitika kana vese Mutevedzeri uye Anogoneka Mutevedzeri vakabviswa panguva imwe chete? Muchiitiko ichi, EIGRP inoshandisa DUAL algorithm, iyo inogona kuverenga nzira yekuchengetedza kuburikidza neanogona kutsiva. Izvi zvinogona kutora masekonzi akati wandei, panguva iyo EIGRP ichawana mumwe muvakidzani anogona kushandiswa kuendesa mberi traffic uye kuisa data rayo mutafura yekufambisa. Mushure meizvi, iyo protocol ichaenderera mberi nebasa rayo rekuita nzira.
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Source: www.habr.com